A Spatial Analysis of Male and Female Unemployment in the USA

An analysis of male and female unemployment in the U.S. explores how gender affects spatial variation in unemployment. The effects of spatially-unlagged and spatially-lagged unemployment rates on the likelihood that individual men and women are unemployed are also explored. Using a recent tabulation of microdata from the American Community Survey, multilevel models of male and female unemployment are fit. Results indicate that age and occupation at the individual-level and a right-to-work dummy at the PUMA-level are the variables that best distinguish unemployed men and women. Results also indicate that unemployment for men is more clustered in space than unemployment for women. Finally, results indicate that the vast majority of the variation in unemployment for individuals in the U.S. is attributable to the personal characteristics of unemployed men and women, not the locational characteristics of high-unemployment places. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the latter result.

Directive Guidance as a Cultural Practice for Learning by Chinese-Heritage Babies

Human Development ◽

10.1159/000517081 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Yu Zhang ◽

Su-hua Wang ◽

Shinchieh Duh

Keyword(s):

Empirical Study ◽

Early Development ◽

Filial Piety ◽

Theoretical Framework ◽

Cultural Practice ◽

European American ◽

Individual Level ◽

Children’S Learning ◽

The Usa ◽

The Individual

We provide a framework of analysis for Chinese ways of learning that extends beyond the individual level. The theoretical framework focuses on Confucian principles of xiào (孝, filial piety), guăn (管, to govern), and dào dé guān (道德觀, virtues), which leads us to argue that directive guidance as a cultural practice nourishes Chinese-heritage children’s learning as early as in infancy. To illustrate how directive guidance occurs in action for infants, we present an empirical study that examined the interaction of mother-infant dyads in Taipei, Taiwan, when they played with a challenging toy. The dyads co-enacted directive guidance more frequently than their European-American counterparts in the USA – through hand holding, intervening, and collaboration – while infants actively participate in the practice. We discuss the early development of strengths for learning that is fostered through culturally meaningful practices recurrent in parent-infant interaction.

Canada’s changing innovation landscape

Science and Public Policy ◽

10.1093/scipol/scab057 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Md. Razib Alam ◽

Bonwoo Koo ◽

Brian Paul Cozzarin

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Destination Country ◽

Firm Level ◽

Individual Level ◽

Patent Classification ◽

The Usa ◽

The Government ◽

The Individual ◽

The University ◽

Over Time

Abstract Our objective is to study Canada’s patenting activity over time in aggregate terms by destination country, by assignee and destination country, and by diversification by country of destination. We collect bibliographic patent data from the Canadian Intellectual Property Office and the United States Patent and Trademark Office. We identify 19,957 matched Canada–US patents, 34,032 Canada-only patents, and 43,656 US-only patents from 1980 to 2014. Telecommunications dominates in terms of International Patent Classification technologies for US-only and Canada–US patents. At the firm level, the greatest number of matched Canada–US patents were granted in the field of telecommunications, at the university level in pharmaceuticals, at the government level in control and instrumentation technology, and at the individual level in civil engineering. We use entropy to quantify technological diversification and find that diversification indices decline over time for Canada and the USA; however, all US indices decline at a faster rate.

Criminal Justice Debt During the Prisoner Reintegration Process: Who Has It and How Much?

Criminal Justice and Behavior ◽

10.1177/0093854818790291 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 154-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Nathan W. Link

Keyword(s):

Criminal Justice ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Community Supervision ◽

Individual Level ◽

Prisoner Reintegration ◽

Negative Binomial Models ◽

The Individual ◽

Binomial Models ◽

Transition Home

Much recent, national attention has centered on financial sanctions and associated debt burdens related to criminal justice. Scholars and practitioners alike have argued that financial debt among the incarcerated, in particular, exacerbates a transition home already defined by difficulties. This article takes a step back and assesses who is at risk of these adverse consequences in reentry by examining the extent of debt burdens that resulted from financial sanctions, its sources, and the individual-level factors that are associated with owing criminal justice debt. Relying on the Returning Home data ( N = 740), results from descriptive analyses, logistic regression, and negative binomial models show that a large proportion of respondents owed debts and that debt was strongly linked with being mandated to community supervision. In addition, debt amount was predicted by employment, income, and race. Policy implications in the realm of financial sanctioning by courts and correctional agencies are discussed.

Winning hearts & minds (!)

