Prospects of Calcined Clay Pozzolan and Hydraulic Lime in Built Industry

The harmful impact of Portland cement manufacture on a global scale has prompted an extensive search for clinker replacement materials and alternative low CO2 cements. This paper investigated prospects and application of Calcined Clay Pozzolan with Hydraulic Lime in built industry. Limestone and Raw clay from Ewekoro and Owode-Ketu areas in Ogun State were sourced for the production after being calcined in kiln at temperatures of 950°C and 700°C for 2 hours respectively. Binders were produced by blending Calcined lime (L) and Calcined clay (C) together by mass in different variations (20%L:80%C; 40%L:60%C; 60%L:40%C; 80%L:20%C; 100%L:0%C). Consequently, these binders were mixed with fine aggregate to produce mortar cubes at a mix ratio and water cement ratio of 1:3 and 0.5 respectively. An average of 3 cubes were cast per mix to produce a total of 90, 100mm cubes and cured by water sprinkling for 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 90 days respectively. These cubes were subjected to bulk density and compressive strength tests in order to ascertain their durability. Owode-Ketu calcined clay was found to be a class N Pozzolana according to ASTM C618-08. The densities and compressive strengths of the various cubes ranged between 1785 – 1870 kg/m3 and 0.15 – 1.09 MPa respectively for all the curing periods. The binder 60%L:40%C was found to be the best of all the binders owing to its compressive strength (0.89 MPa) after 28 days curing period. All binders except 100%L:0%C could be used in any masonry, rendering, plastering and pointing application because they exhibited compressive strengths in the range of 0.4 to 2.5 MPa after 28 days curing period.

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POTENTIAL USE COCONUT MILK AS ALTERNATIVE TO ALKALI SOLUTION FOR GEOPOLYMER PRODUCTION

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/.v78.8316 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 78 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Gahasan Fahim Huseien ◽

Jahangir Mirza ◽

Mohd Warid Hussin ◽

Mohd Azreen Mohd Ariffin

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Alkali Solution ◽

Coconut Milk ◽

Fine Aggregate ◽

Strength Tests ◽

Last Stage ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact ◽

Potential Use ◽

Control Samples

This work aims to verify the feasibility of utilizing coconut milk as the alkali activator solution in geopolymer production and the impact on mortar properties; geopolymer mortar is still more expensive than ordinary Portland cement mortar simply because the cost of alkali solution. Coconut milk is extensively available in Malaysia and very rich in potassium and sodium. In this research, the coconut milk was used as alkali solution (100%) at first, and then replaced by NaOH, Na2SiO3 and in the last stage mixed with NaOH and Na2SiO3 at 50%. Normal solution component of Na2SiO3 and NaOH with 8 M, and used as control samples. Binder to fine aggregate (B:A) and solution to binder (S:B) ratios were fixed at 1.5 and 0.30 respectively. Multi blend binder based geopolymer mortar are used in this study. The samples were cured with different conditions, cured at room temperature and oven temperature of 60 and 90°C. Compressive strength tests were carried out to determine the properties of hardened mortar. The samples prepared with coconut milk showed low compressive strength as compared to control samples, The results demonstrated that using coconut milk as alternative to alkali solution in geopolymer industry is not a viable option.

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PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN TANAH MEDITERAN SEBAGAI BAHAN SUBSTITUSI SEMEN TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN DAN TARIK BETON

ATRIUM - Jurnal Arsitektur ◽

10.21460/atrium.v5i2.74 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 59-71

Author(s):

Sri Devi Nilawardani

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Coarse Aggregate ◽

Comparative Method ◽

Fine Aggregate ◽

Main Ingredient ◽

Normal Concrete ◽

Long Run ◽

Cement Manufacture ◽

Initial Idea

Title: The Effect of Using Mediteran Soil as Cement Substitution Materials in Compressive Strength and Tensile Strength of Concrete Concrete is a composite material (mixture) of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water. The potential of limestone in Indonesia is very large, reaching 28.678 billion tons which is the main ingredient in the cement manufacture. In the long run it will be depleted because it is a non-renewable natural resources. So to reduce the use of limestone the utilization of Mediteran soil as a substitution for some cement in the manufacture of concrete is required. The initial idea is based on the chemical composition contained in the Mediteran soil almost identical to the cement, which is carbonate (CaO) and silica (SiO2). The purpose of this research is to reveal the influence of substitution of Mediteran soil by 20% and 40% in the compressive strength and tensile of the concrete at age 3, 7, 14, and 28 days with the number of test specimen each 3 pieces on each variation in 10cm x20cm cylinder with planning of concrete mixture refers to SK SNI method T-15-1900-03. The type of research used is quantitative with the experimental method of laboratory test and data analysis of comparative method and regression. The results show that compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete using Mediteran soil substitution comparable to the strength of normal concrete with dry treatment. In the composition of 20% Mediteran soils decreased by 51.35% or 7.9 MPa (compressive strength) and 30.60% or 0.93 MPa (tensile strength). While the composition of 40% Mediteran soil decreased by 43.78% or 9.13 MPa (compressive strength) and 2.24% or 1.31 MPa (tensile strength).

