Gender Inequality and Societal Oppression of Women in Pakistan

2022 ◽  
pp. 180-206
Author(s):  
Iqra Iqbal ◽  
Nausheen Pasha Zaidi
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Workplace Harassment ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Masculine Hegemony ◽  
Experiences Of Women

Gender inequality and oppression are common in most patriarchal societies. Pakistan, a developing country of the Global South, has been wrangling with gender discrimination and violence against women since its inception in 1947. Globally, Pakistan is ranked third from the bottom (151 out of 153) on the Gender Equality Index. While patriarchal norms can have severe consequences for women's rights, it is important to look at the different ways in which patriarchy can manifest across socioeconomic levels. This chapter discusses the experiences of women in the lower, middle, and upper classes of Pakistani society. Thematic analysis of interview data reveals an overlap of forms of oppression and abuse, including the pervasiveness of masculine hegemony, workplace harassment, and in-law interference after marriage, as well as other challenges unique to each social class. The importance of education for women and girls is highlighted, while acknowledging that education alone, without family and societal suppor, may not be enough to break the shackles of the patriarchy for Pakistani women.

scholarly journals Gender Discrimination and Its Impacts in Macro-Economic Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
Savitri Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
National Economy ◽  
World Population ◽  
Educational Equality ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The World

Gender refers to the complex social construction of men’s and women’s identities. Sex and gender are different. The biological or physical construction is sex, which is created by nature. Gender is  purely a social construct. Gender Equality is a concept that is yet to be materialized. Around the world different individuals and groups of people are marginalized and discriminated on the basis of various factors, but discrimination against women is universal. Due to this, women are not able to use their full potential or assert their rights to live healthy life, and it has a deep impact in economic development. Gender equality is not only matter of human right but also basic of economic development. Gender inequality is a severe obstacle to socio-economic development, human capital development and income generation. Gender inequality is harmful to long term development and growth. Unequal gender will never alone be sufficient for poverty reduction and economic development. Gender discrimination not only affects females but males as well. The discriminatory practices do not only affect individuals but national economy and world economy as a whole. Due to stereotypical division of work most men are over loaded with economic duties, while women are being limited to household works only. Fifty per cent of the world population is over-loaded with economic duties, while fifty per cent of the brain is underutilized. The economic value of the household work which is done by females is not calculated and reflected in a country’s economy. This devalues the effort and work done by females and also is loss for the national economy. Education and development goes together, for a better balance of gender, educational equality is must. Education is key factor to promote human capital, which ensures economic growth. Formal education, trainings, study programs improves the capacity of individuals to live a decent life, which is the basic of development. Gender will never alone be sufficient for development. Gender equality is not only matter of human right but also basis of economic development.

scholarly journals Gender inequality

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
Natalia Kostiuk ◽  
Olena Antoniuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ukrainian Society

The article deals with gender inequality in the economic, political and social spheres of Ukraine and the key reasons for gender imbalance in the observation and realization of gender rights. The topicality of the article is predetermined by the necessity of the systemic solution to the problem of gender equality in Ukraine that is declared in the country’s constitution as the pivotal principle of safeguarding legal rights and freedoms of people in a democratic state.The authors have made an analysis of the Ukrainian norms and laws in force as well as some ratified international treaties in the sphere of gender equality insurance. The current state of realization of the main directions of social policy of Ukraine in the sphere of gender equality has been determined on the basis of the World Economic Forum and in particular the analysis of the index of gender discrepancy in certain spheres of human activity as well as the gender monitoring of the representation of candidates in the special election of people’s deputies of Ukraine in 2014 and 2019. The impact of gender discrimination against women on the social economic development of the world countries and their national wealth level has been considered.The study has allowed revealing a positive tendency in the realization of women’s right to participate and be represented in the economic and political spheres of Ukrainian activity and offering further necessary state measures in the social policy pertaining to the eradication of gender asymmetry in the Ukrainian society. The need of redirecting the government gender policy to more effective measures for overcoming gender inequality, gender segregation and multiple forms of discrimination against women under the conditions of the severe economic, political and social upheavals in Ukraine has been pointed to. The authors have come to the conclusion that the development of the political and juridical concept of eradication of gender discrimination against women in Ukraine is the pledge of sustainable development of the Ukrainian society which in its turn is a necessary condition for forming a competitive human capital of the country that has chosen the Eurointergation foreign policy course.

scholarly journals Are laws the appropriate solution: The need to adopt non-policy measures in aid of the implementation of sex discrimination laws in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 135822912097891
Author(s):  
Onyeka C Okongwu
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
Nigerian Women ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
The United Nations

