Embedding Ubiquitous Technologies

The concept of ubiquitous computing or Ubicomp was first articulated by Mark Weiser in 1988 at the Computer Science Lab at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Centre). He asserted that the most profound technologies associated with ubiquitous computing are those that disappear as they weave themselves into the framework of our everyday lives. He described Ubicomp as the third wave of computing. The first wave of computing, from 1940 to about 1980, saw the use of one mainframe computer by many people. The second wave saw a one-to-one computer to human ratio where individuals were connected to desktops or laptops. We are now in the third wave of computing where many computers dispersed throughout the physical environment, service one person, and as these technologies recede into the background of people’s lives, they are increasingly being used unconsciously for task completion (Weiser, 1991, 1996). In this regard, ubiquitous computing is viewed as the age of “calm technology” (Weiser and Brown, 1996). In a similar analogy, O’Malley & Fraser (2006) describe technology associated with ubiquitous computing as “tangible” in which “the technology is so embedded in the world that it ‘disappears’ ” (p.2).

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Embedding Ubiquitous Technologies

Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing ◽

10.4018/978-1-60566-960-1.ch033 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 511-519 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Susan A. Elwood

Keyword(s):

Ubiquitous Computing ◽

Public Library ◽

Portable Devices ◽

Third Wave ◽

Desktop Computer ◽

Daily Lives ◽

Computing Device ◽

The Public ◽

Personal Computing ◽

The Third

Since the onset of technology as a tool in our personal and professional lives, we’ve progressed through at least two waves or stages of computing. The concept of ubiquitous computing names the third wave of computing, still in its infancy stages. The first wave consisted of mainframe computers shared by numerous people. The majority of society is presently in the second wave of the personal computing era, where people and machines interact through a predominantly iconic environment. The third phase of computing, referred to as ubiquitous computing, or the age of calm technology, takes place when technology recedes into the background of our daily lives. Alan Kay of Apple calls this the “third paradigm” of computing, while Weiser coins it as the “third wave” of computing (Weiser, 1996). In Weiser’s (2006) third wave of computing, we achieve a vision of multiple computers per person in which “technology recedes into the background of our lives” (p. 1). To reach this point, each individual would need a personal computing device. Studies have shown that students are increasingly gaining access to computers outside of school, whether it be in their own home, a neighbor’s house, or the public library. However, schools have yet to even achieve a ratio of one computer per student (Bull & Ferster, 2005-2006). During this time, we have experienced distinct phases of computing that include: (1) the strife for one-to-one computing, and (2) portable devices with wireless access. Each of these phases has revealed some insights into future ubiquitous technologies and research. According to America’s Digital Schools (ADS) 2006 five-year forecast, “the transition to mobile computing will help facilitate the transition to ubiquitous computing, which is not practical in desktop computer environments” (Hayes Connection & Greaves Group, 2006, p.1).

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Tone of Postcards in Increasing Survey Response Rates

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.94.2.444-448 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 94 (2) ◽

pp. 444-448 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

James H. Price ◽

Faith Yingling ◽

Eileen Walsh ◽

Judy Murnan ◽

Joseph A. Dake

Keyword(s):

Elementary School ◽

Response Rates ◽

Survey Response ◽

Third Wave ◽

Chi Square ◽

Mail Surveys ◽

The Third ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Second Wave

This study assessed differences in response rates to a series of three-wave mail surveys when amiable or insistently worded postcards were the third wave of the mailing. Three studies were conducted; one with a sample of 600 health commissioners, one with a sample of 680 vascular nurses, and one with 600 elementary school secretaries. The combined response rates for the first and second wave mailings were 65.8%, 67.6%, and 62.4%, respectively. A total of 308 amiable and 308 insistent postcards were sent randomly to nonrespondents as the third wave mailing. Overall, there were 41 amiable and 52 insistent postcards returned, not significantly different by chi-square test. However, a separate chi-square test for one of the three studies, the nurses' study, did find a significant difference in favor of the insistently worded postcards.

