Detecting and Distinguishing Adaptive and Non-Adaptive Steganography by Image Segmentation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Xianfeng Zhao ◽  
Qingxiao Guan
Keyword(s):  
Image Segmentation ◽  
Adaptive Algorithms ◽  
Adaptive Steganography ◽  
Spatial Image ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Hide Data ◽  
Hidden Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Blind Steganalysis ◽  
Different Levels

This article describes how blind steganalysis aiming at uncovering the existence of hidden data in digital images remains an open problem. Conventional spatial image steganographic algorithms hide data into pixels spreading evenly in the entire cover image, while the content-adaptive algorithms prefer the textural areas and edge regions. In this article, the impact of image content on blind steganalysis is discussed and a practical and extensible approach to distinguish the different types of steganography and construct blind steganalytic detector is proposed. Through the technique of image segmentation, the images are segmented into sub-images with different levels of texture. The classifier only cares for the sub-images which can help modeling the statistical detectability and is trained on sub-images instead of the entire image. Experimental results show the authors' scheme can recognize the type of steganographic methods reliably. The further steps to improve capacity of blind steganalysis based on image segmentation are also mentioned and achieve better performance than ordinary blind steganalysis.

scholarly journals Personality traits of parents and problems behaviors of the children with intellectual disabilities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Kumar Santosh ◽  
Jai Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Problem Behavior ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Background: The children with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) are known to exhibit different types of problem behaviors and significant limitations in their day to day age appropriate activities and adaptive behaviors. All parents of children with ID are not alike. They hold different personality traits, which are responsible for their behavioral expression. Therefore personality traits of the parents of children with ID have significant impact on the development of problem behavior of their children, Aims and objective: Hence the present study was conducted with the sole purpose of (1) to examine the types of problem behavior shown by the children with ID having different categories of ID and (2) to identify the types of the personality traits holds by the parents of children with different categories of ID (3) to examine the relationship between the personality traits of the parents and expression of problem behaviors of the children with ID. Hypothesis: •There is no significant difference in Problem Behaviors exhibited by children with different levels of ID. • There is no significant difference in Personality traits of parents having children with different levels of ID. Methodology: Sample: Sample consists of 45 parents (either father or mother) who have children with mild, moderate or severe level of ID and must exhibit the problem behaviors. Equal numbers of parents were chosen in all three groups through purposive sampling techniques. Research design: This is the cross sectional study where the impact of different types of problem behaviors exhibited by the children having different categories of ID was examined over the different personality traits of the parents. Variables: The independent variables are the different types of problem behaviors exhibited by the children with ID having different categories of ID and the dependent variable is the personality traits of the parents having children with ID. Research tools: Socio-demographic data were collected on the revised version of the NIMH Socio Economic Status (SES) Scale (NIMH, 1999). Problem behaviors were assessed by using Behavioral Assessment Scales for Indian Children with Mental Retardation (BASIC-MR) Part- B developed by Peshawaria, & Venkatesan, 1992. It measures ten types of problem behavior commonly found in children with ID. Personality traits of the parents were assessed by using Sixteen Personality Factors (16PF) questionnaire, developed by Cattell, 1967 &Kapoor, 1978. Statistical Analysis of data: Obtained data were analyzed by using Chi-square test and F-test. Software SPSS version 17.0 was used for statistical treatment of data. Result: Result indicates that violent and destructive behavior (F = 13.17), self-injurious behavior (F =10.41), and repetitive behavior (6.69) was found significant on 0.01 levels, whereas temper tantrum behavior (F= 4.67) and rebellious behavior (F = 3.62) was also found significant at 0.05 levels. These five types of problem behavior is present in ascending order in all three groups of children with ID (Mild, moderate and severe levels of ID). These problem behaviors are closely related to the parent’s personality traits of I (Sensitivity) (chi-square = 9.82, significant at 0.05 level) and Q1 (Openness to change) (chi-square = 11.58, significant at 0.05 level). Children of such parents were involving more in problem behavior. Those problem behaviors which was not found significant were misbehavior with others (F = 1.88), odd behavior (F=0.46), hyperactive behavior (F=0.48), antisocial behavior (F= 2.33), and fears (F= 2.25).

