scholarly journals Violence Against Authority: Management, Policy, And Research Implications

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Randy R. Edwards ◽  
C. Kenneth Meyer ◽  
Stephen E. Clapham
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Workplace Violence ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Workplace Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The U.S

There has been a steady decline in violent crime in the United States in the past twenty years. Trends indicate that violent crime was down 13.4 percent below the 200l level and for property crime, society is experiencing the tenth straight year of declining rates. Yet, the Southern region of the U.S is disproportionately represented by percentage of overall violent crimes committed nationally. Also, the South is over-represented in the number of police officers who are feloniously killed or assaulted. This empirical research concentrates on violence directed against police in the U.S. and begins by examining the type and magnitude of workplace violence, then transitions to a review of the sociological, political, and psychological literature, focusing on the individual and social causes for violence generally. It ends with an examination of officers feloniously killed (their personal characteristics and that of their assailants), the level of violence against police by type of arrest or enforcement situation, and by region of the country. This paper provides a comparative analysis of street-level violence for general municipal assaults, robbery, and the most rapidly growing type of felonious assaultambush attacks. The paper concludes with an analysis of the societal and behavioral characteristics and considerations related to violence against police. The authors present a number of current trends, training recommendations, and suggestions for improving officer workplace safety.

scholarly journals Informed Consent in the U.S. Indigenous Peoples Context: A Systematic Literature Review 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasha Gross ◽  
Clarita Lefthand-Begay
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Research Practices ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The U.S

Abstract BACKGROUND: Tribal communities in the United States (U.S.) have a long history of subjection to unethical and exploitive medical and research practices. Today, many Tribal nations are establishing procedures in order to protect themselves from further harm and to advance culturally informed research practices. These procedures are also meant to ensure that their communities benefit from research conducted within their communities. Informed consent is a key element in protecting human subjects, but it may not be sufficient in the tribal context, as its conception is rooted in Western understandings of protection. Specifically, the informed consent emphasizes the individual, rather than the community as a whole, which is just as important in the context of conducting research with Native communities.METHODS: We conduct a systematic literature review to answer two related questions: How is informed consent being conceived of by U.S. tribes? And how is informed consent being required by U.S. tribes? Our inclusion criteria include articles focusing on informed consent within the U.S. tribal context, written in English in 2010-2020. Articles that did not fit our inclusion criteria were excluded. Two reviewers independently reviewed and coded 30 peer-reviewed articles by using content analysis and, in an iterative process, agreed on emerging codes and themes. RESULTS: A number of themes arise in the selected literature, including the conception of informed consent as a process, its operation at various levels (individual, collective, and government-to-government), possible alternatives to informed consent, and the need for specificity about ownership of samples and data, benefits and/or risks, and the methods and procedures that researchers use in the course of study.CONCLUSIONS: Our key results point to a need for clear and transparent information for prospective research participants and for consent forms and processes to include the collective, as well as the individual. This will better align with the cultural values and political standing of sovereign tribes in the U.S.

Club convergence of crime rates in the United States of America

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kolawole Ogundari
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Club Convergence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Convergence Club ◽  
Over Time

