Antimicrobial Mechanisms and Mode of Actions of Nanoemulsion Against Drug-Resistant ESKAPE Pathogens

2022 ◽  
pp. 142-168
Author(s):  
Karthikeyan Ramalingam ◽  
Mohd Hashim Khan
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Hospital Care ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Eskape Pathogens

An enhancement of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and health infrastructure and hospital care charges. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has highlighted a section of antibiotic resistant bacteria termed as ESKAPE pathogens. These pathogens are proficient in ‘escaping' the biocidal effect of antibiotics and mutually representing new paradigms in transmission of diseases, pathogenesis, and resistance in their genetic materials. Essential oil-based nanoemulsions (NEs) have great interest towards the “natural” therapies as potential antimicrobial agents. Thermodynamic properties and kinetically stable potential of biphasic system of nanoemulsion enable them to be used as an effective nano-carrier with controlled release at the targeted point. This chapter describes the mechanisms of ESKAPE pathogens and the mode of the mechanisms of antimicrobial action of nanoemulsions for the treatment of MDR human pathogens.

The Activity of Alkanna Species in vitro Culture and Intact Plant Extracts Against Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (16) ◽  
pp. 1861-1865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naira Sahakyan ◽  
Margarit Petrosyan ◽  
Armen Trchounian
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Biotechnological Production ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

Overcoming the antibiotic resistance is nowadays a challenge. There is still no clear strategy to combat this problem. Therefore, the urgent need to find new sources of antibacterial agents exists. According to some literature, substances of plant origin are able to overcome bacterial resistance against antibiotics. Alkanna species plants are among the valuable producers of these metabolites. But there is a problem of obtaining the standardized product. So, this review is focused on the discussion of the possibilities of biotechnological production of antimicrobial agents from Alkanna genus species against some microorganisms including antibiotic resistant bacterial strains.

Antibiotic Resistance in Acinetobacterspp. Isolated from Sewers Receiving Waste Effluent from a Hospital and a Pharmaceutical Plant

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 3499-3502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Guardabassi ◽  
Andreas Petersen ◽  
John E. Olsen ◽  
Anders Dalsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Hospital Waste ◽  
Bacterial Indicators ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Pharmaceutical Plant

ABSTRACT The possible increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in sewage associated with the discharge of wastewater from a hospital and a pharmaceutical plant was investigated by usingAcinetobacter species as environmental bacterial indicators. The level of susceptibility to six antimicrobial agents was determined in 385 Acinetobacter strains isolated from samples collected upstream and downstream from the discharge points of the hospital and the pharmaceutical plant. Results indicated that while the hospital waste effluent affected only the prevalence of oxytetracycline resistance, the discharge of wastewater from the pharmaceutical plant was associated with an increase in the prevalence of both single- and multiple-antibiotic resistance amongAcinetobacter species in the sewers.

Impact of anthropogenic activities on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance across ecological boundaries

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Tripathi ◽  
Eddie Cytryn
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ecological Boundaries ◽  
Clinical Environments

Antibiotics are considered to be one of the major medical breakthroughs in history. Nonetheless, over the past four decades, antibiotic resistance has reached alarming levels worldwide and this trend is expected to continue to increase, leading some experts to forecast the coming of a ‘post-antibiotic’ era. Although antibiotic resistance in pathogens is traditionally linked to clinical environments, there is a rising concern that the global propagation of antibiotic resistance is also associated with environmental reservoirs that are linked to anthropogenic activities such as animal husbandry, agronomic practices and wastewater treatment. It is hypothesized that the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) within and between environmental microbial communities can ultimately contribute to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens. Nonetheless, the scope of this phenomenon is not clear due to the complexity of microbial communities in the environment and methodological constraints that limit comprehensive in situ evaluation of microbial genomes. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding antibiotic resistance in non-clinical environments, specifically focusing on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance across ecological boundaries and the contribution of this phenomenon to global antibiotic resistance.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Pharmaceutical Wastewaters

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 1731
Author(s):  
Amarachukwu Obayiuwana ◽  
Adeniyi Ogunjobi ◽  
Abasiofiok Ibekwe
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Pharmaceutical Wastewater ◽  
Metagenomic Dna ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

Pharmaceutical wastewaters are recognized as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), and also as hotspots for their horizontal gene transfer (HGT) using mobile genetic elements. Our study employed the use of PCR analysis of metagenomic DNA samples obtained from four pharmaceutical wastewaters using known primers to study the prevalence of thirty-six ARGs and four MGEs active against the commonly used antibiotics in Nigeria. The ARGs most frequently detected from the metagenomic DNA samples in each of the antibiotic classes under study include tetracycline [tet(G)], aminoglycoside [aadA, strA and strB], chloramphenicol [catA1], sulphonamides [sulI and sulII], and β-lactams and penicillins [blaOXA]. The ARGs showed a 100% prevalence in their various environmental sources. The pharmaceutical facility PFIV showed the highest concentration of ARGs in this study. The highest concentration for MGEs was shown by pharmaceutical facility PFIII, positive for intl1, intl2, and IFS genes. This study highlights the wide distribution of ARGs to the antibiotics tested in the wastewater, making pharmaceutical wastewater reservoirs of ARGs which could potentially be transferred from commensal microorganisms to human pathogens.

scholarly journals Applications of Nanodiamonds in the Detection and Therapy of Infectious Diseases

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Torres Sangiao ◽  
Alina Maria Holban ◽  
Mónica Cartelle Gestal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
World Health ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Health Organization