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Feminizm amerykański trzeciej fali – zmiana i kontynuacja

Przegląd Politologiczny ◽

10.14746/pp.2011.16.2.2 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 19-27

Author(s):

Grażyna STRNAD

Keyword(s):

Gender Stereotypes ◽

18Th Century ◽

Social Role ◽

Common Interest ◽

Third Wave ◽

Equal Rights ◽

The Third ◽

American Society ◽

The Right ◽

Second Wave

The history of American women fighting for equal rights dates back to the 18th century, when in Boston, in 1770, they voiced the demand that the status of women be changed. Abigail Adams, Sarah Grimke, Angelina Grimke and Frances Wright are considered to have pioneered American feminism. An organized suffrage movement is assumed to have originated at the convention Elizabeth Stanton organized in Seneca Falls in 1848. This convention passed a Declaration of Sentiments, which criticized the American Declaration of Independence as it excluded women. The most prominent success achieved in this period was the US Congress passing the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution granting women the right to vote. The 1960s saw the second wave of feminism, resulting from disappointment with the hitherto promotion of equality. The second-wave feminists claimed that the legal reforms did not provide women with the changes they expected. As feminists voiced the need to feminize the world, they struggled for social customs to change and gender stereotypes to be abandoned. They criticized the patriarchal model of American society, blaming this model for reducing the social role of women to that of a mother, wife and housewife. They pointed to patriarchal ideology, rather than nature, as the source of the inequality of sexes. The leading representatives of the second wave of feminism were Betty Friedan (who founded the National Organization for Women), Kate Millet (who wrote Sexual Politics), and Shulamith Firestone (the author of The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution). The 1990s came to be called the third wave of feminism, characterized by multiple cultures, ethnic identities, races and religions, thereby becoming a heterogenic movement. The third-wave feminists, Rebecca Walker and Bell Hooks, represented groups of women who had formerly been denied the right to join the movement, for example due to racial discrimination. They believed that there was not one ‘common interest of all women’ but called for leaving no group out in the fight for the equality of women’s rights. They asked that the process of women’s emancipation that began with the first wave embrace and approve of the diversity of the multiethnic American society.

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Impact of COVID-19 Variants on the Second Wave in India and Subsequent Discretion of Possibilities of the Third Wave

Asian Journal of Medicine and Health ◽

10.9734/ajmah/2021/v19i930373 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 115-126

Author(s):

Sudarshan Ramaswamy ◽

Meera Dhuria ◽

Sumedha M. Joshi ◽

Deepa H Velankar

Keyword(s):

Herd Immunity ◽

Sir Model ◽

The Other ◽

Third Wave ◽

Focal Points ◽

Current Analysis ◽

The Third ◽

The Impact ◽

Second Wave ◽

Insight Into

Introduction: Epidemiological comprehension of the COVID-19 situation in India can be of great help in early prediction of any such indications in other countries and possibilities of the third wave in India as well. It is essential to understand the impact of variant strains in the perspective of the rise in daily cases during the second wave – Whether the rise in cases witnessed is due to the reinfections or the surge is dominated by emergence of mutants/variants and reasons for the same. Overall objective of this study is to predict early epidemiological indicators which can potentially lead to COVID-19 third wave in India. Methodology: We analyzed both the first and second waves of COVID-19 in India and using the data of India’s SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing, we segregated the impact of the Older Variant (OV) and the other major variants (VOI / VOC). Applying Kermack–McKendrick SIR model to the segregated data progression of the epidemic in India was plotted in the form of proportion of people infected. An equation to explain herd immunity thresholds was generated and further analyzed to predict the possibilities of the third wave. Results: Considerable difference in ate of progression of the first and second wave was seen. The study also ascertains that the rate of infection spread is higher in Delta variant and is expected to have a higher threshold (>2 times) for herd immunity as compared to the OV. Conclusion: Likelihood of the occurrence of the third wave seems unlikely based on the current analysis of the situation, however the possibilities cannot be ruled out. Understanding the epidemiological details of the first and second wave helped in understanding the focal points responsible for the surge in cases during the second wave and has given further insight into the future.

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The Foucault Effect in Organization Studies

Organization Studies ◽

10.1177/0170840617745110 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 155-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Sverre Raffnsøe ◽

