scholarly journals AI4People

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-125
Author(s):  
Christoph Lütge ◽  
Franziska Poszler ◽  
Aida Joaquin Acosta ◽  
David Danks ◽  
Gail Gottehrer ◽  
...  

This paper presents the work of the AI4People-Automotive Committee established to advise more concretely on specific ethical issues that arise from autonomous vehicles (AVs). Practical recommendations for the automotive sector are provided across the topic areas: human agency and oversight, technical robustness and safety, privacy and data governance, transparency, diversity, non-discrimination and fairness, societal and environmental wellbeing, as well as accountability. By doing so, this paper distinguishes between policy recommendations that aim to assist policymakers in setting acceptable standards and industry recommendations that formulate guidelines for companies across their value chain. In the future, the automotive sector may rely on these recommendations to determine relevant next steps and to ensure that AVs comply with ethical principles.

Author(s):  
Tripat Gill

AbstractThe ethical dilemma (ED) of whether autonomous vehicles (AVs) should protect the passengers or pedestrians when harm is unavoidable has been widely researched and debated. Several behavioral scientists have sought public opinion on this issue, based on the premise that EDs are critical to resolve for AV adoption. However, many scholars and industry participants have downplayed the importance of these edge cases. Policy makers also advocate a focus on higher level ethical principles rather than on a specific solution to EDs. But conspicuously absent from this debate is the view of the consumers or potential adopters, who will be instrumental to the success of AVs. The current research investigated this issue both from a theoretical standpoint and through empirical research. The literature on innovation adoption and risk perception suggests that EDs will be heavily weighted by potential adopters of AVs. Two studies conducted with a broad sample of consumers verified this assertion. The results from these studies showed that people associated EDs with the highest risk and considered EDs as the most important issue to address as compared to the other technical, legal and ethical issues facing AVs. As such, EDs need to be addressed to ensure robustness in the design of AVs and to assure consumers of the safety of this promising technology. Some preliminary evidence is provided about interventions to resolve the social dilemma in EDs and about the ethical preferences of prospective early adopters of AVs.


2005 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jelsma ◽  
S. Clow

Qualitative research or naturalistic research has moved from the sidelines into the mainstream of health research and an increasing number of qualitative research proposals are being presented for ethical review Qualitative research presents ethical problems that which are unique to the intensive hands-on paradigm which characterises naturalistic research. This paper briefly outlines the most common methodologies used in this research. The four ethical principles of benevolence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice will be used as a framework to explore specific ethical issues related to this form of inquiry. The need for scientific rigour will also be explored as research that is scientifically unsound can never be ethical.


2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 599-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Wilmot ◽  
Lesley Legg ◽  
Janice Barratt

Feeding difficulties in older patients who are suffering from dementia present problems with balancing conflicting ethical principles. They have been considered by several writers in recent years, and the views of nursing and care staff have been studied in different contexts. The present study used focus groups to explore the way in which nursing and care staff in a National Health Service trust deal with conflict between ethical principles in this area. Three focus groups were convened, one each from the staff of three wards caring for patients with dementia. Case histories were discussed and transcripts analysed. It emerged that staff were aware of making fine judgements of utility concerning the spectrum of feeding methods available. Informants gave some weight to the principle of autonomy, but sought to balance that against their commitment to care. In explaining their perspectives, informants gave more weight to personal attitudes and trust culture than to professional ethics


2021 ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Oleg Letov ◽  

The article is an analytical review of English-language articles on contemporary ethical issues related to the coronavirus epidemic. Such principles of biomedical ethics as respect for the freedom of the patient, non-harm are analyzed. A precautionary approach is formulated, the main norms of which are practicality, impartiality, proportionality and justification. It is emphasized that public health advice and action should be part of a broader effort to gain and maintain confidence in the action taken. Reasonable trust requires a serious attitude to the ethical problems associated with the implementation of the intended ethical principles.


2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sifat Rahman

Ethics and ethical principles extend to all spheres of human activity. They apply to our dealings with each other, with animals and the environment. They should govern our interactions not only in conducting research but also in commerce, employment and politics. Ethics serve to identify good, desirable or acceptable conduct and provide reasons for those conclusions. Fair subject selection is the first and foremost concern which must be ensured before initiating a research project.  Which subjects may enroll in the research is determined by the study’s inclusion or exclusion criteria. One of the important aspects of fair subject selection is to have an oversight system through International Review Board (IRB) to review to conduct the research and to have approval whether subject selection is fair or not.


1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Garton

This paper is concerned with ethical issues in the practice and administration of tests. Some broad principles related to the knowledge required for test usage are described, together with the skills necessary for competent test use. Ethical practice in relation to test users, training in testing, test administration, test interpretation and test instruments is also examined. The focus then changes to a consideration of the more general ethical principles that apply to professional practice and are equally applicable to testing. A final section examines the relevance of these issues for career guidance practitioners and also some recent professional developments that will encourage ethical practice in testing.


2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Woodcock

The first three, brief sections of the Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers (1999) display striking inconsistency of content and uncertainty of purpose. The decision to incorporate those sections into a single code document along with the lengthy fourth section (Ethical Standards) appears to have contributed to their imperfection. The mission statement and the ethical principles, in particular, may develop better if they are divided into separate documents, each with its own distinct purpose. Such a development might help reduce the extent to which social workers must rely upon individualistic rather than shared wisdom in responding to common ethical issues.


