scholarly journals Kiln Process Impact of Alternative Solid Fuel Combustion in the Cement Kiln Main Burner – Mathematical Modelling and Full-Scale Experiment

2014 ◽  
Vol 875-877 ◽  
pp. 1291-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wijesinghe Kaluarachchige Hiromi Ariyaratne ◽  
Edirisinghe Vidana Pathiranage Jagath Manjula ◽  
Morten Christian Melaaen ◽  
Lars André Tokheim
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
Fuel Feed ◽  
Main Burner ◽  
Fuel Characteristics ◽  
Clinker Production

Increased use of alternative fuels in cement kilns is a trend in the world. However, replacing fossil fuels like coal with different alternative fuels will give various impacts on the overall kiln process due to the fuel characteristics. Hence, it is important to know to what extent the fossil fuels can be replaced by different alternative fuels without severely changing process conditions, product quality or emissions. In the present study, a mass and energy balance for the combustion of different alternative fuels in a cement rotary kiln was developed. First, the impact of different fuel characteristics on kiln gas temperature, kiln gas flow rate and air requirement were observed by using coal (reference case), meat and bone meal (MBM), two different wood types, refuse derived fuel and a mixture of saw dust and solid hazardous waste as the primary fuel. It was found that the key process parameters depend largely on the chemical characteristics of the fuel. It appears that MBM shows quite different results from other alternative fuels investigated. Next, simulation of combustion of a mixture of coal and MBM in the main burner was carried out in three steps. The first step was combustion of replacing part of coal energy with MBM, and a reduction in kiln exhaust gas temperature compared to the coal reference case was found. In the second step, the fuel feed rate was increased in order to raise the kiln gas temperature to that of the reference case. In the third step, the fuel feed rate and the clinker production rate were changed in order to have not only the same kiln gas temperature but also to obtain the same volumetric flow rate of total exhaust gas from the precalciner as in the reference case. Around 7% of reduction in clinker production rate could be observed when replacing 48% of the coal energy input. Results from a full-scale test using the same mixture of coal and MBM verified the simulation results.

Combustion Characteristics of a Swirled Burner Fueled With Waste Cooking Oil

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdelgawad ◽  
Ahmed Emara ◽  
Mohamed Gad ◽  
Ahmed Elfatih
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Cooking Oil

Due to the intensive and extensive consumption of fossil fuels in all life sectors such as transportation, power generation, industrial processes, and residential consumption lead to find other new alternative fuels should be the target to cover this fuel demand. Fossil fuel resources are considered non-renewable sources and they will be depleted in the near future. In addition to its environmental impact which causes global warming, harmful exhaust emissions, and its price instability. Waste cooking oil (WCO) was considered as one of these alternative fuels and additives which will provide the industry with low price fuel and may solve the problem of getting rid of waste cooking oil. The present work demonstrated a comparative study for combustion characteristics between light diesel oil (LDO) and waste cooking oil in a swirled oil burner. Waste cooking oil was used directly as a fuel inside a cylindrical combustor using a swirled liquid oil burner at different operating conditions. Waste cooking oil was preheated to 90 °C before entering oil burner to decrease its viscosity and near to light diesel oil. Physical and chemical properties of waste cooking oil were measured and characterized according to ASTM standards. Combustion characteristics of this swirled oil burner using waste cooking oil and light diesel oil were experimentally investigated. Axial and radial inflame temperatures; exhaust gas emissions concentrations and combustor efficiency were analyzed. The experimental results showed that the increase of primary air pressure led to increase in exhaust gas temperature for LDO and WCO. CO2 emissions values for LDO increased compared to WCO. Hydrocarbons a emissions for WCO were higher than LDO. Percentage of heat transferred to the combustor wall increased for WCO compared to LDO. Increase of radial inflame temperature of WCO compared to LDO was due to the increase in heat release at high equivalence ratio. Waste cooking oil tended to produce luminous flames compared to diesel oil due to higher carbon content in its chemical composition.

scholarly journals Solid Biomass to Medium CV Gas Conversion With Rich Combustion

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon E. Andrews ◽  
Aysha Irshad ◽  
Herodotus N. Phylaktou ◽  
Bernard M. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Heated Sample ◽  
Fuel Feed ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Solid Biomass

