Research on Pollution-Free Separation of Wheat Straw Cellulose by Ethanol/Acetic Acid Solvent System

2011 ◽  
Vol 284-286 ◽  
pp. 786-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Bao Li ◽  
Mei Yun Zhang ◽  
Ya Ling Yang ◽  
Ling Ying Jia
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Binary Solvent ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Pure Cellulose ◽  
Ethanol Acetic Acid ◽  
Hemicellulose Degradation

Agriculture wastes-- wheat straw is used as raw material to take place of cotton and wood pulp in this research. In order to separating of the crude cellulose, non-polluting ethanol/acetic acid binary solvent system is utilized to dissolve lignin. Then pure cellulose is obtained by refining processing. Finally, microcrystalline cellulose is obtained by acid hydrolysis, grinding and the subsequent process. The paper focuses on the effect of the dosage of acetic acid in the binary solvent system on separating efficiency of wheat straw cellulose, and analyzing the effects of acetic acid dosage on kappa number, yield, α-cellulose content and crystallinity of the wheat straw crude cellulose. The results indicated that acetic acid can promote the removal of lignin and hemicellulose degradation, and is conducive to improve the purity of crude fiber. The lignin removed mainly adsorbed and deposited onto the surface of crude cellulose. The optimum dosage of acetic acid in the thermal decomposition system of wheat straw is 2%. Under the optimum condition, the crystallinity of crude cellulose is the highest, the yield and α-cellulose content are both rather high, but a low Kappa number.

scholarly journals OXIDATIVE-ORGANOSOLVENT DELEGIFICATION OF WHEAT STRAW

2020 ◽  
pp. 250-256
Author(s):  
Irina Trembus ◽  
Nina Semenenko
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Residual Lignin ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Vegetable Raw Materials

Urgency of the research. Expansion of the raw material base of the pulp and paper industry of Ukraine takes place through the use of alternative types of vegetable raw materials, namely wheat straw, and the improvement of environmentally friendly oxidative-organosolvent technology for the production of straw pulp. Target setting. Methods for the delignification of vegetable raw materials using the oxidant – hydrogen peroxide – are currently available. The disadvantage of these methods is the high consumption of the oxidant, which constitutes 90 % by weight of absolutely dry raw material that significantly increases the cost of technical cellulose. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the technological parameters of the delignification process of wheat straw with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Recent open-access publications have been reviewed, including literature on oxidative-organosolvent delignification methods of plant material using peroxoacids. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Investigation of technological parameters of oxidative-organosolvent delignification for the reduction of oxidant consumption and determination of optimal values of temperature and duration of the delignification process of wheat straw with the mixture of hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid. The research objective. Investigation of straw pulp production method in order to reduce the consumption of cooking reagents while increasing the physical- mechanical properties and yield of the target product. The statement of basic materials. A method of obtaining straw pulp from wheat straw shreddings in acetic acid media with the hydrogen peroxide consumption 50 % by weight of absolutely dry raw material was investigated. The content of the main components in the raw vegetable material was determined. The effect of the delignification conditions, namely the temperature and cooking duration, on the yield of the fibrous semi-finished product, the content of residual lignin and the content of cellulose was studied. It was shown that the increase of temperature from 70 °C to 90 °C and duration of vegetable raw materials processing from 60 to 180 min lead to the decrease in yield by 28 %, the content of residual lignin by 6.5 %, while the cellulose content in the fibrous semi-finished product increased by 21 %. Calculated regression equations adequately described the experimental data and could be used as a mathematical model of the delignification process of wheat straw by hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid media. Optimal values of technological parameters of the wheat straw cooking process were determined using the method of multicriterion optimization of the delignification conditions. Conclusions. Calculated regression equations adequately described the production process of straw cellulose by hydrogen peroxide delignification in acetic acid. Established optimal technological parameters provided obtaining a final product with high quality indicators (yield 78.2%, residual lignin content 3.6%, cellulose content 65.4%, breaking length – 6200 m, punching resistance 210 kPa, tearing resistance – 425 mN, folding endurance 625 n.d.b.).

