Clean Water Production for Isolated Areas

2020 ◽  
pp. 166-195
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Treatment Facilities

The provision of clean water is a global concern that must be critically addressed by all government bodies. However, lack of attention to this matter presents difficulties to many rural regions, especially in the developing countries. Most rural regions around the world experience lack of clean water due to various factors such as shortage of water resources and lack of water treatment facilities due to geographical constraint and scatter of population. Thus, small-scale water treatment system is an attractive technology for clean water production in isolated areas as it only requires a small footprint and it is more cost-effective than conventional water treatment plants. This chapter focuses on the small-scale water treatment systems for each of surface water, groundwater, rainwater, and brackish water resources. Considerations are taken based on the type of water resources and geographical conditions of the rural areas which include flat grounds, hills, and island areas. Besides, rainwater harvesting and treatment is reviewed for individual house application.

The new technology of waste water treatment by using bioreactors with bio membranous movable bed – biochips

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-292
Author(s):  
Maria Y. Savostyanova ◽  
◽  
Lidia А. Norina ◽  
Arina V. Nikolaeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Waste Waters ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Movable Bed

Retaining of water resources quality is one of the global ecological problems of the modern time. The most promising direction in solving the problem of water resources protection is the reduction of negative environmental influence of waste water from production facilities by upgrading the existing water treatment technologies. To treat utility water, technical and rain water from site facilities of Transneft system entities, the specialists developed and approved standard technological diagrams, which are used in producing treatment facilities. The standard technological diagrams provide for all necessary stages of waste water treatment ensures the reduction of pollution level to normal values. However, during operation of treatment facilities it was established, that to ensure the required quality of waste water treatment with initially high levels of pollution, the new technological solutions are necessary. The author presents the results of scientific-research work, in the context of which the best affordable technologies were identified in the area of the treatment of waste water with increased content of pollutants and non-uniform ingress pattern. On the basis of the research results the technical solutions were developed for optimization of operation of existing waste water treatment facilities by means of using combined treatment of technical and rain waters and utility waste waters and applying bioreactor with movable bed – biochips. The use of bioreactor with movable bed allows the increase in the area of active surface, which facilitates increase and retention of biomass. Biochips are completely immersed into waste waters, and biofilm is formed on the entire volume of immersion area, facilitating retention of biomass and preventing formation of sediments. Due to mixing the floating device with biofilm constantly moves along the whole area of bioreactor, and, in doing so, speeds up biochemical processes and uniformity of treatment. The advantages of a bioreactor with movable bed – its active sludge durability against increased and changing pollutant concentrations, change of waste water temperature and simplicity of application – ensured the possibility of its use for blending utility waters, technical and rain waters.

scholarly journals RATIONAL CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES IN RURAL AREAS

2019 ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Y. B. Mosiichuk ◽  
V. P. Khoruzhy
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Active Sludge ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
High Efficient ◽  
Treatment Facilities

In view of the development of cottage construction and enterprises of agricultural products processing, located mainly in rural areas, the development of high-efficient, reliable and easy-to-use treatment plants for the purification of domestic wastewater of low quality is very relevant. The objective of the research is to ensure the high quality purified water and minimize capital and operating costs. To solve this problem, the methods of physical and mathematical modeling were used, as well as numerical and analytical methods for determination and analysis of the parameters of treatment facilities operation. To use the latest advances in science and technology in the area of small-scale wastewater treatment facilities, which are typical for rural settlements and agro-industrial enterprises, in these conditions it is proposed to use bioreactors and contact clarifying filters. As the research has shown, water quality indicators of purified water change during the time of water filtration Tf and depend on the velocity of water filtration Vf and a specific cleanings capacity of the filter: at the beginning their values decrease as a result of accumulation of active sludge in the subfilter space, and then they begin to rise due to the increase of hydraulic resistance to water motion and removing this residual matter into filtered water. The article also presents the results of investigations on changes in the content of organic compounds in filtered water during the filtration cycle Тf by the biochemical oxygen consumption value (BOCV) depending on a water filtration rate Vf, m/h, and the amount of active sludge (specific dirt content of the filter G, kg/m2), as well as the changes in the content of suspended matter Сf.i. due to the same parameters. The recommendations on the effective operation of wastewater treatment facilities of the proposed design that which ensure their reliable and high-performance operation, were developed.  