scholarly journals The Impact of Tertiary EFL Teachers’ Professional Identity on Job Burnout in Hubei Province China

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Jing Zhao ◽  
Siti Maziha Mustapha ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Professional Identity ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Job Burnout ◽  
Central China ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Efl Teachers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

In order to explore the relationships of tertiary EFL teachers’ professional identity and job burnout, a quantitative survey was conducted on 565 tertiary EFL teachers in Hubei Province in central China. The results indicated that teachers with different educational background and teachers teaching different types of students experience different levels of burnout; Tertiary EFL teachers’ professional identity were significantly negatively related to their job burnout; The valence and self-presentation in professional identity can be used to predict teachers’ job burnout. Therefore, tertiary EFL teachers should try to enhance their occupational belongings so as to alleviate their current job burnout and promote their sustainable development.

scholarly journals Fragmentation of Modern Artistic Narrative (English-Language Prose)

2021 ◽  
pp. 225-239
Author(s):  
G. I. Lushnikova ◽  
T. Yu. Osadchaya
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Modern Literature ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Different Types ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Specific Material ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

 The question of the role, forms and functions of fragmentation of modern artistic narra tive is considered. The results of the analy sis of the fragmentary narrative of the works of contemporary  English-speaking  authors (J.   Barnes,   D.   Mitchell,   M. Cunningham, I. Banks, J. Franzen, S. Faulks, J. Eugenides, A. Smith, J. McGregor and others) are presented. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in the modern literature of the postmodernist direction, nonlinearity of narration, deliberate mixing of temporal, local, descriptive and other layers are becoming widespread, practically becoming the norm. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the fragmentation of a literary text is studied at different levels — compositional, content-thematic, plot, ideological-figurative, genre, narrative, chronotopic. It has been proved that the forms of implementation of fragmentariness are quite diverse: irregular division of the text, heterogeneity of themes and ideas, lack of linear development of the plot, combination of elements of different genres, the presence of internal polystylism, the use of different types of narration and narrator, violation of the unity of the chronotope. The analysis of specific material showed that the functions of a fragmentary narrative are determined by each specific context, the leading ones being the impact on the reader, the management of his attention, the placement of accents according to the writer's intention, the creation of the impression of authenticity and reliability.

scholarly journals Personality traits of parents and problems behaviors of the children with intellectual disabilities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Kumar Santosh ◽  
Jai Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Problem Behavior ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Background: The children with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) are known to exhibit different types of problem behaviors and significant limitations in their day to day age appropriate activities and adaptive behaviors. All parents of children with ID are not alike. They hold different personality traits, which are responsible for their behavioral expression. Therefore personality traits of the parents of children with ID have significant impact on the development of problem behavior of their children, Aims and objective: Hence the present study was conducted with the sole purpose of (1) to examine the types of problem behavior shown by the children with ID having different categories of ID and (2) to identify the types of the personality traits holds by the parents of children with different categories of ID (3) to examine the relationship between the personality traits of the parents and expression of problem behaviors of the children with ID. Hypothesis: • There is no significant difference in Problem Behaviors exhibited by children with different levels of ID. • There is no significant difference in Personality traits of parents having children with different levels of ID. Methodology: Sample: Sample consists of 45 parents (either father or mother) who have children with mild, moderate or severe level of ID and must exhibit the problem behaviors. Equal numbers of parents were chosen in all three groups through purposive sampling techniques. Research design: This is the cross sectional study where the impact of different types of problem behaviors exhibited by the children having different categories of ID was examined over the different personality traits of the parents. Variables: The independent variables are the different types of problem behaviors exhibited by the children with ID having different categories of ID and the dependent variable is the personality traits of the parents having children with ID. Research tools: Socio-demographic data were collected on the revised version of the NIMH Socio Economic Status (SES) Scale (NIMH, 1999). Problem behaviors were assessed by using Behavioral Assessment Scales for Indian Children with Mental Retardation (BASIC-MR) Part- B developed by Peshawaria, & Venkatesan, 1992. It measures ten types of problem behavior commonly found in children with ID. Personality traits of the parents were assessed by using Sixteen Personality Factors (16PF) questionnaire, developed by Cattell, 1967 &Kapoor, 1978. Statistical Analysis of data: Obtained data were analyzed by using Chi-square test and F-test. Software SPSS version 17.0 was used for statistical treatment of data. Result: Result indicates that violent and destructive behavior (F = 13.17), self-injurious behavior (F =10.41), and repetitive behavior (6.69) was found significant on 0.01 levels, whereas temper tantrum behavior (F= 4.67) and rebellious behavior (F = 3.62) was also found significant at 0.05 levels. These five types of problem behavior is present in ascending order in all three groups of children with ID (Mild, moderate and severe levels of ID). These problem behaviors are closely related to the parent’s personality traits of I (Sensitivity) (chi-square = 9.82, significant at 0.05 level) and Q1 (Openness to change) (chi-square = 11.58, significant at 0.05 level). Children of such parents were involving more in problem behavior. Those problem behaviors which was not found significant were misbehavior with others (F = 1.88), odd behavior (F=0.46), hyperactive behavior (F=0.48), antisocial behavior (F= 2.33), and fears (F= 2.25).

