Enabling Healthy Living

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Adu-Prah ◽  
Tonny Oyana
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Local Levels ◽  
Youth Obesity

The increasing burden of overweight and obesity in the United States (U.S.) demands a better understanding of its local and regional spatial patterns and trends. The study examines the hypothesis that there are spatial differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in U.S. youths at regional and local levels. It used spatial, statistical, and spatiotemporal analyses and a synthesis of regionally and locally relevant data from a cohort of large, nationally representative, longitudinal data sets, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY`97) to analyze overweight and obesity prevalence. Specifically, the methods used included the spatial Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM), spatial interpolation techniques (Inverse Distance Weighting – IDW), and Kulldorf's scan space-time analysis. The paper analyzed 12 waves (1997–2008) of data from the NLSY data sets. Its findings revealed there is an upward trend both in males and in females in obesity prevalence in US youths during the twelve-year period. Youth obesity prevalence was also higher among females than among males. The cohort shows evidence of increase in overweight and obesity prevalence. There are mixed trends in youth obesity prevalence patterns in rural and urban areas. Counties identified as consistently experiencing higher prevalence of obesity and with the potential of becoming an obesogenic environment are Copiah, Holmes, and Hinds in Mississippi; Harris and Chamber, Texas; Oklahoma and McCain, Oklahoma; Jefferson, Louisiana; and Chicot and Jefferson, Arkansas. The twelve-year study indicated spatial variation in obesity and overweight prevalence among U.S. youths, with pockets of clustered prevalence. This information can guide programs, policies, and initiatives for obesity prevention at regional and local levels.

Enabling Healthy Living

2016 ◽  
pp. 1222-1242
Author(s):  
Samuel Adu-Prah ◽  
Tonny Oyana
Keyword(s):  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
Nlsy 97 ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analyses ◽  
Local Levels ◽  
Youth Obesity

The increasing burden of overweight and obesity in the United States (U.S.) demands a better understanding of its local and regional spatial patterns and trends. The study examines the hypothesis that there are spatial differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in U.S. youths at regional and local levels. It used spatial, statistical, and spatiotemporal analyses and a synthesis of regionally and locally relevant data from a cohort of large, nationally representative, longitudinal data sets, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY`97) to analyze overweight and obesity prevalence. Specifically, the methods used included the spatial Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM), spatial interpolation techniques (Inverse Distance Weighting – IDW), and Kulldorf's scan space-time analysis. The paper analyzed 12 waves (1997–2008) of data from the NLSY data sets. Its findings revealed there is an upward trend both in males and in females in obesity prevalence in US youths during the twelve-year period. Youth obesity prevalence was also higher among females than among males. The cohort shows evidence of increase in overweight and obesity prevalence. There are mixed trends in youth obesity prevalence patterns in rural and urban areas. Counties identified as consistently experiencing higher prevalence of obesity and with the potential of becoming an obesogenic environment are Copiah, Holmes, and Hinds in Mississippi; Harris and Chamber, Texas; Oklahoma and McCain, Oklahoma; Jefferson, Louisiana; and Chicot and Jefferson, Arkansas. The twelve-year study indicated spatial variation in obesity and overweight prevalence among U.S. youths, with pockets of clustered prevalence. This information can guide programs, policies, and initiatives for obesity prevention at regional and local levels.

Alcohol and Drug Use and Abuse among Indian-Americans: A Review of Issues and Sources

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Adrian Heidenreich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Use ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Abuse ◽  
Local Levels

There is much concern that alcohol and drug abuse are among the top problems in the United States generally, and also a “high priority” health and social problem among Indians. For that reason, there have been numerous programs of education, prevention, and treatment directed toward and developed in Indian communities. Nevertheless, many personnel at both national and local levels and in both rural and urban areas lack adequate acquaintance with pertinent conceptual issues and sources on alcohol and drug use and abuse among Indians specifically. The purpose of this article is to help remedy that lack by reviewing the range of literature and presenting an overview of some of the major perspectives which should inform any approach to Indian alcohol and drug use and abuse.

scholarly journals Rural tobacco use across the United States: How rural and urban areas differ, broken down by census regions and divisions