Ion Solvation and the Search for a Correlation with Electrode Passivation

2015 ◽  
Vol 1740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur von Wald Cresce ◽  
Selena M. Russell ◽  
Adele Fu ◽  
Emily Wikner ◽  
Kang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Carbonate ◽  
Solid Electrolyte Interphase ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Binary Solvent ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Electrochemical Testing ◽  
Solvent Molecules ◽  
Electrode Passivation

ABSTRACTThe solvation of cations and anions in a lithium-containing electrolyte was studied using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) combined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrochemical testing. The purpose of these experiments was to develop an understanding of the solvation of the small, hard Li+ cation and the more cryptic nature of the solvation of poorly-coordinating anions such as PF6- and BF4-. It has long been held that the passivation of graphitic anodes in lithium ion batteries is a solvation-driven process, meaning that whatever solvent molecules surround the Li+ cation will provide the raw material for the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. Because the SEI is a critical component, and because a binary solvent system is normally used in lithium batteries, it is necessary to understand the competitive nature of lithium solvation. Conversely, the anion can be chemically active even if poorly coordinating; therefore, it was desired to see if a competitive solvation condition exists for the anion as well. Results indicate that Li+ has a strong preference for cyclic carbonates like ethylene carbonate (EC) over linear carbonates, where the anions had a mixed preference. It is thought that anion solvent preference might dictate oxidative chemistry that occurs on the cathode, while the anion also significantly participates in the formation of SEI on the anode.

Target Kappa Number for AS/AQ Pulping of Wheat Straw

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 1431-1436
Author(s):  
Jing Liu ◽  
Katsuya Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Transition Point ◽  
Phase Transfer ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pulp Yield

Alkaline sulfite/anthraquinone (AS/AQ) pulping of wheat straw under different conditions was conducted in this study. A transition point of kappa number at approximately 6.5 was observed based on all experimental results. This transition point can be regarded as the phase transfer point in AS/AQ pulping from bulk to residual delignification. Effective delignification without great lost of pulp yield can be achieved before kappa number was below this transition point during AS/AQ pulping of wheat straw. It is found that the ratio of cooking liquid to solid should not be lower than 6, if good mass transfer of chemicals and lignin dissolving is needed. As the ratio of Na2SO3 to NaOH dosage ranged from 0.4 to 2.4, low proportion of Na2SO3 allows effective delignification while no serious degradation of carbohydrate. Moreover, similar to kraft pulping, addition of AQ in the range of 0.05% to 0.25% is useful to remove lignin and protect the carbohydrate during AS/AQ pulping. Finally, although the transition point of kappa number may be changed while different raw material used for same pulping process or different pulping process for same raw materials, it is of interest and important for mill practice.

scholarly journals KAJIAN AWAL PEMANFAATAN PULP DARI LIMBAH KEMASAN ASEPTIK UNTUK PEMBUATAN SELULOSA ASETAT

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahammad Khadafi ◽  
Yuniarti P. Kencana
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Glacial Acetic Acid ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Acid Anhydride ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Packaging Waste ◽  
Acetyl Content ◽  
Aseptic Packaging

The use of aseptic packaging in the world is still increasing from year to year, this causes a new matter like midden. Recycling the aseptic packaging is one of the efforts to utilize this waste. The raw material used for cellulose acetate crystal can be obtained from recycling process of aseptic packaging waste. This can be possible because pulp from aseptic packaging contain 72% needle unbleached virgin pulp. The purpose of this reasearch is to diversify the use of aseptic packaging waste by improving the technology process of acetylation for making cellulose acetate crystal. Aseptic packaging pulp was tested for the parameters such as water content, ash content, holocellulose content, α-cellulose content, lignin content, and hemicellulose content. This tested was used to know the eligibility of pulp for making cellulose acetate. The pulp was soaked with water and glacial acetic acid for swelling and conditioning. The acetylation process was done with adding glacial acetic acid and acetic acid anhydride in certain composition. Based on ASTM D 871-96 testing method, we obtained the optimum condition of acetyl content is 36.85% by adding 2.25 mL water and 35 mL acetic acid anhydride, whereas with the addition of 2.75 mL water and 30 mL acetic acid anhydride 28.28% acetyl content were obtained.Keywords : aseptic packaging pulp, acetate cellulose, acetylation process, acetyl content  ABSTRAKPenggunaan kemasan aseptik yang meningkat dari tahun ke tahun, menimbulkan masalah baru berupa limbah. Salah satu upaya pemanfaatan limbah adalah melalui proses daur ulang. Hasil proses daur ulang ini diantaranya dapat dijadikan substitusi bahan baku produk derivat selulosa berupa selulosa asetat, karena limbah kemasan aseptik mengandung pulp virgin serat panjang 72%. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk diversifikasi penggunaan dan pemanfaatan limbah kemasan aseptik melalui proses daur ulang dan penguasaan teknologi proses asetilasi untuk produk selulosa asetat. Pulp kemasan aseptik diuji dengan parameter kadar air, kadar abu, kadar holoselulosa, kadar α selulosa, kadar lignin, dan kadar hemiselulosa untuk mengetahui apakah pulp kemasan aseptik memenuhi persyaratan untuk dibuat selulosa asetat. Perendaman pulp dilakukan dengan air dan asam asetat glasial, kemudian diperas untuk mengkondisikan pulp sebelum proses asetilasi. Proses asetilasi dilakukan dengan menambahkan asam asetat glasial dan asam asetat anhidrida dalam jumlah tertentu. Berdasarkan metode ASTMD 871-96 diperoleh kadar asetil optimal dari kristal selulosa asetat sebesar 36,85% dengan penambahan air 2,25 mL dan asetat anhydrida 35 ml, sedangkan untuk penambahan asam asetat anhidrida 30 mL dan air 2,75 mL diperoleh kadar asetil 28,28%.Kata kunci : pulp kemasan aseptik, selulosa asetat, asetilasi, kadar asetil