Purpose The cyclical behavior of US crime rates reflects the dynamics of crime in the country. This paper aims to investigate the US's club convergence of crime rates to provide insights into whether the crime rates increased or decreased over time. The paper also analyzes the factors influencing the probability of states converging to a particular convergence club of crime. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on balanced panel data from all 50 states and the district of Columbia on violent and property crime rates covering 1976–2019. This yields a cross-state panel of 2,244 observations with 55 time periods and 51 groups. In addition, the author used a club clustering procedure to investigate the convergence hypothesis in the study. Findings The empirical results support population convergence of violent crime rates. However, the evidence that supports population convergence of property crime rates in the study is not found. Further analysis using the club clustering procedure shows that property crime rates converge into three clubs. The existence of club convergence in property crime rates means that the variation in the property crime rates tends to narrow among the states within each of the clubs identified in the study. Analysis based on an ordered probit model identifies economic, geographic and human capital factors that significantly drive the state's convergence club membership. Practical implications The central policy insight from these results is that crime rates grow slowly over time, as evident by the convergence of violent crime and club convergence of property crime in the study. Moreover, the existence of club convergence of property crime is an indication that policies to mitigate property crime might need to target states within each club. This includes the efforts to use state rather than national crime-fighting policies. Social implications As crimes are committed at the local level, this study's primary limitation is the lack of community-level data on crime and other factors considered. Analysis based on community-level data might provide a better representation of crime dynamics. However, the author hopes to consider this as less aggregated data are available to use in future research. Originality/value The paper provides new insights into the convergence of crime rates using the club convergence procedure in the USA. This is considered an improvement to the methods used in the previous studies.

scholarly journals Personal features and malevolent creativity on the example of cadets and policemen

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.V. Meshkova ◽  
V.A. Shapoval ◽  
E.A. Gerasimenko ◽  
M. Potarykina ◽  
I.A. Meshkov
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual

We present and analyze the results of two empirical studies conducted in the framework of adaptation of "The malevolent creativity behavior scale" (Hao et al.) on samples of cadets-students grades 9-10 (N=89, 70-boys) and police officers (N=62, average age 26 years, men). The hypothesis that the implementation of original solutions in behavior harmful to other people is due to the interaction of aggression/its components and a set of personal characteristics was tested. The results showed: 1. a special contribution belongs to the cognitive component of aggression-hostility (Bass-Perry questionnaire), both in adolescents and adults; 2. there are age and gender features in predictors of anti-social creativity. It is shown by the example of cadets that Machiavellianism, low neuroticism, agreeableness (NEO-5 FFI) can be included in the complex of personal characteristics. Analysis of the results obtained in the sample of police officers with non-legal education showed that the combination of low hostility with high self-regulation and self-control of the individual ("self-directedness ",TCI-125) can become a resource of resistance to anti-socially directed behavior, in particular corruption.

A Spatial Analysis of Male and Female Unemployment in the USA

2015 ◽  
pp. 1797-1809
Author(s):  
Edmund J. Zolnik
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Right To Work ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The U.S

An analysis of male and female unemployment in the U.S. explores how gender affects spatial variation in unemployment. The effects of spatially-unlagged and spatially-lagged unemployment rates on the likelihood that individual men and women are unemployed are also explored. Using a recent tabulation of microdata from the American Community Survey, multilevel models of male and female unemployment are fit. Results indicate that age and occupation at the individual-level and a right-to-work dummy at the PUMA-level are the variables that best distinguish unemployed men and women. Results also indicate that unemployment for men is more clustered in space than unemployment for women. Finally, results indicate that the vast majority of the variation in unemployment for individuals in the U.S. is attributable to the personal characteristics of unemployed men and women, not the locational characteristics of high-unemployment places. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the latter result.

Mapping the individual and the community in Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.

2021 ◽  
pp. 019145372199873
Author(s):  
Ramin Jahanbegloo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Martin Luther King

The protests which followed the death of Black citizens killed by White police officers in the United States show us clearly that the question of non-violent democratic theory is on the table as it was 60 years ago. Martin Luther King, Jr. was well aware of this issue when he became the most important leader of America’s Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. King’s recognition of Mahatma Gandhi’s legacy of non-violence helped him in his campaigns for integration and voting rights, while guiding him to democratize the American democracy and re-evaluate the two concepts of ‘individual’ and ‘community’.

scholarly journals Senate Delegations and Federalism: The Dynamics of State Representation

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 445-460
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Markwood ◽  
Michael R. Malaby
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Representation ◽  
Federal Authority ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Effective Representation ◽  
The U.S ◽  
State Delegations

The integrity of the individual states as components of the United States" system of federalism depends upon effective representation of the states interests at the national level. The states’ delegations to the U.S. Senate are of prime importance in this capacity, especially when deciding between federal authority and state discretion. We find that the votes of state delegations to the 101st U.S. Senate on issues of federalism can be broken into four conceptual areas, and that the effectiveness of the representation of state federalism interests depends upon the specific federalism concept under consideration.