Conventional Water Treatments

2020 ◽  
pp. 138-165
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Sludge Management ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
In Series ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
The Common ◽  
Water Treatments

Conventional water treatments have several successive processes in series to produce potable water. This chapter talks about the conventional water treatment processes which are mainly used to treat water originated from freshwater sources. Besides, the discussion covers some typical water quality, both raw and treated, as well as the standards of water quality. One of the highlighted topics in this chapter is the common issues that are frequently happening in the conventional water treatment facilities around the rural regions experiencing tropical climate, which is centred on the issues affecting the raw water quality and treatment processes. The major issue during post-treatment which is on sludge management is also discussed by underlining some alternative to the traditional way of using sludge lagoons. Topics in this chapter provide a better perspective to the water treatment operators and students who are interested in this topic of major processes used in conventional water treatment plants as well as the common issues encountered.

Feasibility of contact aeration method for small-scale domestic wastewater treatment system in rural China

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kuyama ◽  
M. Mizuochi ◽  
H. Koyanagi ◽  
T. Wako
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Billing System ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Treatment Facilities

This study examines the feasibility of the contact aeration method for utilisation in small-scale domestic wastewater treatment facilities in various rural areas of China, where the national government starts to address the water pollution issue. Three pilot facilities using the contact aeration method with different capacities were constructed, operated and monitored in Chongqing city and Jiangsu province. In order to evaluate the feasibility of the constructed facilities, the quality of treated wastewater and the operational cost were monitored. Results obtained from the monitoring showed that BOD and COD effluent concentrations achieved quality targets in all facilities. As for the other pollutants, quality targets were met for most of the period. Operational costs of facilities bettered those set for the facility in the town of Baiyang and new village of Zhaojia, but exceeded them for the facility in the village of Dongbei. The main reasons for the differences were the electricity billing system and operational system for each facility. In order to promote small-scale aeration-based domestic wastewater treatment plants in rural China in the future, the issue of what constitutes efficient facility maintenance first needs to be addressed.

Ways to Increase the Productivity and Quality of Mine Water Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 423
Author(s):  
Natalia. A GUBINA ◽  
Mikhail A. YLESIN ◽  
Natalya V. KARMANOVSKAYA
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Mine Water ◽  
Mine Waters ◽  
Industrial Activities ◽  
Mine Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Harmful Effects

The article deals with the rational use of water resources, as well as protecting the environment from the harmful effects of human industrial activities. The aim of the study is to find ways to increase the productivity of existing treatment facilities and the quality of mine water treatment. The proposed solutions will lead to a reduction in discharges of untreated mine waters, a reduction in environmental payments and consumption of fresh water.

scholarly journals A novel point-of-use water treatment method by antimicrobial nanosilver textile material

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 670-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongjun Liu ◽  
Xiaosheng Tang ◽  
Qishan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Textile Material ◽  
Plastic Tube ◽  
Point Of Use

Pathogenic bacteria are one of the main reasons for worldwide water-borne disease causing a big threat to public health, hence there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective water treatment technologies. Nano-materials in point-of-use systems have recently attracted considerable research and commercial interests as they can overcome the drawbacks of traditional water treatment techniques. We have developed a new point-of-use water disinfection kit with nanosilver textile material. The silver nanoparticles were in-situ generated and immobilized onto cotton textile, followed by fixing to a plastic tube to make a water disinfection kit. By soaking and stirring the kit in water, pathogenic bacteria have been killed within minutes. The silver leaching from the kit was insignificant, with values <100 ppb – the current US EPA and WHO limit for silver level in drinking water. Herein, the nanosilver textile water disinfection kit could be a new, efficient and cost-effective point-of-use water treatment method for rural areas and emergency preparedness.

scholarly journals Setting up environmental health improvements

2019 ◽  
pp. 368-387
Author(s):  
Ted Lankester
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Action Group ◽  
Effective Community ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

This chapter describes the key environmental needs regarding water supply, sanitation, and minimizing pollution. It describes WASH (WAter, Sanitation, and Hygiene). It explains the need for clean water sources, storage, and use, emphasizing what can be done at household and community level, e.g. rainwater harvesting. It outlines higher-level causes that need to be tackled where collaboration with other providers and supplies is possible. The chapter then describes different methods of waste disposal, including the need for constructing and using latrines appropriate to the area, built and owned by the community. The chapter then describes what actions need to be taken against other forms of pollution both in urban and rural areas. There is a strong emphasis on community action and leadership, and the importance of training an effective community action group

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document