Author(s):  
Jackie Street ◽  
Annette Braunack-Mayer ◽  
Stacy Carter ◽  
Tam Ha ◽  
Xiaoqi Feng ◽  
...  

IntroductionLarge administrative datasets are now being used for secondary purposes across a wide range of public sector organisations, including in health and higher education. However, governance, regulation and policy surrounding the use of these datasets are at different stages of development in these sectors. Our aim was to explore similarities and differences in the use of administrative data between the health and higher education sectors to inform policy development. Objectives and ApproachWe investigated views on the use of administrative data in both the health and higher education sectors. We conducted 18 qualitative in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, to provide insight into the ethical, social and legal issues associated with the use of big data in these settings. The interviews were transcribed and thematically coded. ResultsParticipants indicated the rapid pace of technological change and large volume of potentially sensitive data collected raises governance, infrastructure and ethical issues in both settings. Common challenges include communication, staff capabilities, delays in access, multiple policies and governance committees, and technical and operational issues. In the health sector, there was clear understanding of the issues and governance structures to address these issues, whereas this understanding was more variable in the higher education sector. Trust in government (to use responsibly and store securely) was raised in the health sector but not in universities. Conclusion / ImplicationsUnderstanding and use of administrative data are at quite different levels of development in the higher education and health sectors. Higher education needs policy and ethical guidance and higher level governance and greater consultation across the sector. Both sectors would benefit from a national approach to data governance.


2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 269
Author(s):  
Idha Widi Arsanti ◽  
Apri Laila Sayekti ◽  
Adhitya Marendra Kiloes

<p>Kabupaten Karo, Sumatera Utara merupakan sentra produksi kubis yang berkontribusi memberikan devisa negara melalui ekspor. Di samping itu, kubis dari Kabupaten Karo memiliki keunggulan dalam karakteristik produknya dibandingkan dari negara lain. Namun demikian, arti penting kubis sebagai penyumbang nilai devisa belum diikuti dengan perlakuan produksi, panen, pascapanen, dan pemasaran yang memenuhi standar ekspor. Pelaku agribisnis di dalam rantai pasar kubis semakin banyak, di mana awalnya petani menjual ke pedagang pengumpul, pedagang besar, dan langsung ke eksportir, namun sekarang terdapat pelaku baru seperti pedagang pengumpul desa, pedagang pengumpul kecamatan, kemudian kubis dijual ke pedagang besar. Hal ini memungkinkan terjadinya inefisiensi margin pemasaran di sepanjang alur pemasaran. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, perlu dilakukan analisis rantai nilai komoditas kubis Kabupaten Karo untuk melihat keuntungan yang diperoleh setiap pelaku agribisnis kubis. Lebih lanjut dapat diberikan rekomendasi kebijakan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan keefektifan rantai pemasaran kubis di Kabupaten Karo. Penelitian dilakukan di Kabupaten Karo melalui wawancara langsung kepada pelaku agribisnis kubis pada tahun 2012. Pemilihan <em>sample</em> dilakukan secara <em>purposive</em> dengan pertimbangan bahwa jumlah pelaku agribisnis kubis tidak terlalu banyak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekspor kubis mengalami penurunan dari tahun ke tahun, karena lahan pertanian kubis yang semakin sempit. Kubis dengan nilai R/C yang tinggi menunjukkan tingkat keuntungan yang cukup besar. Dalam rantai pemasaran kubis, petani menerima pangsa yang cukup besar, sementara eksportir dengan kapasitas usaha yang besar juga menerima pendapatan yang seimbang. Sebagai implikasi kebijakan, pemerintah dapat memberikan dukungan dalam peningkatan ekspor berupa diseminasi teknologi budidaya untuk meningkatkan produksi serta fasilitasi ekspor baik sarana maupun prasarana pengangkutan dari lahan usahatani hingga pasar ekspor, perijinan ekspor serta bongkar muat di pelabuhan.</p><p>Karo District, North Sumatera is a production center of cabbages which provides significant contribution of foreign exchange. Moreover, cabbages in Karo have many advantages compare to cabbages from other countries. Nevertheless, these important roles of cabbages have not been followed by standardized exported treatments, not only the production, harvest, postharvest but also the marketing treatment. Agribusiness of cabbages also show inefficiency of the marketing margin. Based on these problems, it is necessary to analyze the value chain of cabbages in Karo, to see the benefit received by each person in agribusiness system. Further, policy recommendations can be given to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of cabbage supply chain in Karo District. This research was conducted through interviews people who in charge in cabbage agribusiness in 2012. The purposive sample was done considering that the number people in cabbage agribusiness were not too much. The results showed that cabbage exports, in term of value, decreased from year to year, particularly due to limited land. R/C analysis showed the high level of profit. In this cabbage supply chain, farmers receive considerable share, while the exporters with large business capacity also received a higher income. In order to increase production and export of cabbages, it is recommended that government supports several programs such as increase innovation technologies dissemination, improve infrastructures for export as well as develop the simple administration process.</p>


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