Acmeological factors of the professional formation of the employee of the in-ternal affairs

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
M.Kh. Mashekuasheva ◽  
◽  
L.A. Gelyakhova
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Quality Performance ◽  
Modern System ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Self Formation

Analyzed are personal characteristics of the formation and achievement of a high level of professional competence of employees of internal affairs bodies. The authors note that the modern system of vocational education determines the formation of the development of an employee of the internal affairs bodies as a subject of culture, a subject of activity and takes into account self-formation, that is, the construction and implementation of one's own program for the formation of professionalism. A thorough study of the issues of the individual moral and psychological qualities of police officers with the involvement of related sciences will make it possible to turn the management of psychological and pedagogical support of professional development into a high-tech and effective process aimed ultimately at the high-quality performance of tasks in extreme conditions and, in general, at increasing the level of service and combat preparedness and readiness.

Why Go a Fiji Voyage?

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Nancy Shoemaker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
The United States ◽  
China Trade ◽  
British Colonization ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The U.S

This introductory chapter discusses why, despite the negative assumptions regarding the islands of Fiji during the nineteenth century, Americans still went there. Indeed, several thousand of them voyaged to Fiji on merchant, whaling, and naval vessels in the decades before British colonization of the islands in 1874. And more than a hundred Americans lived and died there. From a macro perspective, explaining the American presence in Fiji seems simple. Their rationale was economic: Americans went to Fiji to extract resources to sell in China. Fiji became one leg in the U.S.–China trade and a source of great wealth for the American merchants who gambled their fortunes on it. However, a closer inspection reveals that the foot soldiers of early U.S. global expansion, the individual Americans who ventured overseas, did so for more complicated reasons. An assortment of personal ambitions impelled Americans to travel to distant locales. Their motivations, albeit multiple and divergent, often derived from a desire to be respected by others and thereby attain a sense of self-worth. Their strivings to rise in others' estimation influenced the course of Fiji's history and, albeit more subtly, the history of the United States.

The study of personality characteristics of military personnel with the help of the California psychological inventory

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Владислав Петров ◽  
Vladislav Petrov ◽  
Яна Онкамо ◽  
Yana Onkamo
Keyword(s):  
Military Personnel ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
California Psychological Inventory ◽  
Psychological Study ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Military ◽  
Psychological Inventory

The article is devoted to comparative analysis of the personal characteristics of military personnel. In the psychological study involved 283 people, including soldiers of the permanent composition of the Military University, students of the Military University (military personnel of the defense Ministry), members of Regardie. Testing was conducted using the California psychological inventory based on the automated workplace of the military psychologist. Statistically significant differences (between different categories of military personnel, police officers) for the different scales of the questionnaire identified relevant performance standards. The results allow to improve the technology of study of the individual officers at different stages of service.

Features of manifestation of conflict psychoemotional states in the sphere of law enforcement activity

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
Наталья Николаева (Зайцева) ◽  
Natalya Nicolaeva (Zaytseva) ◽  
Олег Николаев ◽  
Oleg Nikolaev
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Professional Environment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Enforcement Activity

The article analyzes the main negative psycho-emotional conditions that are relevant in the professional environment of law enforcement officers. The causes and manifestations of these conditions in certain situations are analyzed with reference to the results of empirical studies of stress and the conclusions of well-known authors. A significant place in the work is given to the basic principles and the simplest ways of getting out of these states in the sphere of law enforcement practice, the specific features of which provoke conflict psychoemotional states among employees. The interrelation of the psychological specifics of the activity of police officers with the individual and personal characteristics of employees, which overcome these conditions in different ways, is analyzed.

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