We are constantly exposed to infectious diseases, and they cause millions of deaths per year. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that antibiotic resistance could cause 10 million deaths per year by 2050. Multidrug-resistant bacteria are the cause of infection in at least one in three people suffering from septicemia. While antibiotics are powerful agents against infectious diseases, the alarming increase in antibiotic resistance is of great concern. Alternatives are desperately needed, and nanotechnology provides a great opportunity to develop novel approaches for the treatment of infectious diseases. One of the most important factors in the prognosis of an infection caused by an antibiotic resistant bacteria is an early and rigorous diagnosis, jointly with the use of novel therapeutic systems that can specifically target the pathogen and limit the selection of resistant strains. Nanodiamonds can be used as antimicrobial agents due to some of their properties including size, shape, and biocompatibility, which make them highly suitable for the development of efficient and tailored nanotherapies, including vaccines or drug delivery systems. In this review, we discuss the beneficial findings made in the nanodiamonds field, focusing on diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. We also highlight the innovative platform that nanodiamonds confer for vaccine improvement, drug delivery, and shuttle systems, as well as their role in the generation of faster and more sensitive clinical diagnosis.

Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococci Isolated from Organic and Conventional Retail Chicken

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 760-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. KILONZO-NTHENGE ◽  
A. BROWN ◽  
S. N. NAHASHON ◽  
D. LONG
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistance To Antibiotics ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Susceptibility Tests

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria existing in agricultural environments may be transferred to humans through food consumption or more multifaceted environmental paths of exposure. Notably, enterococcal infections are becoming more challenging to treat as their resistance to antibiotics intensifies. In this study, the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of enterococci in organic and conventional chicken from retail stores were analyzed. Of the total 343 retail chicken samples evaluated, 282 (82.2%) were contaminated with Enterococcus spp. The prevalence was higher in organic chicken (62.5%) than conventional chicken (37.5%). Enterococcus isolates were submitted to susceptibility tests against 12 antimicrobial agents. Among the isolates tested, streptomycin had the highest frequencies of resistance (69.1 and 100%) followed by erythromycin (38.5 and 80.0%), penicillin (14.1 and 88.5%), and kanamycin (11.3 and 76.9%) for organic and conventional isolates, respectively. Chloramphenicol had the lowest frequency (0.0 and 6.6%, respectively). The predominant species in raw chicken was E. faecium (27.3%), followed by E. gallinarum (6.0%), E. casseliflavus (2.1%), and E. durans (1.4%). These species were also found to be resistant to three or more antibiotics. The data indicated that antibiotic-resistant enterococci isolates were found in chicken whether it was organic or conventional. However, enterococci isolates that were resistant to antibiotics were less common in organic chicken (31.0%) when compared with those isolated from conventional chicken (43.6%). The results of this study suggest that raw retail organic and conventional chickens could be a source of antibiotic-resistant enterococci.

Relationship of antibiotic resistance to results of treatment in sepsis patients in Hue Central Hospital 2017 – 2018

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Duy Binh Nguyen ◽  
Trung Tien Phan ◽  
Trong Hanh Hoang ◽  
Van Tuan Mai ◽  
Xuan Chuong Tran
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Central Hospital ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Relationship Of

Sepsis is a serious bacterial infection. The main treatment is using antibiotics. However, the rate of antibiotic resistance is very high and this resistance is related to the outcome of treatment. Objectives: To evaluate the situation of antibiotic resistance of some isolated bacteria in sepsis patients treated at Hue Central Hospital; to evaluate the relationship of antibiotic resistance to the treatment results in patients with sepsis. Subjects and methods: prospective study of 60 sepsis patients diagnosed according to the criteria of the 3rd International Consensus-Sepsis 3 and its susceptibility patterns from April 2017 to August 2018. Results and Conclusions: The current agents of sepsis are mainly S. suis, Burkhoderiae spp. and E. coli. E. coli is resistant to cephalosporins 3rd, 4th generation and quinolone group is over 75%; resistance to imipenem 11.1%; the ESBL rate is 60%. S. suis resistant to ampicilline 11.1%; no resistance has been recorded to ceftriaxone and vancomycine. Resistance of Burkholderiae spp. to cefepime and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was 42.9% and 55.6%, resistant to imipenem and meropenem is 20%, resistance to ceftazidime was not recorded. The deaths were mostly dued to E. coli and K. pneumoniae. The mortality for patients infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria are higher than for sensitive groups. Key words: Sepsis, bacterial infection, antibiotics

scholarly journals Testudines as Sentinels for Monitoring the Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance in Marine Environments: An Integrative Review

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 775
Author(s):  
Kezia Drane ◽  
Roger Huerlimann ◽  
Michelle Power ◽  
Anna Whelan ◽  
Ellen Ariel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Standard Culture

Dissemination of antibiotic resistance (AR) in marine environments is a global concern with a propensity to affect public health and many ecosystems worldwide. We evaluated the use of sea turtles as sentinel species for monitoring AR in marine environments. In this field, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been commonly identified by using standard culture and sensitivity tests, leading to an overrepresentation of specific, culturable bacterial classes in the available literature. AR was detected against all major antibiotic classes, but the highest cumulative global frequency of resistance in all represented geographical sites was against the beta-lactam class by a two-fold difference compared to all other antibiotics. Wastewater facilities and turtle rehabilitation centres were associated with higher incidences of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) accounting for an average of 58% and 49% of resistant isolates, respectively. Furthermore, a relatively similar prevalence of MDRB was seen in all studied locations. These data suggest that anthropogenically driven selection pressures for the development of AR in sea turtles and marine environments are relatively similar worldwide. There is a need, however, to establish direct demonstrable associations between AR in sea turtles in their respective marine environments with wastewater facilities and other anthropogenic activities worldwide.

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