An Insight Into Research and Investigations of Gray Mold Focused on Botrytis cinerea

2022 ◽  
pp. 273-289
Author(s):  
Sunil Jayant Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
And Control ◽  
Insight Into

Modern day agriculture focuses on the crop yield, cost, and space. Most of the investigations in the agricultural sector are aimed at rendering environmental friendliness to the application method and synthesizing new varieties of crops that are resistant to the attacks of microorganisms. Also, new fertilizers and pesticides are being developed. Plants such as grapes, raspberries, and strawberries are considered cash crops. Many useful compounds are synthesized from them. Pharmaceutical intermediates and products are synthesized from plants which have medicinal properties. Climatic conditions and soil properties are manipulated for confined and safe cultivation of these plants. It results in reduction in temperature and change in humidity, which in turn causes growth of undesirable species and diseases in the plants. The most common among these species is the fungi Botrytis cinerea. Many crops are affected adversely due to Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea). In this chapter, a review on studies and investigations on gray mold for its effects on plants and control is carried with focus on Botrytis cinerea.

scholarly journals Priming of Defense Systems and Upregulation of MYC2 and JAZ1 Genes after Botrytis cinerea Inoculation in Methyl Jasmonate-Treated Strawberry Fruits

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Valenzuela-Riffo ◽  
Paz E. Zúñiga ◽  
Luis Morales-Quintana ◽  
Mauricio Lolas ◽  
Marcela Cáceres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Jasmonate ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
The Past ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Meja Treatment ◽  
Fruit Development And Ripening ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
And Control

Several attempts have been made to study the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on plants in the past years. However, the comparative effects of the number and phenological time of MeJA applications on the activation of defense systems is currently unknown in strawberries. In the present research, we performed three field treatments during strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa ‘Camarosa’) fruit development and ripening which consisted of differential MeJA applications at flowering (M3), and the large green (M2 and M3) and red ripe (M1, M2, and M3) fruit stages. We also checked changes in gene expression related to plant defense against Botrytis cinerea inoculation post-harvest. In M3 treatment, we observed an upregulation of the anthocyanin and lignin contents and the defense-related genes, encoding for chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases and polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins, after harvest (0 hpi), along with the jasmonate signaling-related genes FaMYC2 and FaJAZ1 at 48 h after B. cinerea inoculation (48 hpi) during postharvest storage. Although we did not find differences in gray mold incidence between the MeJA treatments and control, these results suggest that preharvest MeJA treatment from the flowering stage onwards (M3) primes defense responses mediated by the upregulation of different defense-related genes and retains the upregulation of MYC2 and JAZ1 at 48 hpi.

scholarly journals The VELVET Complex in the Gray Mold Fungus Botrytis cinerea: Impact of BcLAE1 on Differentiation, Secondary Metabolism, and Virulence

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Schumacher ◽  
Adeline Simon ◽  
Kim C. Cohrs ◽  
Stefanie Traeger ◽  
Antoine Porquier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Carbohydrate Active Enzymes ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Mold Fungus ◽  
Velvet Complex ◽  
Genome Wide Expression ◽  
Insight Into

Botrytis cinerea, the gray mold fungus, is an important plant pathogen. Field populations are characterized by variability with regard to morphology, the mode of reproduction (conidiation or sclerotia formation), the spectrum of secondary metabolites (SM), and virulence. Natural variation in bcvel1 encoding the ortholog of Aspergillus nidulans VeA, a member of the VELVET complex, was previously shown to affect light-dependent differentiation, the formation of oxalic acid (OA), and virulence. To gain broader insight into the B. cinerea VELVET complex, an ortholog of A. nidulans LaeA, BcLAE1, a putative interaction partner of BcVEL1, was studied. BcVEL1 but not its truncated versions interacts with BcLAE1 and BcVEL2 (VelB ortholog). In accordance with the expected common as well as specific functions of BcVEL1 and BcLAE1, the deletions of both genes result in similar though not identical phenotypes. Both mutants lost the ability to produce OA, to colonize the host tissue, and to form sclerotia. However, mutants differ with regard to aerial hyphae and conidia formation. Genome-wide expression analyses revealed that BcVEL1 and BcLAE1 have common and distinct target genes. Some of the genes that are underexpressed in both mutants, e.g., those encoding SM-related enzymes, proteases, and carbohydrate-active enzymes, may account for their reduced virulence.