Gender inequality is a social problem facing women all over the world and is a barrier to human development. The United Nations commits to achieving gender equality and empowering women and girls and have adopted the Sustainable Development Goals to achieve gender equality by 2030. Nigeria, a Member State of the United Nations has ratified international and regional instruments which advocate for the protection and promotion of the rights of women and girls. Though some progress has been made to reduce inequality, discrimination remains a problem to women and is exacerbated by factors such as culture, religion, social practices and discriminatory laws. This study seeks to add to the discourse on gender inequality in Nigeria and examine the effectiveness of available domestic and international provisions against sex discrimination when considered against ingrained cultural attitudes, beliefs and discriminatory laws. The study found that among other determinants, culture and religion were constant features in the different forms of discrimination Nigerian women face and they were the primary reasons the proposals to pass gender equality laws were opposed and failed. The study proposes the need to adopt non-policy measures such as education and awareness-raising as additional measures to eliminating discrimination and promoting equality.

Gender Equality in Academia: Bad News from the Trenches, and Some Possible Solutions

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Monroe ◽  
Saba Ozyurt ◽  
Ted Wrigley ◽  
Amy Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Female Faculty ◽  
University Administrators ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
University Women

Is there gender discrimination in academia? Analysis of interviews with 80 female faculty at a large Research One university—the most comprehensive qualitative data set generated to date—suggests both individual and institutional discrimination persists. Overt discrimination has largely given way to less obvious but still deeply entrenched inequities. Despite apparent increases in women in positions of authority, discrimination continues to manifest itself through gender devaluation, a process whereby the status and power of an authoritative position is downplayed when that position is held by a woman, and through penalties for those agitating for political change. Female faculty find legal mechanisms and direct political action of limited utility, and increasingly turn to more subtle forms of incremental collective action, revealing an adaptive response to discrimination and a keen sense of the power dynamics within the university. Women attributed the persistence of gender inequality not to biology but to a professional environment in which university administrators care more about the appearance than the reality of gender equality and a professional culture based on a traditional, linear male model. Respondents described heart-wrenching choices between career and family responsibilities, with tensions especially intractable in the bench sciences. They advocated alternative models of professional life but also offered very specific interim suggestions for institutions genuinely interested in alleviating gender inequality and discrimination.

scholarly journals Gender Equality: Challenges toward Efforts to Minimize Child Marriage in Indonesia during the Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1555-1566
Author(s):  
Sonny Dewi Judiasih ◽  
Nyulistiowati Suryanti ◽  
Sudaryat Sudaryat ◽  
Deviana Yuanitasari
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Child Marriage ◽  
Marriage Age ◽  
The World ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
The Government ◽  
Age Of Marriage

The practice of child marriage in Indonesia is a serious problem that must be resolved. This is a problem faced in various countries in the world. The SDG's programs include achieving gender equality and empowering women and girls, with a target to achieve the abolition of child marriage by 2030. The research method used is a social-legal approach. The purpose of this study is to find out the government's efforts in overcoming the problem of gender inequality in the age requirements for marriage in Indonesia and the application for dispensation for marriage during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The old Marriage Law stipulates that the age of marriage for men is 19 years and for women 16 years. The government then changed this provision through Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage, in which the marriage age for men and women is the same, which is 19 years. During the Covid-19 pandemic, applications for marriage dispensation in Indonesia indicated a sharp increase. This means that the application for marriage dispensation is unaffected by the Covid-19 pandemic situation. The existence of exceptions through dispensation efforts makes the requirements for the age of marriage can still be deviated, so that gender equality, which is expected to minimize child marriages above, cannot be realized or cannot be carried out as desired.

scholarly journals KESETARAAN GENDER DALAM LINGKUP PENDIDIKAN DAN TATA SOSIAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuni Sulistyowati
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Dominant Party ◽  
The Family ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
And Gender

Abstrak: Meskipun upaya penegakan keadilan dan kesetaraan gender terus disuarakan, nyatanya diskriminasi gender masih tetap eksis di masyarakat. Salah satu alasan yang mendasari ketidaksetaraan gender ialah masih dielu-elukannya paham partiarki yang memandang laki-laki sebagai pihak dominan dan mengesampingkan peran perempuan dalam tatanan sosial. Berangkat dari persepsi yang menganggap bahwa perempuan hanya disiapkan untuk menjadi seorang kepala dapur dalam keluarga menempatkan perempuan sebagai kaum yang termarjinalisasi dan tersubordir. Perempuan menjadi sasaran kekerasan dan pelecehan sosial yang mana dianggap sebagai kaum yang lemah dan tidak memiliki kuasa.Abstract:Even though efforts to uphold justice and gender equality continue to be voiced, in fact gender discrimination still exixts in society. One of the fundamental reasons for gender inequality is that the patriarchy concept is still praised who views men as the dominant party and ignores the role of women in social order. Departing from the perception that women are only prepared to be the head of the kitchen in the family, placing women as the marginalized and subverted people. Women become targets of violence and social harassment who are seen as weak and powerless.

