Assessment of Pellets from Three Forest Species: From Raw Material to End Use

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the relationship between chemical properties, energy efficiency, and emissions of wood and pellets from madroño Arbutus xalapensis Kunth, tázcate Juniperus deppeana Steud, and encino colorado Quercus sideroxyla Humb. & Bonpl. in two gasifiers (top-lit-up-draft (T-LUD) and electricity generation wood camp stove (EGWCS)) in order to determine the reduction of footprint carbon. In accordance with conventional methodologies, we determined the extracts and chemical components (lignin, cellulose, holocellulose), and the immediate analyses were carried out (volatile materials, fixed carbon, ash content and microanalysis of said ash), as well as the evaluation of emission factors (total suspended particulate matter (PM2.5), CO, CO2, CH4, black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC)). The results were statistically analyzed to compare each variable among species and gasifiers. The raw material analyzed showed how the pH ranged from 5.01 to 5.57, and the ash content ranged between 0.39 and 0.53%. The content values of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, and Ca ranged from 0.08 to 0.22, 0.18 to 0.19, 0.38 to 0.84, 1.75 to 1.90, and 3.62 to 3.74 mg kg−1, respectively. The extractive ranges from cyclohexane were 2.48–4.79%, acetone 2.42–4.08%, methanol 3.17–7.99%, and hot water 2.12–4.83%. The range of lignin was 18.08–28.60%. The cellulose content ranged from 43.30 to 53.90%, and holocellulose from 53.50 to 64.02%. The volatile material range was 81.2–87.42%, while fixed carbon was 11.30–17.48%; the higher heating value (HHV) of raw material and pellets presented the ranges 17.68–20.21 and 19.72–21.81 MJ kg−1, respectively. Thermal efficiency showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between pellets and gasifiers, with an average of 31% Tier 3 in ISO (International Organization for Standardization) for the T-LUD and 14% (ISO Tier 1) for EGWCS, with Arbutus xalapensis being the species with the highest energy yield. The use of improved combustion devices, as well as that of selected raw material species, can reduce the impact of global warming by up to 33% on a cooking task compared to the three-stone burner.

Download Full-text

Clonal Variation in the Bark Chemical Properties of Hybrid Aspen: Potential for Added Value Chemicals

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25194403 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (19) ◽

pp. 4403

Author(s):

Pasi Korkalo ◽

Risto Korpinen ◽

Egbert Beuker ◽

Tytti Sarjala ◽

Jarkko Hellström ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Hot Water ◽

Raw Material ◽

Added Value ◽

Clonal Variation ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Hybrid Aspen ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Water Extracts

This study aims to promote comprehensive utilization of woody biomass by providing a knowledgebase on the utility of aspen bark as a new alternative source for fossil-based chemicals. The research focused on the analysis of clonal variation in: (1) major chemical components, i.e., hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin; (2) extraneous materials, i.e., bark extractives, and suberic acid; (3) condensed tannins content and composition; and (4) screening differences in antioxidative properties and total phenolic content of hot water extracts and ethanol-water extracts of hybrid aspen bark. Results of this study, the discovery of clonal variation in utilizable chemicals, pave the way for further research on added-value potential of under-utilized hybrid aspen and its bark. Clonal variation was found in notable part of chemicals with potential for utilization. Based on the results, an appropriate bark raw material can be selected for tailored processing, thus improving the resource efficiency. The results also indicate that by applying cascade processing concepts, bark chemical substances could be more efficiently utilized with more environmentally friendly methods.

Download Full-text

SIFAT KIMIA TIGA JENIS KAYU RAKYAT

Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan ◽

10.24111/jrihh.v3i1.1185 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 24

Author(s):

Yuniarti Yuniarti

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Social Forestry ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Sample Result ◽