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Experimental Investigation of the Macroscopic Behavior and Microstructure Property Evolution of Hardened Cement Consolidated Tailings

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min10010006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiang Sun ◽

Yunbing Hou

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Pore Size ◽

Pore Volume ◽

Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry ◽

Mining Industry ◽

Total Pore Volume ◽

Hardened Cement ◽

Curing Period ◽

Strength Tests ◽

Curing Age

Surface cement consolidated tailings disposal has recently been proposed to manage tailings in the modern mining industry because it can reduce or eliminate the disadvantages of traditional tailings storage. In this study, the evolution of the macro performance and microstructure characteristics of cement consolidated tailing samples during the curing period were determined by unconfined compressive strength tests, permeability tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests, respectively. The results show that the curing time notably affected the macro performance and microstructural properties of the hardened cement consolidated tailings samples. As the curing age increases, the compressive strength increases nonlinearly and the growth rate decreases; the permeability decreases rapidly first, then gradually stabilizes, and finally reaches a stable value; the morphology of the hydration products and microstructures continues to evolve with the hydration process; the total pore volume decreases slightly, whereas the critical pore size decreases significantly. The proportion of the pore volume in different pore size ranges can also be affected by the curing age, which results in a large pore (>200 nm) decrease, and the small pores (<200 nm) increased. In this process, the filling effect plays a major role.

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Studi Mengenai Perancangan Campuran Beton Abu Terbang dengan Pendekatan Blended Sand (Hal. 88-97)

RekaRacana: Jurnal Teknil Sipil ◽

10.26760/rekaracana.v4i4.88 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 88

Author(s):

Reza Fauzi Nirwan ◽

Priyanto Saelan

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Aggregate Size ◽

Maximum Aggregate Size ◽

Fine Aggregate ◽

Concrete Compressive Strength ◽

Fly Ash Concrete ◽

Is Research ◽

Strength Tests ◽

Concrete Mix

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hasil perancangan campuran beton abu terbang yang mensubtitusi semen dengan cara pendekatan sand blended, yaitu abu terbang yang mensubtitusi semen diperlakukan sebagai agregat halus, sehingga agregat halus merupakan campuran dari pasir dan abu terbang. Penelitian dilakukan dengan kuat tekan rencana 20 MPa dan 30 MPa. Substitusi semen oleh abu terbang sebesar 10 %, 20 %, dan 30 % dari berat semen. Ukuran maksimum agregat kasar yang digunakan adalah 20 mm, dan pasir dengan modulus kehalusan 2,768, slump rencana 6 cm dan 10 cm. Hasil pengujian tekan silinder beton berdiameter 10 cm dan tinggi 20 cm menunjukkan bahwa kuat tekan beton abu terbang yang dihasilkan berdekatan dengan beton acuan yaitu beton tanpa abu terbang, untuk semua kadar abu terbang yaitu sampai dengan kadar subtitusi semen oleh abu terbang sebesar 30 %. Pendekatan sand blended dapat dilakukan dalam perancangan campuran beton abu terbang.Kata Kunci : beton abu terbang, kuat tekan, pasir blendedABSTRACTThis is research was performed to know the result of the test of fly ash concrete mix designed by sand blended method. Fly ash will be treated as fine aggregate so that the total fine aggregate is the consist of fly ash and sand. 20 MPa and 30 MPa concrete mix are designed for 10 %, 20 % and 30 % by weight of cement subtitution by fly ash. Concrete mix use 20 mm maximum aggregate size, finess modulus of sand 2.768, and 6 cm and 10 cm slump. Compressive strength tests of 10 cm diameter and 20 cm height cylinder showed that the stength of fly ash concrete is the same as the strength of initial concrete. Fly ash concrete mix can be designed by sand blended approximation.Keywords : fly ash concrete, compressive strength, blended sand

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The influence of alkali-resistant glass fibres on properties of fine-aggregate concretes

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201926206003 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 262 ◽

pp. 06003 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lucyna Domagała ◽

Ewelina Bizoń-Żabińska ◽

Kamil Kurzyniec

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Strength Increase ◽

Fine Aggregate ◽

Natural Sand ◽

Glass Fibres ◽

Concrete Properties ◽

Uniform Dispersion ◽

Strength Tests ◽

Glass Aggregate

The aim of this paper is to assess the effect of modification of fine-aggregate concrete properties with zirconia alkali-resistant glass fibres. Three types of fine-aggregate composites were subject to tests: normal-weight concretes made of natural sand, non-foamed and foamed lightweight concretes made of expanded glass aggregate. The concretes were modified with the glass fibres mainly in quantities ranged from 1.0 to 5.0 kg/m3. Even such low contents resulted in the increase of both flexural and compressive strength, by up to 45 % and 26 %, respectively. In the case of normal-weight fine-aggregate concretes the applied glass fibres turned out to be especially effective in improvement of the properties in early ages. At the age of 28 days both types of concretes revealed similar percentage strength increase. In comparison to HP 12 mm the application of longer fibres (HP 24 mm) led to slightly higher results of flexural strength tests. On the other hand, the shorter fibres were definitely more effective in the improvement of compressive strength due to their greater number and more uniform dispersion in concrete volume. The used contents of alkali-resistant glass fibres did affect neither density nor water absorption of the hardened concretes.