scholarly journals Exploitation of Wheat Straw Biorefinery Side Streams as Sustainable Substrates for Microorganisms: A Feasibility Study

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 956
Author(s):  
Stefan Beisl ◽  
Julian Quehenberger ◽  
Donya Kamravamanesh ◽  
Oliver Spadiut ◽  
Anton Friedl
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fermentation Inhibitors ◽  
Tetraether Lipids ◽  
Additional Value ◽  
Processing Steps ◽  
Successful Production

Lignocellulosic agricultural side products, like wheat straw, are widely seen as an important contribution to a future sustainable economy. However, optimization of biorefinery processes and exploitation of all side streams are crucial for an economically viable biorefinery. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic raw material, which is necessary for further processing steps, can generate low-value side streams. In this feasibility study, side streams from a liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment of wheat straw were utilized for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and highly valuable tetraether lipids (TELs). Additional value created by these products can benefit the biorefinery’s economic operation. The utilized wheat straw was pretreated at 120 °C and 170 °C for up to two hours in laboratory and lab scale. The resulting side stream consists mainly of carbohydrates from hemicelluloses and fermentation inhibitors such as acetic acid. In order to achieve a successful production of both products, an acetic acid separation via distillation was necessary. Subsequently, the acetic acid fraction was utilized for the PHB production using cyanobacteria. The carbohydrate-rich fraction was applied in the cultivation of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and resulted in the successful production of TELs. Both fractions achieved better fermentation yields compared to their corresponding reference media.

scholarly journals Optimasi Produksi Bacterial Nanocellulose dengan Metode Kultur Agitasi

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Prima Besty Asthary ◽  
Saepulloh Saepulloh ◽  
Ayu Sanningtyas ◽  
Gian Aditya Pertiwi ◽  
Chandra Apriana Purwita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Acetic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Agitation Speed ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gluconacetobacter Xylinus ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Bacterial Nanocellulose ◽  
Pure Cellulose

Hampir sebanyak 90% industri farmasi di Indonesia masih menggunakan bahan baku impor. Indonesia memiliki salah satu bahan baku yang cukup melimpah yaitu selulosa. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) adalah hasil sintesis dari bakteri aerobic seperti bakteri asam asetat Gluconacetobacter spp. yang berbentuk selulosa murni dengan diameter berukuran nano. Bahan baku BNC yang digunakan dalam industri farmasi adalah BNC dalam bentuk slurry atau high viscose nanocellulose. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memilih bakteri dan kondisi optimum dalam memproduksi BNC. Bakteri yang digunakan adalah Gluconacetobacter xylinus dan Gluconacetobacter intermedius yang berasal dari InaCC-LIPI dan Gluconacetobacter sp. dari industri nata de coco. Inokulum dari ketiga jenis kultur bakteri tersebut dikultivasi selama 7 hari dalam medium Hestrin&Schramm (HS) cair menggunakan kultur statis dan agitasi dengan kecepatan pengadukan 150 rpm pada pH 5 dan suhu 25 ºC. Isolat bakteri Gluconacetobacter sp. dipilih sebagai bakteri penghasil BNC karena memiliki nilai yield paling tinggi. Kemudian isolat tersebut ditumbuhkan pada variasi kecepatan agitasi (100, 150, dan 200 rpm), variasi pH (4,0; 4,5; 5,0; dan 6,0), dan variasi suhu (25-30 ºC). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Gluconacetobacter sp. memiliki kondisi optimum pada kecepatan agitasi 150 rpm, pH 5,5, dan suhu 27 ºC. Optimization of Bacterial Nanocellulose Production in Agitation Culture MethodsAbstractAlmost 90% of pharmaceutical industry in Indonesia still uses imported raw material. However, Indonesia has one of the abundant raw materials which is cellulose. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a pure form of nanocellulose biopolymer material synthesized by microbes such as acetic acid bacteria of Gluconacetobacter spp. as pure cellulose and having diameter in nano scale. BNC used in pharmaceutical industry is in the slurry form/high viscose nanocellulose. The purpose of this study is to determine the bacteria and the optimum conditions to produce BNC. The bacteria used were Gluconacetobacter xylinus and Gluconacetobacter intermedius from InaCC-LIPI and Gluconacetobacter sp. from nata industry. The inoculums were cultivated for 7 days in liquid Hestrin & Schramm (HS) medium using static and agitation culture with a stirring speed of 150 rpm at pH 5 and temperature 25 ºC. The production of BNC has been conducted by using Gluconacetobacter sp., because it has the highest yield. Then it was inoculated at different variation of agitation speed (100, 150, and 200 rpm), pH (4.0; 4.5; 5.0; and 6.0), and temperature (25-30 ºC). This research shows that Gluconacetobacter sp. has optimum conditions at the agitation speed of 150 rpm, pH 5.5, and temperature 27 ºC.Keywords: Bacterial nanocellulose, Gluconacetobacter, agitation