Better Than

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical components of three kinds of social forestry timber of Jengkol, Madang, and Bangkinang, where wood samples was procured from Loksado South Kalimantan. The analysis was conducted according to TAPPI Standard with three replications for each sample. Result shows that Jengkol wood contained 44.73% of cellulose, 79.19% of holocellulose, 32.14% of lignin, 4.08% of extractive and 3.42% of ash. Madang wood contained 45.02% of cellulose, 80.05% of holocellulose, 31.60% of lignin, 4.06% of extractive and 4.59% of ash. Bangkinang wood contained 45.76% of cellulose, 72.84% of holocellulose, 20.90% of lignin, 2.89% of extractive and 3.9% of ash. This research indicated that among three social forestry timber investigated, the Bangkinang wood is better than two others as sources of raw material for pulp and paper due to the highest cellulose content and lowest lignin and extractives contents.Keywords: chemical properties, Jengkol, Madang, Bangkinang

Download Full-text

Studi Mutu Kayu Jati di Hutan Rakyat Gunungkidul. V. Sifat Kimia Kayu

Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan ◽

10.22146/jik.16511 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 108

Author(s):

Ganis Lukmandaru ◽

Arsyi Rahman Mohammad ◽

Pito Wargono ◽

Vendy Eko Prasetyo

Keyword(s):

Lignin Content ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Tectona Grandis ◽

Ash Content ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Hot Water ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Radial Cross Section ◽

Community Forests ◽

Teak Wood

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi sifat kimia kayu jati dari hutan rakyat Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Pohon (dbh 28-37 cm) diambil dari tempat tumbuh berbeda yaitu Nglipar, Panggang, dan Playen. Setiap tempat diambil 3 pohon sebagai ulangan dan sampel yang digunakan adalah disk yang diambil dari bagian pangkal. Penampang radial disk dibagi menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu gubal, teras luar, dan teras dalam. Sifat kimia yang diuji adalah kadar holoselulosa, á-selulosa, hemiselulosa, lignin, ekstraktif etanol-toluena, kelarutan dalam air panas, kelarutan dalam NaOH 1%, dan abu. Sebagai pembanding, digunakan kayu jati dewasa dari tegakan Randublatung (Perhutani). Kisaran nilai kimia dari komponen dinding sel kayu jati Gunungkidul adalah kadar holoselulosa 75,76-79,74%, á-selulosa 46,72-50,90%, hemiselulosa 27,41-30,14%, lignin 29,22-32,80%, dan kelarutan dalam NaOH 1% sebesar 16,43-17,35%. Selanjutnya, kadar ekstraktif etanol-toluena, kelarutan dalam air panas, dan abu adalah 5,04-10,77%, 2,74-7,85%, dan 0,60-1,66%, secara berurutan. Interaksi antara kedua faktor berpengaruh nyata pada kadar holoselulosa, á-selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan ekstraktif etanol-toluena. Faktor tempat tumbuh berpengaruh nyata pada kadar abu sedangkan faktor radial berpengaruh nyata pada kadar kelarutan dalam air panas dan abu. Kayu jati dari Gunungkidul memberikan nilai rerata kadar ekstraktif etanol-toluena dan abu yang lebih rendah sedangkan nilai di parameter lainnya masih dalam kisaran nilai kayu jati dari Randublatung.Kata kunci: Tectona grandis, sifat kimia, hutan rakyat, arah radial, Gunungkidul AbstractThis study aimed to explore the chemical properties of teak wood grown in community forests from Gunungkidul Regency. Trees (dbh 28-37 cm) were selected from three different sites i.e. Nglipar, Panggang, and Playen. Three trees were cut from each site and disks were taken from the base of the trees. The disk in radial cross section was divided into 3 parts: sapwood, outer heartwood, and inner heartwood. Chemical properties tested were holocellulose, á-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, ethanol-toluene extractives, hot-water soluble extractives, solubility in NaOH 1%, and ash contents. Mature teakwoods from Randublatung (Perhutani plantation) were used for comparison purpose.The values range of chemical composition in the cell wall components of the Gunungkidul teak wood were holocellulose content 75.76-79.74%, , á-cellulose content 46.72-50.90%, hemicellulose content 27.41-30.14%, lignin content 29.22-32.80%, and solubility in NaOH 1% 16.43-17.35%. Further, the ethanol-toluene extractive, hot-water soluble, and ash content values ranged from 5.04 to 10.77%, 2.74-7.85%, and 0.60-1.66%, consecutively. Interaction between two factors affects significantly to holocellulose, á-cellulose, hemicellulose, and ethanol-toluene extractive contents. The growth-site significantly influence on the ash contents as radial factor has significantly affect on the levels of hot water soluble extractives and ash content. The amounts of ethanol-toluene extractive and ash contents of Gunungkidul teak wood showed the lower values than those of teak from Randublatung. The values of other parameters were remain in the range of value of teak from Randublatung.