Abstract A modified cone calorimeter for controlled atmosphere combustion was used to investigate the gases released from fixed bed rich combustion of solid biomass. The cone calorimeter was used with 50 kW/m2 of radiant heat that simulated a larger gasification system. The test specimen in the cone calorimeter is 100mm square and this sits on a load cell so that the mass burn rate can be determined. Pine wood was burned with fixed air ventilation that created rich combustion at 1.5–4 equivalence ratio, Ø. The raw exhaust gas was sampled using a multi-hole gas sample probe in a discharge chimney above the cone heater, connected via heated sample lines, filters and pumps to the heated Gasmet FTIR. The FTIR was calibrated for 60 species, including 40+ hydrocarbons. The hydrogen in the gas was computed from the measured CO concentration using the water-gas shift reaction. The exhaust gas temperature was also measured so that the sensible heat from the gasification zone was included in the energy balance. The GCV of the pine was 18.8 MJ/kgpine and at the optimum Ø the energy in the rich combustion zone gases was 14.5 MJ/kgpine, which is a 77% energy conversion from solid biomass to a gaseous fuel feed for potential gas turbine applications. This conversion efficiency is comparable with the best conventional gasification of biomass and higher than most published conversion efficiencies for coal gasifiers. Of the energy in the gas from the rich combustion 35% was from the CO, 20% from hydrogen, 35% from hydrocarbons and 10% sensible heat. Ash remained in the rich burning gasification zone. As the biomass is a carbon neutral fuel there is no need to convert the gasified gases to hydrogen, with the associated energy losses.

scholarly journals Multiple Impinging Jet Air-Assisted Atomization

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário Costa ◽  
Bruno Pizziol ◽  
Miguel Panao ◽  
André Silva
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Liquid Sheet ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Breakup Mechanism ◽  
The Impact

The growth of the aviation sector triggered the search for alternative fuels and continued improvements in thecombustion process. This work addresses the technological challenges associated with spray systems and theconcern of mixing biofuels with fossil fuels to produce alternative and more ecological fuels for aviation. This workproposes a new injector design based on sprays produced from the simultaneous impact of multiple jets, using anadditional jet of air to assist the atomization process. The results evidence the ability to control the average dropsize through the air-mass flow rate. Depending on the air-mass flow rate there is a transition between atomizationby hydrodynamic breakup of the liquid sheet formed on the impact point, to an aerodynamic breakup mechanism,as found in the atomization of inclined jets under cross-flow conditions. The aerodynamic shear breakupdeteriorates the atomization performance, but within the same order of magnitude. Finally, our experiments showthat mixing a biofuel with a fossil fuel does not significantly alter the spray characteristics, regarded as a stepfurther in developing alternative and more ecological fuels for aero-engines.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4737

Modeling and simulation of marine SCR system based on Modelica

2022 ◽  
pp. 146808742110722
Author(s):  
Jie Shi ◽  
Yuanqing Zhu ◽  
Hui Peng ◽  
Haoyu Yan ◽  
Tinghui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Slip Rate ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Bench Test ◽  
Stoichiometric Ratio ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature ◽  
Scr System

With the increasing awareness of global marine environmental protection, the emission of ship exhaust pollutants is strictly restricted. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology is the mainstream technology to reduce ship NOx emission and make it meet IMO tier III regulations. A SCR reaction kinetic model based on Modelica language was established by Dymola software to predict the denitration efficiency, ammonia slip rate, and other parameters of SCR system. According to the functional structure of marine SCR system, the SCR system model is divided into urea injection module, mixer module, and SCR reactor module. The model was verified by SCR system bench test of WD10 diesel engine, which proved that the model can preferably reflect the actual situation. Using the established model, the effects of temperature, flow rate, NH3/NOx Stoichiometric Ratio (NSR), and cell density on the denitration performance of SCR system were analyzed. The results showed that the exhaust gas temperature and NSR have a great influence on the denitration efficiency. The injection amount of urea solution in marine SCR system should be based on the exhaust gas temperature and exhaust flow rate.

scholarly journals PENGARUH ABSORSI GAS CO2 DAN H2S DALAM BIOGAS MENGGUNAKAN PASTA BATU APUNG TERHADAP PENINGKATAN UNJUK KERJA MOTOR BAKAR

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudy Sutanto ◽  
Ida Bagus Alit ◽  
Gilang Rezeki
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Pumice Stone ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Biogas Purification