Andrea Mennicken ◽

Peter Miller

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

The Self ◽

Third Wave ◽

Organization Studies ◽

Linguistic Turn ◽

The Third ◽

The Past ◽

Organizational Scholarship ◽

The Impact ◽

Second Wave

Since the establishment of Organization Studies in 1980, Michel Foucault’s oeuvre has had a remarkable and continuing influence on its field. This article traces the different ways in which organizational scholars have engaged with Foucault’s writings over the past thirty years or so. We identify four overlapping waves of influence. Drawing on Foucault’s Discipline and Punish, the first wave focused on the impact of discipline, and techniques of surveillance and subjugation, on organizational practices and power relations. Part of a much wider ‘linguistic’ turn in the second half of the twentieth century, the second wave led to a focus on discourses as intermediaries that condition ways of viewing and acting. This wave drew mainly on Foucault’s early writings on language and discourse. The third wave was inspired by Foucault’s seminal lectures on governmentality towards the end of the 1970s. Here, an important body of international research investigating governmental technologies operating on subjects as free persons in sites such as education, accounting, medicine and psychiatry emerged. The fourth and last wave arose out of a critical engagement with earlier Foucauldian organizational scholarship and sought to develop a more positive conception of subjectivity. This wave draws in particular on Foucault’s work on asceticism and techniques of the self towards the end of his life. Drawing on Deleuze and Butler, the article conceives the Foucault effect in organization studies as an immanent cause and a performative effect. We argue for the need to move beyond the tired dichotomies between discipline and autonomy, compliance and resistance, power and freedom that, at least to some extent, still hamper organization studies. We seek to overcome such dichotomies by further pursuing newly emerging lines of Foucauldian research that investigate processes of organizing, calculating and economizing characterized by a differential structuring of freedom, performative and indirect agency.

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The Third Wave

Invisible Ball of Dreams ◽

10.14325/mississippi/9781496817129.003.0008 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 109-112

Author(s):

Emily Ruth Rutter

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Third Wave ◽

The Third ◽

Way Of Knowing ◽

Contemporary Writers ◽

Second Wave

In the second wave of black baseball works, African American playwrights, poets, and novelists uncovered an archive of feelings replete with the particular pains and pleasures of segregated life. The contemporary writers in the third wave place similar faith in literature as a way of knowing marginalized histories, while more deliberately foregrounding their own roles as mediators and curators of these histories. In ...

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Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing Databases

Handbook of Research on Innovations in Database Technologies and Applications ◽

10.4018/978-1-60566-242-8.ch086 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 818-827

Author(s):

Michael Zoumboulakis ◽

George Roussos

Keyword(s):

Ubiquitous Computing ◽

Everyday Life ◽

Personal Computer ◽

Ambient Intelligence ◽

Third Wave ◽

The Third ◽

Technical Developments ◽

Computing Paradigm ◽

The World ◽

Pervasive And Ubiquitous Computing

The concept of the so-called Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing was introduced in the early nineties as the third wave of computing to follow the eras of the mainframe and the personal computer. Unlike previous technology generations, Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing recedes into the background of everyday life: “it activates the world, makes computers so imbedded, so fitting, so natural, that we use it without even thinking about it, and is invisible, everywhere computing that does not live on a personal device of any sort, but is in the woodwork everywhere” (Weiser 1991). Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing is often referred to using different terms in different contexts. Pervasive, 4G mobile and sentient computing or ambient intelligence also refer to the same computing paradigm. Several technical developments come together to create this novel type of computing, the main ones are summarized in Table 1 (Davies and Gellersen 2002; Satyanarayanan 2001).

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Ubiquitous Computing and Databases

Encyclopedia of Database Technologies and Applications ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-560-3.ch117 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 714-719

Author(s):

George Roussos ◽

Michael Zoumboulakis

Keyword(s):

Ubiquitous Computing ◽

Everyday Life ◽

Personal Computer ◽

Third Wave ◽

The Third ◽

The World

The concept of the so-called ubiquitous computing was introduced in the early 1990s as the third wave of computing to follow the eras of the mainframe and the personal computer. Unlike previous technology generations, ubiquitous computing recedes into the background of everyday life: It activates the world, makes computers so imbedded, so fitting, so natural, that we use it without even thinking about it, and is invisible, everywhere computing that does not live on a personal device of any sort, but is in the woodwork everywhere. (Weiser & Brown, 1997, p. 81)

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Charting the Currents of the Third Wave

Hypatia ◽

10.1111/j.1527-2001.1997.tb00004.x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 29-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Catherine M. Orr

Keyword(s):

Knowledge Production ◽

Third Wave Feminism ◽

Third Wave ◽

Popular Press ◽

The Third ◽

Punk Music ◽

Second Wave

The term “third wave” within contemporary feminism presents some initial difficulties in scholarly investigation. Located in popular-press anthologies, tines, punk music, and cyberspace, many third wave discourses constitute themselves as a break with both second wave and academic feminisms; a break problematic for both generations of feminists. The emergence of third wave feminism offers academic feminists an opportunity to rethink the context of knowledge production and the mediums through which we disseminate our work.

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