Download Full-text

Alfa fibers for Cereplast bio-composites reinforcement: Effects of chemical and biological treatments on the mechanical properties

Polymers and Polymer Composites ◽

10.1177/09673911211006067 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 096739112110060

Author(s):

Mouna Werchefani ◽

Catherine Lacoste ◽

Hafedh Belguith ◽

Chedly Bradai

Keyword(s):

Charpy Impact ◽

Impact Testing ◽

Hot Water ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Twin Screw ◽

Electron Microscopy Analysis ◽

Alfa Fibers ◽

Charpy Impact Testing ◽

Water Treatments ◽

The Impact

The present work is a comparative study of the impact of Alfa fiber modifications on the Cereplast composites mechanical behavior. Various treatments have been employed, including mechanical, soda, saltwater-retting, hot-water treatments and enzymatic treatment using xylanase. Chemical and morphological analyses were carried out in order to determine the changes of the biochemical composition and the dimensions of fibers. Cereplast composites reinforced with Alfa fibers were fabricated using a twin-screw extrusion followed by an injection molding technique with a fiber load of 20 wt. %. Resulting materials were assessed by means of tensile, flexural and Charpy impact testing. Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis was carried out to investigate the interfacial properties of the composites. The results have shown a significant enhancement of mechanical strengths and rigidities for the xylanase-treated fiber composites, owing to the increase of cellulose content, the enhancement of defibrillation level and the improvement of matrix-fiber adhesion. The data proved that the technology of enzymes can be used as a powerful and eco-friendly approach to modify fiber surfaces and to increase their potential of reinforcement.

Download Full-text

Valorization of briquettes fuel using Pinus spp. sawdust from five regions of Mexico

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.2.2249-2263 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 2249-2263

Author(s):

María Alejandra Ramírez-Ramírez ◽

Artemio Carrillo-Parra ◽

Faustino Ruíz-Aquino ◽

Luis Fernando Pintor-Ibarra ◽

Nicolás González-Ortega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Impact Resistance ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Volumetric Expansion ◽

Pinus Spp ◽

The Impact

This research characterized briquettes made with Pinus spp. sawdust without the use of additives. For this purpose, 19 samples of sawdust from different wood industries located in five states of the Mexican Republic were used. The densification process was carried out in a vertical hydraulic piston laboratory briquette machine. The briquettes were made with 40 g of sawdust, at 50 °C, 20 kPa and pressing for 5 min. The results obtained varied as follows: moisture content (4.1% to 7.2%), density (813.9 to 1,014.4 kg/m3), volumetric expansion (7.4% to 37.3%), compressive strength (4.9 to 40.8 N/mm), impact resistance index (46.7% to 200%), ash (0.1% to 1.1%), volatile matter (82.9% to 90.7%), fixed carbon (8.9% to 16.4%), and calorific value (20.5 to 22.8 MJ/kg). The density of the briquettes was within the “acceptable” classification (800 to 1,200 kg/m3). It was observed that, the higher the density, the lower the volumetric expansion, the higher the compressive strength, and the higher the impact resistance index. According to the ash content, the briquettes could achieve international quality. Due to high volatile matter values, rapid combustion of the briquettes with little generation of toxic smoke would be expected. Fixed carbon and calorific value results were acceptable.