scholarly journals Production of dissolving grade pulp from tobacco stalk through SO2-ethanol-water fractionation, alkaline extraction, and bleaching processes

BioResources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 5544-5558
Author(s):  
Caoxing Huang ◽  
Runkun Sun ◽  
Hou-min Chang ◽  
Qiang Yong ◽  
Hasan Jameel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Dissolving Pulp ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Alkaline Extraction ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
Bleached Pulp ◽  
Tobacco Stalk ◽  
Pulp Production

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of producing dissolving grade pulp from tobacco stalk through combining SO2-ethanol-water (SEW) fractionation, alkaline extraction, and bleaching with oxygen (O), chlorine dioxide (D), alkaline extraction with hydrogen peroxide (Ep), and hydrogen peroxide (P) (OD0(Ep)D1P). The results showed that the optimum SEW cooking condition to remove the original xylan and lignin in tobacco stalk to an acceptable level was 6% SO2 charge (by weight) at 135 °C for 180 min. A bleachable pulp (Kappa number of 21.5) was produced from the SEW-treated tobacco stalk via a subsequent 1% NaOH extraction. After the OD0(Ep)D1P sequence bleaching, the bleached pulp showed a high brightness (88.1% ISO) and a high α-cellulose content (94.9%). The viscosity (15.8 cP) and the residual xylan content (4.4%) of the pulp were within acceptable levels for dissolving pulp production. Thus, tobacco stalk was shown to be a viable raw material for dissolving pulp production following a SEW treatment, alkaline extraction, and a conventional bleaching sequence.

scholarly journals OBTAINING PULP FROM WHEAT STRAW IN A TWO-STAGE SYSTEM “ACETIC ACID – HYDROGEN PEROXIDE – WATER – ETHANOL”

2020 ◽  
pp. 210-221
Author(s):  
Irina Trembus ◽  
◽  
Nina Semenenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Vegetable Raw Materials