scholarly journals Quantitative modeling of the impact of facemasks and associated leakage on the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Schmitt ◽  
Jing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Modeling ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Protection Efficiency ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Inhaled Particles ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Filtration Properties ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Alternative Solutions ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThe ongoing worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 has set personal protective equipment in the spotlight. A significant number of countries impose the use of facemasks in public spaces and encourage it in the private sphere. Even in countries where relatively high vaccination rates are achieved at present, breakthrough infections have been frequently reported and usage of facemasks in certain settings has been recommended again. Alternative solutions, including community masks fabricated using various materials, such as cotton or jersey, have emerged alongside facemasks following long-established standards (e.g., EN 149, EN 14683). In the present work, we present a computational model to calculate the ability of different types of facemasks to reduce the exposure to virus-laden respiratory particles, with a focus on the relative importance of the filtration properties and the fitting on the wearer’s face. The model considers the facemask and the associated leakage, the transport of respiratory particles and their accumulation around the emitter, as well as the fraction of the inhaled particles deposited in the respiratory system. Different levels of leakages are considered to represent the diversity of fittings likely to be found among a population of non-trained users. The leakage prevails over the filtration performance of a facemask in determining the exposure level, and the ability of a face protection to limit leakages needs to be taken into account to accurately estimate the provided protection. Filtering facepieces (FFP) provide a better protection efficiency than surgical and community masks due to their higher filtration efficiency and their ability to provide a better fit and thus reduce the leakages. However, an improperly-fitted FFP mask loses a critical fraction of its protection efficiency, which may drop below the protection level provided by properly-worn surgical and community masks.

Interactive Self-Assessment Questions within a Virtual Environment

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Evans ◽  
Luis Palacios
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Content Management ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Multimedia Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Assessment Questions

This study considers the impact that different levels of interactivity have on the memory and understanding. In particular, it focuses in the use of interactive self-assessment questions (ISAQs) as a mechanism to help students learn better. An ISAQ is a computer-based multiple-choice or text-entry question that requires input from the learner, and provides feedback based on that input. This study extends some of Mayer’s (1990) multimedia design principles and considers their applicability in this context. The study also takes into account whether the incorporation of ISAQs has a measurable impact on learning as indicated by their performance in tests. The study considers three different types of ISAQs, designed to engage either memory or understanding, in an effort to determine which one is the most effective. It considers the effect of adding interactivity in the form of memory (retention) and understanding (transfer) self-assessment questions in a learning-object content management system used by undergraduate students at Brunel University in West London, UK. It was predicted that both types of ISAQ would increase the performance of learners in tests but with different degrees. The results indicate that transfer tests have a significant impact on retention.