Download Full-text

Aerosol hygroscopic growth, contributing factors, and impact on haze events in a severely polluted region in northern China

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-19-1327-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 1327-1342 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jun Chen ◽

Zhanqing Li ◽

Min Lv ◽

Yuying Wang ◽

Wei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Water Vapor Content ◽

Growth Effect ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Hygroscopic Growth ◽

Contributing Factors ◽

Total Particulate Matter ◽

Size Category ◽

The Impact

Abstract. This study investigates the impact of the aerosol hygroscopic growth effect on haze events in Xingtai, a heavily polluted city in the central part of the North China Plain (NCP), using a large array of instruments measuring aerosol optical, physical, and chemical properties. Key instruments used and measurements made include the Raman lidar for atmospheric water vapor content and aerosol optical profiles, the PC-3016A GrayWolf six-channel handheld particle and mass meter for atmospheric total particulate matter (PM) that has diameters less than 1 and 2.5 µm (PM1 and PM2.5, respectively), the aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) for chemical components in PM1, and the hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer (H-TDMA) for aerosol hygroscopicity. The changes in PM1 and PM2.5 agreed well with that of the water vapor content due to the aerosol hygroscopic growth effect. Two cases were selected to further analyze the effects of aerosol hygroscopic growth on haze events. The lidar-estimated hygroscopic enhancement factor for the aerosol backscattering coefficient during a relatively clean period (Case I) was lower than that during a pollution event (Case II) with similar relative humidity (RH) levels of 80 %–91 %. The Kasten model was used to fit the aerosol optical hygroscopic growth factor (GF) whose parameter b differed considerably between the two cases, i.e., 0.1000 (Case I) versus 0.9346 (Case II). The aerosol acidity value calculated from ACSM data for Case I (1.35) was less than that for Case II (1.50) due to different amounts of inorganics such as NH4NO3, NH4HSO4, and (NH4)2SO4. Model results based on H-TDMA data showed that aerosol hygroscopic growth factors in each size category (40, 80, 110, 150, and 200 nm) at different RH levels (80 %–91 %) for Case I were lower than those for Case II. For similar ambient RH levels, the high content of nitrate facilitates the hygroscopic growth of aerosols, which may be a major factor contributing to heavy haze episodes in Xingtai.

Download Full-text

Chemical Properties of Charcoal Briquette with Composition Types of Gerunggang (Cratoxylon Arborescens) and Tumih (Combretocarpus Rotundatus) Wood from Tropical Peatlands

Journal of Tropical Peatlands ◽

10.52850/jtpupr.v10i2.2071 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 17-22

Author(s):

Alpian ◽

Raynold Panjaitan ◽

Adi Jaya ◽

Yanciluk ◽

Wahyu Supriyati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Ash Content ◽

National Standard ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Pioneer Plants

Charcoal briquettes can be an alternative energy and can be produced from Gerunggang and Tumih types of wood. These two types of wood are commonly found in Kalampangan Village as pioneer plants on burned peatlands. The research objective was to determine the chemical properties of charcoal briquettes produced from biomass waste from land processing without burning with several compositions of Gerunggang wood and Tumih wood. The chemical properties of charcoal briquettes refer to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 01-6235-2000) and Standard Permen ESDM No. 047 of 2006. The results showed that all composition treatments in the ash content test, fixed carbon content and calorific value met the standards, while the test for volatile content in all treatment compositions did not meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 01-6235-2000). The composition of the most potential chemical properties and following the two standards used is the composition of 100% Tumih with ash content of 7.67%, volatile matter content of 27.23%, fixed carbon of 55.00%, and heating value of 5902.18 cal/g.

Download Full-text

SLAGS OF THE METALLURGICAL PLANTS OF ARMENIA AT FINE GRINDING

Izvestiya Ferrous Metallurgy ◽

10.17073/0368-0797-2019-1-8-14 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 8-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. A. Martirosyan ◽