Human dependence on fossil fuels cause the reserves of energy resources is increasingly reduced. To overcome these problems is urgently needed alternative fuels which are cheap and readily available, one alternative fuel is biogas. However, the use of biogas not yet maximized because of low heating value of the biogas produced from the process without purification. Premium fueled vehicle proved to be turned on using biogas. Tests conducted on the variation of the engine rotation of 1500, 2500, 3500, and 4500 rpm and variations of biogas that has been purified using the paste pumice stone with a variation of the flow rate of purification of  2 liters / minute, 6 liter / minute, and 10 liters / minute. In this test should be able to get the best performance in terms of fineness engine rotation (force braking and fuel consumption). From the test results with the variation of rotation and flow rate variations purification of biogas obtained performance of the motor fuel of the best on rotation 4500 rpm with a flow rate of fuel biogas purification of 2 liters / minute produces a torque value of 6.98 Nm and an effective power of 3288.09 Watt while the value SFCE by 0.33 Liter / Jam.Watt. This proves that, biogas purification using paste pumice stone is able to improve quality of biogas.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Alternative Fuels for Shipping in Terms of Lifecycle Energy and Cost

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8502
Author(s):  
Li Chin Law ◽  
Beatrice Foscoli ◽  
Epaminondas Mastorakos ◽  
Stephen Evans
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
Marine Fuel

Decarbonization of the shipping sector is inevitable and can be made by transitioning into low- or zero-carbon marine fuels. This paper reviews 22 potential pathways, including conventional Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) marine fuel as a reference case, “blue” alternative fuel produced from natural gas, and “green” fuels produced from biomass and solar energy. Carbon capture technology (CCS) is installed for fossil fuels (HFO and liquefied natural gas (LNG)). The pathways are compared in terms of quantifiable parameters including (i) fuel mass, (ii) fuel volume, (iii) life cycle (Well-To-Wake—WTW) energy intensity, (iv) WTW cost, (v) WTW greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and (vi) non-GHG emissions, estimated from the literature and ASPEN HYSYS modelling. From an energy perspective, renewable electricity with battery technology is the most efficient route, albeit still impractical for long-distance shipping due to the low energy density of today’s batteries. The next best is fossil fuels with CCS (assuming 90% removal efficiency), which also happens to be the lowest cost solution, although the long-term storage and utilization of CO2 are still unresolved. Biofuels offer a good compromise in terms of cost, availability, and technology readiness level (TRL); however, the non-GHG emissions are not eliminated. Hydrogen and ammonia are among the worst in terms of overall energy and cost needed and may also need NOx clean-up measures. Methanol from LNG needs CCS for decarbonization, while methanol from biomass does not, and also seems to be a good candidate in terms of energy, financial cost, and TRL. The present analysis consistently compares the various options and is useful for stakeholders involved in shipping decarbonization.

The Heat Transfer Characteristics of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Cooling Devices

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. I. Ismail ◽  
R. Zhang ◽  
D. Ewing ◽  
J. S. Cotton ◽  
J.-S. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Exhaust Gas Recirculation ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Cooling Device ◽  
Gas Recirculation

A one-dimensional steady state model was developed to predict the heat transfer performance of a shell (liquid)-and-tube (gas) heat exchanger used as a cooling device for exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) application where there is a significant temperature drop across the device. The predictions of the model results were compared with experimental measurements and the trends were found to be in good agreement for most of the transitional and turbulent regimes. The results showed that the exit gas temperature increases with increasing gas mass flow rate at fixed gas inlet temperature and coolant flow rate. It was also found that the exit gas temperature was essentially independent of the coolant flow rate for the typical operating range but did depend on the coolant inlet temperature. It was observed that the pressure drop across the cooling device was not a strong function of the gas inlet temperature. The heat-transfer effectiveness of the cooling device was found to slightly depend on the gas mass flow rate and inlet gas temperature. A preliminary analysis showed that fouling in the EGR cooling device can have a significant effect on both the thermal and hydraulic performance of the cooling device.