Journal of Peace Research ◽

10.1177/0022343317708831 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 54 (6) ◽

pp. 819-832 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Efe Tokdemir

Keyword(s):

Foreign Aid ◽

Soft Power ◽

Public Attitudes ◽

Regime Type ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Individual Level ◽

Policy Tool ◽

The Us ◽

The Usa ◽

The Individual

Foreign aid is a policy tool implemented with the purpose of fostering both hard and soft power abroad. Yet, previous research has not probed the effects of US foreign aid on public attitudes toward the US in the recipient countries. In this article, I argue that US foreign aid may actually feed anti-Americanism: aid indirectly creates winners and losers in the recipient countries, such that politically discontented people may blame the US for the survival of the prevailing regime. Drawing on Pew Research for Global Attitudes and on USAID Greenbook datasets, I focus on determining both the conditions under which foreign aid exacerbates anti-Americanism and the type of aid most likely to do this. The findings reveal that political losers of the recipient countries are more likely to express negative attitudes toward the USA as the amount of US aid increases, whereas political winners enjoy the results of US aid and view the USA positively accordingly. Moreover, the effect of US aid on attitudes toward the USA is also conditional on the regime type. While US aid increases the likelihood of anti-American attitudes among the losers in non-democratic countries, it decreases the likelihood of anti-Americanism among the losers in democratic ones. This article has important implications for policy in terms of determining how and to whom to provide aid in the context of the possible ramifications of providing aid at the individual level.

The system of personalized instruction in school education: problems of implementation and adaptation

Problems of Modern Education (Problemy Sovremennogo Obrazovaniya) ◽

10.31862/2218-8711-2020-5-142-152 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 142-152

Author(s):

Polina O. Kraynova ◽

Alexey S. Obukhov

Keyword(s):

General Education ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

Personalized Learning ◽

Educational Process ◽

Learning System ◽

High Quality Research ◽

Global Trends ◽

Learning Platform ◽

The Usa ◽

The Individual

In the context of global trends in the humanization of education, issues of differentiation, individualization and personalization of education are actively discussed. At the same time, the key question remains – how to preserve the individual capabilities, interests and needs of each student while maintaining collective learning formats? How to take into account the personal characteristics and capabilities of each when passing and mastering general education programs? One such solution was the PCBL personalized learning platform developed in the USA. Currently, the Khoroshevskaya school is introducing and adapting this platform to the Russian conditions of education. The article examines the specific case of implementing a system of personalized competency-based education in a separate school – what problems, barriers and difficulties are encountered in its implementation. The study is built in the logic of qualitative research on the basis of high-quality research interviews with the main participants in the educational process in the context of introducing a personalized learning system.

Violence Against Authority: Management, Policy, And Research Implications

International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS) ◽

10.19030/ijmis.v19i2.9195 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 69

Author(s):

Randy R. Edwards ◽

C. Kenneth Meyer ◽

Stephen E. Clapham

Keyword(s):

Violent Crime ◽

Police Officers ◽

Workplace Violence ◽

Property Crime ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

Workplace Safety ◽

The United States ◽

Management Policy ◽

The Individual ◽

The U.S

There has been a steady decline in violent crime in the United States in the past twenty years. Trends indicate that violent crime was down 13.4 percent below the 200l level and for property crime, society is experiencing the tenth straight year of declining rates. Yet, the Southern region of the U.S is disproportionately represented by percentage of overall violent crimes committed nationally. Also, the South is over-represented in the number of police officers who are feloniously killed or assaulted. This empirical research concentrates on violence directed against police in the U.S. and begins by examining the type and magnitude of workplace violence, then transitions to a review of the sociological, political, and psychological literature, focusing on the individual and social causes for violence generally. It ends with an examination of officers feloniously killed (their personal characteristics and that of their assailants), the level of violence against police by type of arrest or enforcement situation, and by region of the country. This paper provides a comparative analysis of street-level violence for general municipal assaults, robbery, and the most rapidly growing type of felonious assaultambush attacks. The paper concludes with an analysis of the societal and behavioral characteristics and considerations related to violence against police. The authors present a number of current trends, training recommendations, and suggestions for improving officer workplace safety.