M. E. Sasuntsyan

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Complex Compounds ◽

Raw Material ◽

Copper Smelting ◽

Iron Silicides ◽

Fine Grinding ◽

High Temperature Synthesis ◽

Valuable Metals ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

The Impact

In connection with the development of copper and molybdenum production in Armenia, it becomes necessary to develop a technology for processing the slags of the functioning metallurgical plants to extract valuable metals from these slags. It concerns the copper slags of Alaverdi Copper-Smelting Plant with a content of FeO ~50 % and the molybdenum slags of Yerevan “Pure Iron” Plant with a content of SiO2 ~80 %. These slags are obtained at high temperatures (with FeO·SiO2 , CaO·SiO2 , Fe3 O4 ) and, therefore, they are less active to be used later. Meanwhile, the mentioned slags are rich in iron and silicon oxides and can serve as a cheap raw material for producing iron silicides. The iron silicides can be used in micro- and nanoelectronics, as well as in metallurgy as an alloying additive in the production of steels of special physical and chemical properties. The production of such valuable silicides from an inexpensive raw material is important for Republic of Armenia and is of not only economic, but also ecological significance. To obtain iron silicides, a method of combined aluminothermal reduction of primarily mechanoactivated copper and molybdenum slags is proposed. The preliminary mechanoactivation allows to purposefully affect the structure of the reaction mixture and parameters of the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), thus ensuring the possibility of regulating the structure and phase composition of the synthesized silicides. This work considers issues on the impact of transformation and phase formation on the morphology of slags of copper and molybdenum production in the functioning Armenian metallurgical plants at mechanochemical activation by the method of fine grinding in a vibromill. It is shown that at fine grinding (up to 10 mcm), the slags, containing small-reactivity complex compounds of iron and silicon (fayalite, magnetite, quarzite) undergo profound chemical changes, transforming into amorphous oxides. The obtained activated oxides can serve as a raw material for producing iron- and silicon-containing alloys – iron silicides.

Download Full-text

THE EFFECT OF BINDER RATIO ON THE PHYSICAL AND COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBONIZED RICE STALK BRIQUETTES

International Journal of Advanced Academic Research ◽

10.46654/ij.24889849.e6101 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 221-229

Author(s):

Rapheal Ige ◽

Elinge Ogala ◽

Cosmos Moki ◽

Abdulrahman Habeeb

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Carbon Content ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Hot Water ◽

High Concentration ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Binder Ratio ◽

Fixed Carbon Content

The selection or choice of agro-waste briquettes for domestic and industrial cottage applications depends on the fuel properties. In this study, the briquette was produced by carbonizing the rice stalk followed by crushing and sieving, the binder was prepared by dissolving the starch in hot water, then mixed with the sieved carbonized rice stalk and then the briquette was produced using the briquetting machine. Proximate analyses, viability, characteristics and combustion were determined to know the average composition of their constituents. From the results obtained it was observed that ash content, moisture content, after glow and ignition propagation decrease as the binder ratio increase while fixed carbon content, volatile matter, calorific value, density and compressive strength increase. The results of this work indicate that briquettes produced using high concentration of the binder would make good biomass fuels. However, it has a high moisture content of 25.00%, high ash content of 23.00%, moderate volatile matter of 44.80%, low fixed carbon content of 32.20%, moderate calorific value of 13.86 MJ/Kg and high density of 0.643g/cm3. The results obtained for all the parameters showed that rice stalks briquettes produced with high concentration of the binder (starch) had a better performance based on their combustion profile.

Download Full-text

Structure, Composition, and Thermal Properties of Cellulose Fibers from Pueraria lobata Treated with a Combination of Steam Explosion and Laccase Mediator System

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.11.3.6854-6866 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 6854-6866 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Minghua Li ◽

Guangting Han ◽

Yan Song ◽

Wei Jiang ◽

Yuanming Zhang

Keyword(s):

Steam Explosion ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Cellulose Fibers ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Pueraria Lobata ◽

Mediator System ◽

Laccase Mediator System

Cellulosic fibers from the bast of Pueraria lobata (P. lobata) vine were separated using a “green” and efficient method that combined steam explosion (SE) and a laccase mediator system (LMS). The chemical components, structure, and thermal alterations in the fibers were evaluated. The SE performed at 180 °C for 10 min did not change the chemical composition of P. lobata; however, SE did alter the fiber structure and rendered its surface more accessible to the laccase enzyme. Treated and untreated samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and chemical methods. The cellulose content of the processed fibers was approximately 68.2%, and the lignin content was 11.8%, which was much lower than the 22.98% lignin content of the raw material. The cellulose fibers exhibited higher cellulose crystallinity and thermal stability compared with the untreated samples. This combined treatment approach may be useful for the isolation of cellulose fibers for composites, textiles, and other industrial applications.

Download Full-text