Evaluating the Influence of Biogas Flow Rate and Addition of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles on the Performance of a Dual Fuel Engine Using Taguchi Method

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 179-193
Author(s):  
M. Feroskhan ◽  
Ismail Saleel
Keyword(s):  
Cerium Oxide ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Volumetric Efficiency ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature

Biogas is a promising alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines owing to its renewability and carbon neutrality. In this study, biogas was used along with diesel in a CI engine in dual fuel mode, i.e. biogas is inducted along with air and this mixture is ignited by the in-cylinder injection of diesel. The viability of using cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles as an additive to diesel was also explored. The effects of three parameters, viz. biogas flow rate and concentration of CeO2 nanoparticles and applied load on engine performance were investigated under constant speed operation. These parameters were varied in the ranges of 0 - 12 litre/min, 0 - 35 mg/litre and 5 - 22 N.m respectively. The experimental test matrix was reduced to 16 trials using Taguchi’s approach. Performance was quantified in terms of brake thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, diesel consumption, exhaust gas temperature and overall equivalence ratio. The criteria for optimum performance were defined as maximum brake thermal and volumetric efficiencies and minimum diesel consumption, exhaust gas temperature and overall equivalence ratio. Optimum operating conditions were identified by evaluating the signal to noise ratio (SNR) for each performance parameter and using the higher-the-better (HTB) or lower-the-better (LTB) condition as applicable. Contributions of individual parameters towards the performance indices were found using ANOVA. Load was found to be the main contributing factor for brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and overall equivalence ratio. Biogas flow rate showed significant contribution towards volumetric efficiency. Biogas flow rate and load had comparable influences on diesel consumption. Addition of nanoparticles showed minor contribution towards all the performance parameters.

Experimental Study on Combustion and Pollution Characteristic of Gas Oil and Biodiesel

2011 ◽  
Vol 110-116 ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bashirnezhad ◽  
S. Baghdar Hosseini ◽  
A.R. Moghiman ◽  
Mohammad Moghiman
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Emission Characteristic ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
The World ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
System Operating

The industrial development of the world has increased the demand of petroleum-based fuels sharply which are obtained from limited in certain regions of the world. As a result, most of the countries have to face energy crisis. Hence, it is necessary to look for alternative fuels which can be produced from resources available locally within the country. Lots of researches on biofuels such as alcohol, biodiesel and vegetable oils have been conducted to accelerate the development of a next generation of clean, green biofuels that can compete with fossil fuels in economics and well as performance. Biodiesel is a renewable, domestically produced fuel that has been shown to reduce particulate, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions from combustion. In the present study an experimental investigation on emission characteristic of a liquid burner system operating on several percentage of biodiesel and gas oil is carried out. Samples of exhaust gas are analysed with Testo 350 Xl. The results show that biodiesel can lower some pollutant such as CO, CO2and particulate matter emissions while NOxemission would increase in comparison with gas oil. They also demonstrate growth in temperature of exhaust gas with increase of percentage of biodiesel from B0 to B40. The results indicate there may be benefits to using biodiesel in industrial processes.

scholarly journals Experimental Study of Direct Water Injection Effect on NOx Reduction from The Gas Fuel

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-108
Author(s):  
Mostafa Raafat Kotob ◽  
Tianfeng Lu ◽  
Seddik S. Wahid
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Direct Water Injection ◽  
Gas Fuel ◽  
Injection Effect ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature

Direct Water Injection (DWI) is commonly used in many nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions control applications due to its effect to reduce the adiabatic flame temperature. In this paper an experimental test rig is designed to study the effect of water injection spray inside a simulated gas turbine combustor from the gas fuel. The practical work introduced by the chemical reaction methodology followed by the experiment which was presented and discussed carefully. Results are obtained in term of the exhaust gas temperature and different injection parameters including position, direction and fuel mass flow rate on the nitrogen oxide emission value in PPM (Parts per Million) at different conditions. The results showed that the best water injection effect was obtained at 45° degree inside the primary air zone. Injection location has a major effect on the NOx reduction as the best injected location is the Primary air zone compared with the direct fuel nozzle tip due to the increase of the water droplets residence time inside the combustor and perform a vortex that will affect the reduction of exhaust gas temperature and NOx emission respectively. The huge impact was observed at LPG (Liquefied Petroleum gas) flowrate 2.7L/min and water to fuel ratio about 0.4 as the NOx value was decreased about 73% from almost 381 PPM to 73 PPM. The chemical reaction arrangement order methodology presented good agreement with the experimental results at different fuel flow rate and equivalence ratio. The chemical Reaction equations were implemented to calculate the different adiabatic flame temperatures which is experimentally known as the exhaust gas temperature and impacted directly the NOx emission results.

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