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E. Roberts ◽  
Nathan J. Doogan ◽  
Allison N. Kurti ◽  
Ryan Redner ◽  
Diann E. Gaalema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Population-level effects of diet, lifestyle, and health environment on obesity and non-communicable diseases in India

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuhu Joshi ◽  
Devesh Roy ◽  
Lora Iannotti ◽  
Aishwarya Nagar ◽  
Avinash Kishore
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Exact Matching ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Linear Probability ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Obesity is rising in developing countries like India and is associated with an increase in cardiometabolic problems. Rising incomes, rapid urbanization, and mechanization have induced lifestyle changes like consumption of more obesogenic foods and sedentary habits at work and leisure, contributing to a transition from under- to over-nutrition. This study maps the prevalence of adult (15-49 years) overweight and obesity across regions and socioeconomic groups in India, and estimates its association with lifestyle, health environment, dietary patterns, diabetes, and hypertension.Methods: We employ a combination of 3 latest nationally representative datasets with over 700,000 adults. We use a linear probability regression model to identify the correlates of overweight/obesity and their relative magnitudes. We use intra-household regression to identify differences between men and women and coarsened exact matching to causally estimate the impact of obesity on diabetes and hypertension.Results: Overweight/obesity rates have increased across all states, in rural and urban areas, and for all wealth levels. Women are more likely to be overweight/obese than men, even in the same household. Improved health environment (toilets, piped water, clean cooking fuel), urban jobs, television watching, and processed snacks increase the risk of overweight/obesity. Adults who are overweight/obese have a 5.6% higher risk of diabetes and a 9.7% higher risk of hypertension.Conclusions: Our results underscore the need for policy intervention to reduce the burden of obesity and NCD’s in India.

scholarly journals Associations of outdoor activity and screen time with adiposity: findings from rural Chinese adolescents with relatively low adiposity risks

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youjie Zhang ◽  
Xiaofan Zhang ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Hua Zhong ◽  
Chen-Wei Pan
Keyword(s):  
Screen Time ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Chinese Adolescents ◽  
Rural Adolescents ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Outdoor Activity ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Whether and to what extent outdoor activity and screen time are relevant to adiposity among rural adolescents remain largely unknown as most of relevant evidence was generated from high-income countries and urban areas. This study aimed to investigate associations of outdoor activity and screen time with adiposity among early adolescents living in rural southwest China. Methods In this cross-sectional study, seventh graders (n = 2264) were recruited from 10 middle schools of a rural county. Overweight and obesity was assessed using adolescents’ body mass index and waist circumference. Adolescents’ outdoor activity and screen time were measured using self-reported daily time spending on outdoor activity, watching TV, playing video games, and computers on weekdays and weekends, respectively. Results The prevalence of overweight/obesity and high waist circumferences were 8.0 and 4.9% and were higher among those from one-child families and with parents having high school or higher education and whose fathers were not farmers. Adolescents who did not have ≥1 h outdoor activity on weekdays were more likely to be overweight/obese (OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.30, 2.66) and have high waist circumferences (OR: 2.22, 95%CI: 1.39, 3.57). Adolescents who had > 2 h screen time on weekends were more likely to have high waist circumferences (OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.14, 3.80). Lack of outdoor activity and excessive screen time also showed synergistic effects on overweight/obesity (OR: 1.93. 95% CI: 1.15, 3.24) and high waist circumferences (OR: 3.02, 95% CI: 1.54, 5.94). Conclusions Lack of outdoor activity and excessive screen time were relevant to adiposity among rural Chinese adolescents even when the obesity prevalence was low. Efforts to promote active lifestyles may help prevent rural adolescents from losing their advantage in the era of the global obesity epidemic.

scholarly journals Influencing cardiovascular health habits in the rural, deep south: results of a cluster randomized trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-208
Author(s):  
Laurie S Abbott ◽  
Elizabeth H Slate ◽  
Jennifer L Lemacks
Keyword(s):  
Health Program ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Health Habits ◽  
Cluster Randomized

Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death among people living in the United States. Populations, especially minorities, living in the rural South are disproportionately affected by CVD and have greater CVD risk, morbidity and mortality. Culturally relevant cardiovascular health programs implemented in rural community settings can potentially reduce CVD risk and facilitate health behavior modification. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a cardiovascular health promotion intervention on the health habits of a group of rural African American adults. The study had a cluster randomized controlled trial design involving 12 rural churches that served as statistical clusters. From the churches (n = 6) randomized to the intervention group, 115 participants were enrolled, received the 6-week health program and completed pretest–posttest measures. The 114 participants from the control group churches (n = 6) did not receive the health program and completed the same pretest–posttest measures. The linear mixed model was used to compare group differences from pretest to posttest. The educational health intervention positively influenced select dietary and confidence factors that may contribute toward CVD risk reduction.

scholarly journals Urban-Rural Differences in Nutritional Status and Dietary Intakes of School-Aged Children in Cambodia

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Horiuchi ◽  
Kaoru Kusama ◽  
Sar Kanha ◽  
Nobuo Yoshiike ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Urban Rural

: This study aimed to describe the nutritional status and dietary patterns of Cambodian school-aged children compared with those in the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS; Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam in 2011) and to clarify the urban-rural differences using data from a nationally representative sample. The survey was conducted in 2014/2015 with a sample of 2020 children aged 6–17 years from 136 randomly selected schools. Standardized anthropometric measurements and a 1-day dietary survey by 24-hour recall method were conducted. Extended analyses in the present study revealed that the difference between rural and urban areas was similar to that of the SEANUTS; the overall prevalence of stunting remained high (33.2%). Stunting was more prevalent in children living in rural areas than in those in urban areas (total: 36.4% vs 20.4%). In contrast, the overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was not as high (3.1%), but was higher among urban children in all age groups compared with those living in rural areas (total: 6.4% vs 2.3%). Overall, the dietary intake of children did not meet the local recommended dietary allowances, which was similar to the results of the SEANUTS and differed across urban and rural areas.

Landside Access to Seaports in Urban Areas: A Case Study

1997 ◽  
Vol 1602 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Chatterjee ◽  
Joseph E. Hummer ◽  
David B. Clarke ◽  
Scott M. Ney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Local Levels

Seaports in the United States usually are located in urban areas. They are major traffic generators on the landside. However, the landside access needs of ports often are overlooked by the transportation and land-use planning processes. A case study of three ports on the East Coast of the United States was performed: Savannah, Georgia; Wilmington, North Carolina; and Morehead City, North Carolina. Both highway and rail access issues were examined at regional and local levels. Several serious issues and problems are identified and discussed in the paper, including effects on local communities.

scholarly journals Patterns of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity during health transition in Vanuatu

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey N Dancause ◽  
Miguel Vilar ◽  
Chim Chan ◽  
Christa DeHuff ◽  
Michelle Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Health Transition ◽  
Central Adiposity ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Adult Obesity ◽  
Early Stages

AbstractObjectiveRapid economic development and subsequent changes in lifestyle and disease burdens (‘health transition’) is associated with increasing prevalence of obesity among both adults and children. However, because of continued infectious diseases and undernutrition during the early stages of transition, monitoring childhood obesity has not been prioritized in many countries and the scope of the problem is unknown. Therefore we sought to characterize patterns of childhood overweight and obesity in an early transitional area, the South Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu.DesignWe completed an anthropometric survey among children from three islands with varying levels of economic development, from rural areas (where adult obesity prevalence is low) to urban areas (where adult obesity prevalence is high).SettingThe islands of Ambae (rural), Aneityum (rural with tourism) and Efate (urban).SubjectsBoys and girls (n 513) aged 6–17 years.ResultsHeight-, weight- and BMI-for-age did not vary among islands, and prevalence of overweight/obesity based on BMI was low. However, girls from Aneityum – a rural island where the tourism industry increased rapidly after malaria eradication – had increased central adiposity compared with girls from the other islands. This is contrary to adult patterns, which indicate higher obesity prevalence in urban areas. Multiple factors might contribute, including stunting, biological responses after malaria control, sleeping patterns, diet and physical activity levels.ConclusionsMeasures of central adiposity highlight an emerging obesity risk among girls in Vanuatu. The data highlight the synergistic relationship among infectious diseases, undernutrition and obesity during the early stages of health transition.

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