An insight into Case Management and Challenges in Veteran Suicide Prevention

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-25
Author(s):  
Tamara Green
Keyword(s):  
Case Management ◽  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Prevention Science ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Military Members ◽  
Prediction And Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Insight Into

Much of the literature, policies, programs, and investment has been made on mental health, case management, and suicide prevention of veterans. The Australian “veteran community is facing a suicide epidemic for the reasons that are extremely complex and beyond the scope of those currently dealing with them.” (Menz, D: 2019). Only limited work has considered the digital transformation of loosely and manual-based historical records and no enablement of Artificial Intelligence (A.I) and machine learning to suicide risk prediction and control for serving military members and veterans to date. This paper presents issues and challenges in suicide prevention and management of veterans, from the standing of policymakers to stakeholders, campaigners of veteran suicide prevention, science and big data, and an opportunity for the digital transformation of case management.

Galileo Unbound

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Nolte
Keyword(s):  
Free Fall ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Quantum Field ◽  
Many Worlds ◽  
Quantum Particles ◽  
Light Rays ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Insight Into

Galileo Unbound: A Path Across Life, The Universe and Everything traces the journey that brought us from Galileo’s law of free fall to today’s geneticists measuring evolutionary drift, entangled quantum particles moving among many worlds, and our lives as trajectories traversing a health space with thousands of dimensions. Remarkably, common themes persist that predict the evolution of species as readily as the orbits of planets or the collapse of stars into black holes. This book tells the history of spaces of expanding dimension and increasing abstraction and how they continue today to give new insight into the physics of complex systems. Galileo published the first modern law of motion, the Law of Fall, that was ideal and simple, laying the foundation upon which Newton built the first theory of dynamics. Early in the twentieth century, geometry became the cause of motion rather than the result when Einstein envisioned the fabric of space-time warped by mass and energy, forcing light rays to bend past the Sun. Possibly more radical was Feynman’s dilemma of quantum particles taking all paths at once—setting the stage for the modern fields of quantum field theory and quantum computing. Yet as concepts of motion have evolved, one thing has remained constant, the need to track ever more complex changes and to capture their essence, to find patterns in the chaos as we try to predict and control our world.

scholarly journals Cyclophilin BcCyp2 Regulates Infection-Related Development to Facilitate Virulence of the Gray Mold Fungus Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1694
Author(s):  
Jiao Sun ◽  
Chen-Hao Sun ◽  
Hao-Wu Chang ◽  
Song Yang ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Histone 3 ◽  
Mold Fungus ◽  
Related Development ◽  
Hyphal Morphology ◽  
Cellular Components

Cyclophilin (Cyp) and Ca2+/calcineurin proteins are cellular components related to fungal morphogenesis and virulence; however, their roles in mediating the pathogenesis of Botrytis cinerea, the causative agent of gray mold on over 1000 plant species, remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that disruption of cyclophilin gene BcCYP2 did not impair the pathogen mycelial growth, osmotic and oxidative stress adaptation as well as cell wall integrity, but delayed conidial germination and germling development, altered conidial and sclerotial morphology, reduced infection cushion (IC) formation, sclerotial production and virulence. Exogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) rescued the deficiency of IC formation of the ∆Bccyp2 mutants, and exogenous cyclosporine A (CsA), an inhibitor targeting cyclophilins, altered hyphal morphology and prevented host-cell penetration in the BcCYP2 harboring strains. Moreover, calcineurin-dependent (CND) genes are differentially expressed in strains losing BcCYP2 in the presence of CsA, suggesting that BcCyp2 functions in the upstream of cAMP- and Ca2+/calcineurin-dependent signaling pathways. Interestingly, during IC formation, expression of BcCYP2 is downregulated in a mutant losing BcJAR1, a gene encoding histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) demethylase that regulates fungal development and pathogenesis, in B. cinerea, implying that BcCyp2 functions under the control of BcJar1. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into cyclophilins mediating the pathogenesis of B. cinerea and potential targets for drug intervention for fungal diseases.