scholarly journals Is it possible to achieve gender equality in Kazakhstan: Focus on employment and social protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Zhanna Khamzina ◽  
Yermek Buribayev ◽  
Yerkin Yermukanov ◽  
Aizhan Alshurazova
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Career Growth ◽  
International Obligations ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Systemic Discrimination

International ratings confirm that Kazakhstan is a leader in Central Asia in addressing the causes of gender inequality; however, there are still significant gender differences in key areas. In particular, gender discrimination in the labor market is complex: when hiring or dismissing, while restricting access to certain professions and positions, in matters of promotion and career growth, when remuneration is paid for performing the same work, not related to differences in labor efficiency. Discrimination is especially sensitive in relation to pregnant women and women with young children. Discrimination continues with access to social measures for avoiding poverty and in the pension system. Further progress requires more strategically significant and focused actions to identify and bridge the remaining factors of systemic discrimination and gender gaps. In the article, we show the insufficient attention of the legal science of Kazakhstan to the problems of regulation of equality. We present the author’s methodology for analyzing labor and social legislation from the perspective of regulating gender equality, consisting of several assessments: Kazakhstan’s fulfillment of international obligations; implementation of the principle of nondiscrimination in labor and social legislation; administrative and judicial mechanisms to protect against discrimination based on sex; and opportunities for implementing best foreign and international practices for the regulation of equality.

The Technologies of Discrimination: How Platforms Cultivate Gender Inequality

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-202
Author(s):  
Arianne Renan Barzilay
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Organizational Policies ◽  
The Third ◽  
Online Platforms ◽  
Gig Economy

Abstract The changes created by platform-facilitated labor are considered fundamental challenges to the future of work. As more data accumulates on gender discrimination in online platforms, this Article explores how inequality is cultivated by platforms in the gig economy. Looking at technological architecture as organizational structure, this essay bridges a gap between three bodies of scholarship that have not yet been in conversation but considering them together is necessary if we are to think about gender equality in platform-facilitated labor. The first concerns data driven discrimination, the second concerns the role of platform affordances and the third concerns organizational policies. These point to the gender inequality regime that platforms may enact. Thus, the Article theoretically contributes to unpacking platforms’ role in perpetuating and institutionalizing gender inequality. Finally, it offers some suggestions on the ways in which law, policy and technology can disrupt the institutionalization of gender inequality in platform-facilitated labor.

IMPEDIMENTS TO WOMEN’S EQUITABLE EMPLOYMENT: GLOBAL SCENARIO

2011 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Farida Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Productive Potential

The ambivalent record of progress on issues of gender equality is reflective of the impediments to women’s equitable employment. This paper presents facts on global gender inequality in general, while specifically focusing on gender discrimination in the labour market and formal organisations. The Gender Mainstreaming strategy is presented as a viable option to overcome the obstacles restricting women from attaining their productive potential.

scholarly journals The Gender Equality Argument of Nasaruddin Umar

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Neny Muthi'atul Awwaliyah
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Thought ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Relationships ◽  
Universal Principles

Nasarudin Umar is an Indonesian Muslim scholar who has concerns about the issue of gender relations. He contributes many reflective thoughts, including the book entitled Argumentasi Kesetaraan Gender Perspektif al-Qur'an (Gender equality argument from the perspective of Qur’an). This research is motivated by his intellectual anxiety toward Qur'anic texts that are often used as a tool of legitimacy and justification by patriarchalism. This notion has gender-biased and misogynous thought that places women as the secondactor in ritual and social contexts. In his research, Nasarudin assumes that gender inequality does not come from the character of religion, but it refers to the understanding of religious thought influenced by social construction. Also, he argues that there is still ambiguity of the Qur'an interpretation on whether gender is nature or dynamic nurture (social construction). To understand the authenticity of Qur'anic perspectives, Nasarudin researched the Qur'an verses that discuss male and female relationships by applying thematic analysis (called Tafsir Maudlui) with various approaches such as semantic-linguistic, normative-theological, and socio-historical. The result showed that the Qur'an does not expressly support the two gender paradigmsof either nature or nurture. It only accommodates certain elements within the two theories that are in line with the universal principles of Islam. Generally, the Qur'an recognizes the distinction between men and womenbut the distinction does not benefit one party while marginalizing the other. The distinction is needed precisely to support the harmonious, balanced, safe, full of virtue, and peaceful life.

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