Exploring Decisions in Public Policymaking: Strategic Allocation, Individual Allocation, and Simulation

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Clarke ◽  
R Prentice
Keyword(s):  
Programming Models ◽  
Policy Planning ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Decision Space ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Strategic Allocation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

The allocation of scarce resources in public policy planning is seen to operate at a number of different levels: the strategic allocation of resources between and within different types of broad service types and categories of need; the allocation of services to individuals most in need of them; and the allocation of resources over time in response to changing demand. In this paper we argue that although these processes are related different methods need to be employed at each stage. It is suggested that whereas programming models are suitable for strategic decisions a more detailed consideration of individual attributes is required for individual allocation. For forecasting the impact of present allocation policies and determining future levels of needs a microsimulation model is developed. The integration of the different methodologies outlined is sought, and the models developed in a way which allows policymakers to explore the consequences of their decisions. It is thus seen to allow planners to search the decision space in which they operate and pick the best set of policies considered.

Quota Women Are Threatening to Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klea Faniko ◽  
Till Burckhardt ◽  
Oriane Sarrasin ◽  
Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi ◽  
Siri Øyslebø Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Women In Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two studies carried out among Albanian public-sector employees examined the impact of different types of affirmative action policies (AAPs) on (counter)stereotypical perceptions of women in decision-making positions. Study 1 (N = 178) revealed that participants – especially women – perceived women in decision-making positions as more masculine (i.e., agentic) than feminine (i.e., communal). Study 2 (N = 239) showed that different types of AA had different effects on the attribution of gender stereotypes to AAP beneficiaries: Women benefiting from a quota policy were perceived as being more communal than agentic, while those benefiting from weak preferential treatment were perceived as being more agentic than communal. Furthermore, we examined how the belief that AAPs threaten men’s access to decision-making positions influenced the attribution of these traits to AAP beneficiaries. The results showed that men who reported high levels of perceived threat, as compared to men who reported low levels of perceived threat, attributed more communal than agentic traits to the beneficiaries of quotas. These findings suggest that AAPs may have created a backlash against its beneficiaries by emphasizing gender-stereotypical or counterstereotypical traits. Thus, the framing of AAPs, for instance, as a matter of enhancing organizational performance, in the process of policy making and implementation, may be a crucial tool to countering potential backlash.

TEACH-POT: Provide Opportunities in Teaching

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Giulia Ballatore ◽  
Ettore Felisatti ◽  
Laura Montanaro ◽  
Anita Tabacco
Keyword(s):  
Academic Community ◽  
Real Effect ◽  
The Real ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Training Opportunities ◽  
Different Levels

This paper is aimed to describe and critically analyze the so-called "TEACHPOT" experience (POT: Provide Opportunities in Teaching) performed during the last few years at Politecnico di Torino. Due to career criteria, the effort and the time lecturers spend in teaching have currently undergone a significant reduction in quantity. In order to support and meet each lecturers' expectations towards an improvement in their ability to teach, a mix of training opportunities has been provided. This consists of an extremely wide variety of experiences, tools, relationships, from which everyone can feel inspired to increase the effectiveness of their teaching and the participation of their students. The provided activities are designed around three main components: methodological training, teaching technologies, methodological experiences. A discussion on the findings is included and presented basing on the data collected through a survey. The impact of the overall experience can be evaluated on two different levels: the real effect on redesigning lessons, and the discussion on the matter within the entire academic community.

Situational Breakdowns

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Nassauer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

This book provides an account of how and why routine interactions break down and how such situational breakdowns lead to protest violence and other types of surprising social outcomes. It takes a close-up look at the dynamic processes of how situations unfold and compares their role to that of motivations, strategies, and other contextual factors. The book discusses factors that can draw us into violent situations and describes how and why we make uncommon individual and collective decisions. Covering different types of surprise outcomes from protest marches and uprisings turning violent to robbers failing to rob a store at gunpoint, it shows how unfolding situations can override our motivations and strategies and how emotions and culture, as well as rational thinking, still play a part in these events. The first chapters study protest violence in Germany and the United States from 1960 until 2010, taking a detailed look at what happens between the start of a protest and the eruption of violence or its peaceful conclusion. They compare the impact of such dynamics to the role of police strategies and culture, protesters’ claims and violent motivations, the black bloc and agents provocateurs. The analysis shows how violence is triggered, what determines its intensity, and which measures can avoid its outbreak. The book explores whether we find similar situational patterns leading to surprising outcomes in other types of small- and large-scale events: uprisings turning violent, such as Ferguson in 2014 and Baltimore in 2015, and failed armed store robberies.

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