scholarly journals Closed-form time derivatives of the equations of motion of rigid body systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Müller ◽  
Shivesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Rigid Body ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Multibody Systems ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Alternative Formulation ◽  
Dynamics Of Rigid Body ◽  
Control Forces ◽  
And Control ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractDerivatives of equations of motion (EOM) describing the dynamics of rigid body systems are becoming increasingly relevant for the robotics community and find many applications in design and control of robotic systems. Controlling robots, and multibody systems comprising elastic components in particular, not only requires smooth trajectories but also the time derivatives of the control forces/torques, hence of the EOM. This paper presents the time derivatives of the EOM in closed form up to second-order as an alternative formulation to the existing recursive algorithms for this purpose, which provides a direct insight into the structure of the derivatives. The Lie group formulation for rigid body systems is used giving rise to very compact and easily parameterized equations.

scholarly journals Identification of Diagnostic and Prognostic microRNAs for Recurrent Vitreous Hemorrhage in Patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parviz Mammadzada ◽  
Juliette Bayle ◽  
Johann Gudmundsson ◽  
Anders Kvanta ◽  
Helder André
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Vitreous Hemorrhage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ocular Tissues ◽  
Recurrent Hemorrhage ◽  
Pars Plana ◽  
And Control ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Recurrent Vitreous Hemorrhage

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can provide insight into the pathophysiological states of ocular tissues such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). In this study, differences in miRNA expression in vitreous from PDR patients with and without incidence of recurrent vitreous hemorrhage (RVH) after the initial pars-plana vitrectomy (PPV) were analyzed, with the aim of identifying biomarkers for RVH. Fifty-four consented vitreous samples were analyzed from patients undergoing PPV for PDR, of which eighteen samples underwent a second surgery due to RVH. Ten of the sixty-six expressed miRNAs (miRNAs-19a, -20a, -22, -27a, -29a, -93, -126, -128, -130a, and -150) displayed divergences between the PDR vitreous groups and to the control. A significant increase in the miRNA-19a and -27a expression was determined in PDR patients undergoing PPV as compared to the controls. miRNA-20a and -93 were significantly upregulated in primary PPV vitreous samples of patients afflicted with RVH. Moreover, this observed upregulation was not significant between the non-RVH and control group, thus emphasizing the association with RVH incidence. miRNA-19a and -27a were detected as putative vitreous biomarkers for PDR, and elevated levels of miRNA-20a and -93 in vitreous with RVH suggest their biomarker potential for major PDR complications such as recurrent hemorrhage incidence.

scholarly journals Characterization of Postharvest Fungicide-Resistant Botrytis cinerea Isolates From Commercially Stored Apple Fruit

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne M. Jurick ◽  
Otilia Macarisin ◽  
Verneta L. Gaskins ◽  
Eunhee Park ◽  
Jiujiang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Sublethal Dose ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Pose Control ◽  
First Time

Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold and is an economically important postharvest pathogen of fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals. Fludioxonil-sensitive B. cinerea isolates were collected in 2011 and 2013 from commercial storage in Pennsylvania. Eight isolates had values for effective concentrations for inhibiting 50% of mycelial growth of 0.0004 to 0.0038 μg/ml for fludioxonil and were dual resistant to pyrimethanil and thiabendazole. Resistance was generated in vitro, following exposure to a sublethal dose of fludioxonil, in seven of eight dual-resistant B. cinerea isolates. Three vigorously growing B. cinerea isolates with multiresistance to postharvest fungicides were further characterized and found to be osmosensitive and retained resistance in the absence of selection pressure. A representative multiresistant B. cinerea strain caused decay on apple fruit treated with postharvest fungicides, which confirmed the in vitro results. The R632I mutation in the Mrr1 gene, associated with fludioxonil resistance in B. cinerea, was not detected in multipostharvest fungicide-resistant B. cinerea isolates, suggesting that the fungus may be using additional mechanisms to mediate resistance. Results from this study show for the first time that B. cinerea with dual resistance to pyrimethanil and thiabendazole can also rapidly develop resistance to fludioxonil, which may pose control challenges in the packinghouse environment and during long-term storage.

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