Urgency of the research. Involvement of secondary raw materials in the form of agricultural waste and development of new ecologically safe ways of delignification of vegetable raw materials to solve problems of environmental pollution.Target setting. Available methods of delignification of vegetable raw materials using oxidant - hydrogen peroxide allow to obtain a fibrous semi-finished product with a high yield, but with strength values of 15-30% lower compared to fibrous semi-finished products obtained bycooking solutions at pH > 7. Therefore, it is necessary to improve existing methods. hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid.Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The latest available domestic and foreign publications on oxidative-organosolvent methods of delignification of plant raw materials using peroxyacids and alcohols were considered in detail.Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Research of technology of oxidative-organosolvent delignification of vegetable raw materials with useof alcohol as a part of a cooking solution and definition of optimum values of technological parameters (temperature and duration) of process of reception of straw fibrous semi-finished products.The research objective. Investigation of technological parameters of straw cellulose production in the system acetic acid-hydrogen peroxide-water-ethyl alcohol in order to increase the physical and mechanical parameters and the yield of the target product.The statement of basic materials.A two-stage method for producing straw pulp from wheat straw at the first stage has been investigated. Delignification was carried out in the “acetic acid-hydrogen peroxide-water” environment at a hydrogen peroxide consumption of 50% of the mass of absolutely dry raw material (a.d.r.m.) and at the second stage of cooking, 40 volume% of ethyl alcohol was added to the cooking solution to replace the same amount of spent cooking solution after the first stage. The content of the main components in the original plant raw materials isdetermined. The influence of delignifica-tion conditions, namely temperature and duration of cooking on the yield of fibrous semi-finished product, the content of re-sidual lignin, cellulose content and strength indicators was studied. It is shown that the temperature increase at the first stage of the process from 50 ºС to 70 ºС, at the second stage from 80 to 100 ºС and the duration of processing of vegetable raw materials from 60 to 120 min. and from 60 to 180 minutes, according to the stages of the delignification process, leads to a decrease in yield by 7.9-18.9%, the residual lignin content by 4.27-9.11%, while the cellulose content in the fibrous semi-finished product increases by 10.1-15.8%. It is investigated that the indicators of mechanical strength of the obtained fibrous semi - finished products increase with increasing temperature and duration of processing of raw materials. Regression equa-tions for each stage of cooking are calculated, which adequately describe the experimentaldata and can be used as a mathe-matical model of the process of delignification of wheat straw with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid. The method of multicrite-ria optimization of delignification conditions determines the optimal values of technological parameters of the wheat straw cooking process. The lignin-carbohydrate diagram of delignification of vegetable raw materials is offered. The number in which various methods of delignification of wheat straw are located on efficiency is defined.Conclusions. The technology of obtaining straw fibrous semi-finished products in the system "acetic acid-hydrogen per-oxide-water-ethanol" has been developed. Regression equations are calculated that adequately describe the experimental data and can be usedas a mathematical model of the investigated method of obtaining straw fibrous semi-finished product. The optimal technological parameters are established, which ensure the production of the final product with high quality indicators. The lignin-carbohydrate diagram of delignification of wheat straw stalks by different cooking methods is given.

High performance inkjet-printed QLEDs with 18.3% EQE: improving interfacial contact by novel halogen-free binary solvent system

Nano Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Chen ◽  
Liming Xie ◽  
Changting Wei ◽  
Yuan-Qiu-Qiang Yi ◽  
Xiaolian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Binary Solvent ◽  
Interfacial Contact ◽  
Halogen Free

scholarly journals Assessment of Pellets from Three Forest Species: From Raw Material to End Use

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
Miguel Alfonso Quiñones-Reveles ◽  
Víctor Manuel Ruiz-García ◽  
Sarai Ramos-Vargas ◽  
Benedicto Vargas-Larreta ◽  
Omar Masera-Cerutti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
End Use ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the relationship between chemical properties, energy efficiency, and emissions of wood and pellets from madroño Arbutus xalapensis Kunth, tázcate Juniperus deppeana Steud, and encino colorado Quercus sideroxyla Humb. & Bonpl. in two gasifiers (top-lit-up-draft (T-LUD) and electricity generation wood camp stove (EGWCS)) in order to determine the reduction of footprint carbon. In accordance with conventional methodologies, we determined the extracts and chemical components (lignin, cellulose, holocellulose), and the immediate analyses were carried out (volatile materials, fixed carbon, ash content and microanalysis of said ash), as well as the evaluation of emission factors (total suspended particulate matter (PM2.5), CO, CO2, CH4, black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC)). The results were statistically analyzed to compare each variable among species and gasifiers. The raw material analyzed showed how the pH ranged from 5.01 to 5.57, and the ash content ranged between 0.39 and 0.53%. The content values of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, and Ca ranged from 0.08 to 0.22, 0.18 to 0.19, 0.38 to 0.84, 1.75 to 1.90, and 3.62 to 3.74 mg kg−1, respectively. The extractive ranges from cyclohexane were 2.48–4.79%, acetone 2.42–4.08%, methanol 3.17–7.99%, and hot water 2.12–4.83%. The range of lignin was 18.08–28.60%. The cellulose content ranged from 43.30 to 53.90%, and holocellulose from 53.50 to 64.02%. The volatile material range was 81.2–87.42%, while fixed carbon was 11.30–17.48%; the higher heating value (HHV) of raw material and pellets presented the ranges 17.68–20.21 and 19.72–21.81 MJ kg−1, respectively. Thermal efficiency showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between pellets and gasifiers, with an average of 31% Tier 3 in ISO (International Organization for Standardization) for the T-LUD and 14% (ISO Tier 1) for EGWCS, with Arbutus xalapensis being the species with the highest energy yield. The use of improved combustion devices, as well as that of selected raw material species, can reduce the impact of global warming by up to 33% on a cooking task compared to the three-stone burner.

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