Talent development: a systematic literature review of empirical studies

European Journal of Training and Development ◽

10.1108/ejtd-09-2017-0076 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (1/2) ◽

pp. 75-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fatemeh Rezaei ◽

Michael Beyerlein

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Organizational Development ◽

Systematic Literature Review ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Talent Development ◽

Content Type ◽

Individual Level ◽

Development Interventions ◽

The Usa ◽

The Individual

Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify and examine findings from empirical research regarding organizations’ talent development (TD) strategies, taking into consideration the countries in which the studies were conducted and the TD-approach organizations adopted, and recognize the positive outcomes of TD implementation, as well as potential issues and challenges. Design/methodology/approach This systematic literature review used Garrard’s matrix method to organize the review of publications. It identified 31 empirical articles from the total of 551 publications. Findings The findings indicate that a majority of the studies were conducted in countries other than the USA and that they were all published recently, after 2007. The results show that organizations have mostly applied organizational development interventions at the individual level for developing talented employees, followed by formal training and development. Additionally, managerial issues were identified as the most common issue on the way of implementing TD interventions. Research limitations/implications Trying to define TD as a discrete concept from HRD could be considered as both differentiating the current literature review and a limitation. Originality/value This article is among the first to identify TD interventions through a systematic literature review and provides a model of TD’s intervention antecedents and outcomes for the follow-up empirical works.

Predicting the Future: Art and Algorithms

Socio-Economic Review ◽

10.1093/ser/mwaa040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 893-911

Author(s):

Akos Rona-Tas

Keyword(s):

Social Life ◽

Consumer Credit ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Past ◽

Predictive Algorithms ◽

The Future ◽

The Usa ◽

The Individual ◽

Political Governance

Abstract Predictive algorithms are replacing the art of human judgement in rapidly growing areas of social life. By offering pattern recognition as forecast, predictive algorithms mechanically project the past onto the future, embracing a peculiar notion of time where the future is different in no radical way from the past and present, and a peculiar world where human agency is absent. Yet, prediction is about agency, we predict the future to change it. At the individual level, the psychological literature has concluded that in the realm of predictions, human judgement is inferior to algorithmic methods. At the sociological level, however, human judgement is often preferred over algorthms. We show how human and algorithmic predictions work in three social contexts—consumer credit, college admissions and criminal justice—and why people have good reasons to rely on human judgement. We argue that mechanical and overly successful local predictions can result in self-fulfilling prophecies and, eventually, global polarization and chaos. Finally, we look at algorithmic prediction as a form of societal and political governance and discuss how it is currently being constructed as a wide net of control by market processes in the USA and by government fiat in China.

The measurement of flow and social flow at work: a 30-year systematic review of the literature

Personnel Review ◽

10.1108/pr-07-2018-0240 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 537-570

Author(s):

Pedro Jácome de Moura Jr ◽

Carlo Gabriel Porto Bellini

Keyword(s):

Flow Measurement ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

Vast Number ◽

Content Type ◽

Individual Level ◽

Scholarly Publications ◽

Social Flow ◽

The Individual ◽

Flow At Work

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review three decades of the literature on flow measurement and propose issues to advance research on the measurement of social flow at work. Design/methodology/approach In a systematic literature review, the authors analyzed 143 articles published in the first three decades (1983–2013) of scholarly publications on flow measurement, of which 84 articles used scales to measure flow and 16 articles used scales to measure flow at work. Findings The main findings are: flow is frequently measured in association with other constructs or by means of proxies; flow measurement is highly dependent on a study’s purposes and context; flow is mostly studied at the level of the individual and, when studied beyond the individual, the measurement of flow in groups is simplified as an aggregation of individual-level measures; and social flow at work is an underresearched construct that nevertheless impacts organizations in important ways, thus deserving a specific research agenda. Research limitations/implications The first limitation refers to the databases included in the review. There is always the possibility that important works were ignored. Another limitation is that the coding procedure was highly dependent on the authors’ discretion, as it did not include independent coding and formal assessment of agreement among coders. But the greatest limitation may refer to our very perspectives on flow, flow measurement and social flow at work, as they are highly attached to current models instead of seeing the issues with different lenses. This limitation is also present in the literature. Practical implications Reviewing three decades of scholarly publications on how flow has been measured contributes to organizations in their planning for person-job fit. The measurement of flow can reveal if and when flow correlates with personal characteristics and organizational events, thus serving to inform initiatives on personnel development, acculturation and job design. However, considering that flow as a social phenomenon has been conceived in superficial terms, that a vast number of empirical studies were developed with non-professional subjects, and that flow measurement involves significant adaptations to each situation, organizations are thus advised to be careful in adopting extant instruments. Originality/value This study provides a rich account on how flow measurement has been addressed in the scholarly literature, and it calls attention to research opportunities on social flow at work.