Surface Modification of Pure Titanium by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam

Polycrystalline pure titanium was irradiated by high-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB). The microstructure changes and material strength were investigated by using microhardness tester, optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique. The experimental results indicate that many craters are inevitably formed on the irradiated surface. The eruption of the craters makes the material surface cleaned, which can improve the corrosion resistance of materials. Furthermore, martensitic structure, ultra-fine grains and high-density dislocations are formed on the irradiated surface, which increase the hardness of the treated samples. The microhardness of 20-pulsed sample reaches 286Hv, which is 71% higher than the initial sample. Martensitic transformation, grain refinement and dislocation strengthening induced by HCPEB treatment are the dominating mechanism for the improvements of material strength. It is suggested that HCPEB technique is becoming an effective approach to surface modification for pure titanium and titanium alloy.

Download Full-text

Nanocrystalline Cr-Ni Alloying Layer Induced by High-Current Pulsed Electron Beam

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano9010074 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 74 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lingyan Zhang ◽

Ching-Tun Peng ◽

Jintong Guan ◽

Peng Lv ◽

Qingfeng Guan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Strengthening Mechanism ◽

High Current ◽

Nickel Substrate ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Pulsed Electron Beam ◽

Solid Solution Strengthening ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Solution Strengthening

In this investigation, chromium (Cr) was adopted as an alloying element on a nickel substrate, and the alloying process was materialized via high-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) irradiation. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were also conducted for microstructure characterization. The results showed that after HCPEB irradiation a nanocrystalline Cr-Ni alloying layer was formed and numerous dislocations were generated, resulting in a great deal of diffusion paths for Cr elements. Moreover, properties including hardness, wear and electrochemical performance were significantly improved after HCPEB irradiation, which was mainly due to the formation of the nanocrystalline Cr–Ni alloying layer. In addition, each strengthening mechanism that contributed to the hardness of the HCPEB-irradiated sample was mathematically analyzed, and solid solution strengthening was found to be of great importance.

Download Full-text

Evolution of Microstructure at the Surface of 40CrNiMo7 Steel Treated by High-Current Pulsed Electron Beam

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings10040311 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 311 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Huihui Wang ◽

Lianfu Li ◽

Sen Qiu ◽

Weidong Zhai ◽

Qiaomin Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Surface Modification ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Cooling Rate ◽

Surface Composition ◽

Material Surface ◽

High Current ◽

Pulsed Electron Beam ◽

Modified Surface ◽

Average Size

High current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) has recently been developed as an effective technique of material surface modification. In this research, a self-developed HCPEB equipment (HOPE-I) was adopted to perform surface modification on quenched and tempered 40CrNiMo7 steel. A composite nanometer structure was formed on the modified surface layer, and the martensite transformation and the dissolution and fracture of cementite can be observed. After initial irradiation, the high cooling rate caused the formation of nanocrystalline on the surface. With continuous irradiation treatments, the cooling rate gradually reduced, while the carbon kept dissolving and ended with surface composition homogenization. Both competitive factors result in the evolution rule of nanometer dimensions of surface structure. After HCPEB treatment, the average size of austenite phase on the modified surface decreased from micron-sized to nanoscale. The corrosion rate decreased from 0.12 mm/a to 0.02 mm/a, showing remarkable improvement of corrosion resistance. The main factors of the improvements of corrosion resistance property are the flat, dense structured and preferred crystal orientation on the modification layer of the treated material surface.

Download Full-text

Amorphization and Nano-Crystallization of Ni-Nb Coating on GH3039 Alloys by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11020347 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 347

Author(s):

Conglin Zhang ◽

Xuesu Ji ◽

Jiahong Wang ◽

Lingfan Lu ◽

Zirun Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Amorphous Layer ◽

Pulse Number ◽

Nano Particles ◽

High Current ◽

Pulsed Electron Beam ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Pulsed Irradiation

In this paper, the Ni-Nb coatings were successfully prepared onto the GH3039 alloys by High current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB). The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results confirmed that the Ni-Nb layer of 10-pulsed samples exhibited partial amorphization, which was consisted of γ-Ni particles, rod-like Ni3Nb particles and nano Ni3Nb with 30 nm in size. After 20-pulsed irradiation, the results show that only Ni3Nb clusters with around 3 nm in size were dispersed in fully amorphization layer. With increased pulse number to 30, the nano-particles embedded into the amorphous layer were grown up, the size of which was about 8 nm. The microstructure evolution during HCPEB irradiation was from the partial amorphous to fully amorphous and then to nano-crystallization. The 20-pulsed samples possessed the best hardness and corrosion resistance. The ultrafine clusters uniformly embedded into amorphous layer were main reason for improving properties.

Download Full-text

Surface modification of TA2 pure titanium by low energy high current pulsed electron beam treatments

Applied Surface Science ◽

10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.03.005 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 257 (17) ◽

pp. 7455-7460 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Yu-kui Gao

Keyword(s):

Surface Modification ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Pure Titanium ◽

Low Energy ◽

High Current ◽

Pulsed Electron Beam

Download Full-text

Microstructure Modifications and Associated Corrosion Improvements in GH4169 Superalloy Treated by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2015/876539 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Yichang Su ◽

Guangyu Li ◽

Liyuan Niu ◽

Shengzhi Yang ◽

Jie Cai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Beam ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

High Current ◽

Pulsed Electron Beam ◽

Density Of Dislocations ◽

Nickel Based Superalloy ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Gh4169 Superalloy ◽

Scanning Electron

The surface of the nickel-based superalloy GH4169 was subjected to high-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) treatment. The microstructural morphologies of the material were analysed by means of optical microscope (OP), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results reveal that the irradiated surface was remelted and many craters were formed. The density of craters decreased with the increment of HCPEB pulses. After 20-pulsed HCPEB irradiation, nanostructures were formed in the melted region of the surface. Furthermore, slipping bands and high density of dislocations were also formed due to the severe plastic deformation. The selective purification effect, homogenized composition, nanostructures, and dislocation slips introduced by HCPEB irradiation bring a significant improvement of corrosion resistance of GH4169 superalloy.

Download Full-text

Surface Alloys of 0.45 C Carbon Steel Produced by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam

High Temperature Materials and Processes ◽

10.1515/htmp-2018-0065 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 38 (2019) ◽

pp. 444-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lingyan Zhang ◽

Yunxue Jin ◽

Xitong Wang ◽

Jie Cai ◽

Qingfeng Guan

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Medium Carbon Steel ◽

High Current ◽

Medium Carbon ◽

Pulsed Electron Beam ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Before And After

AbstractThe chromium was deposited on the surface of 0.45 C medium carbon steel by high current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) alloying treatment to obtain a high quality alloying layer. The microstructure of the alloying layer was studied by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy. The hardness of the surface was measured by Vickers durometer. The corrosion resistance of samples before and after HCPEB irradiation was also measured by an electrochemical workstation. The results showed that the alloying layer with a dept of about 4–9 μm on the surface was formed after HCPEB alloying treatment. TEM results revealed that the Cr element is dissolved on the surface and alloyed with C element in the substrate to form Cr23C6 enhanced particles. The microhardness and corrosion resistance of the medium carbon steel subjected to a HCPEB alloying processing were remarkably improved compared with the original one.

Download Full-text

Surface Alloying and Improved Property of Nb on TC4 Induced by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11112906 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2906

Author(s):

Xueze Du ◽

Nana Tian ◽

Conglin Zhang ◽

Peng Lyu ◽

Jie Cai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

High Current ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Pulsed Electron Beam ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Tc4 Alloy ◽

Nb Alloying

In this paper, an Nb alloying layer on a TC4 alloy was fabricated by using high-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) irradiation to improve surface performance. X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), laser surface microscope (LSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the phase composition and microstructure of the surface layer. The microhardness, wear tests and corrosion resistance were also examined. The results show that after HCPEB alloying, a Nb-alloyed layer was formed with about 3.6 μm in thickness on the surface of the sample, which was mainly composed of α’-Ti martensite, β-Ti equiaxial crystals, and NbTi4 particles. After HCPEB irradiation, the surface hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of Nb alloying layer on TC4 alloy were improved compared to the initial samples.

Download Full-text

Preparation and Electron-Beam Surface Modification of Novel TiNi Material for Medical Applications

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11104372 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 4372

Author(s):

Sergey G. Anikeev ◽

Anastasiia V. Shabalina ◽

Sergei A. Kulinich ◽

Nadezhda V. Artyukhova ◽

Daria R. Korsakova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Beam ◽

Material Surface ◽

High Current ◽

New Materials ◽

New Approach ◽

Pulsed Electron Beam ◽

Beam Surface ◽

Compositional Changes ◽

Unmodified Sample ◽

Mcf 7

A new approach to fabricate TiNi surfaces combining the advantages of both monolithic and porous materials for implants is used in this work. New materials were obtained by depositing a porous TiNi powder onto monolithic TiNi plates followed by sintering at 1200 °C. Then, further modification of the material surface with a high-current-pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) was carried out. Three materials obtained (one after sintering and two after subsequent beam treatment by 30 pulses with different pulse energy) were studied by XRD, SEM, EDX, surface profilometry, and by means of electrochemical measurements, including OCP and EIS. Structural and compositional changes caused by HCPEB treatment were investigated. Surface properties of the samples during their storage in saline for 10 days were studied and a model experiment with cell growth (MCF-7) was carried out for the unmodified sample with an electron beam to detect cell appearance on different surface locations.

Download Full-text