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Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Granite Powder and Fine Aggregate with Saw Dust Ash and Quarry Dust

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ◽

10.22214/ijraset.2021.38611 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1307-1318

Author(s):

M. Sriram

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Fine Aggregate ◽

Flexure Strength ◽

Saw Dust ◽

Cement Manufacture ◽

Granite Powder ◽

And Control ◽

Quarry Dust

Abstract: The partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate with granite powder and saw dust ash, quarry dust when it is able for sustainable development is characterized by application, we came to know that a lot of damage is done to environment in the manufacturing of cement that the ton of cement manufacture releases half ton of co2 and control of the granite powder same way granite powder and saw dust is cheaper in cost. In this investigation of granite slurry and saw dust was used to partial substitute in proportions varying from 10%, 20%, 30% by weight to cement in concrete and tested from compressive strength, tensile strength and flexure strength. Concrete cubes measuring. 150 x 150 x 150 mm were cast and their compressive strength, tensile strength and flexure strength is evaluation at 7, 14, 21, 28 days. It was observed that replacement at 10% of cement by weight with granite powder in concrete was the most effective in increasing compressive and flexural strength compare to other ratios. The test results were plotted for 10% ratio of granite slurry and saw dust having great compressive strength, tensile strength and flexure strength compared to 20%, 30% ratio. So it can be concluded that when locally available granite slurry and saw dust is a good partial replacement to concrete and improves compressive, tensile, workability, flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially. Keywords: Granite waste, saw dust ash, sound absorption, compressive strength, flexibility, workability, Quarry Dust.

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Mechanical Properties of Eco-Friendly and Energy-Saving Mortar with Porous Feldspar

Science of Advanced Materials ◽

10.1166/sam.2021.3987 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1268-1274

Author(s):

Ji Sun Kim ◽

Yongho Kim ◽

Jong Young Lee ◽

Jung-Geun Han

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Construction Material ◽

Heating System ◽

Fine Aggregate ◽

Silicate Mineral ◽

Alternative Materials ◽

Strength Tests ◽

Reduction Effect ◽

Flooring Material

ABSTRACTPorous feldspar is a silicate mineral that is made up of more than 80% of SiO2 and Al2O3 as components. It has a large specific surface area than sand. It has an excellent reactivity with cement as a pozzolanic component. A normal mortar as a construction material is composed of 75% of sand and 25% of cement. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a cause of environmental pollution. It is often made when making cement contained in mortar. Therefore, it is necessary to study alternative materials that can reduce the amount of cement used. This study was conducted using feldspar as a fine aggregate instead of sand. First, feldspar was standardized through physical testing. Compressive strength tests were then carried out to compare feldspar mortar and sand-based mortar. Hydration products of mortars were confirmed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Result of these tests revealed that when feldspar was used, the compressive strength tended to be high. In this study, Case 3 consisting of feldspar 80% and cement 20% with reduced use of cement was found to be the most suitable one. Secondly, to confirm the appropriateness of using feldspar mortars as a floor material, thermal conductivity and thermal efficiency experiments were conducted using mortars with ingredients that differed from a normal mortar. Results of these experiments revealed that feldspar mortar was more effective as an insulating material than a normal mortar because it had lower thermal conductivity and longer heat retention time than a normal mortar. Therefore, the use of feldspar mortar could have an energy reduction effect compared to a normal mortar as a flooring material in an ondol (under-heating) type floor-heating system in Korea.

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Effect of locally sourced Nigerian gypsum on the strength and microstructure of Portland cement mortar

Nigerian Journal of Technology ◽

10.4314/njt.v39i4.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 1001-1010

Author(s):

A.D. Muhammad ◽

Y.D. Amartey ◽

J.M. Kaura ◽

T.S. Ijimdiya ◽

A. Lawan

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Portland Cement ◽

Cement Mortar ◽

Calcium Sulphate ◽

Cement Clinker ◽

Strength Increase ◽

Sulphate Content ◽

Curing Period ◽

Gypsum Content ◽

Cement Manufacture

The objective of this study was to investigate the suitability of Nigerian, sourced Gypsum for the manufacture of Portland cement. Gypsum samples were obtained from eighteen deposits across Nigeria. These were classified into five purity groups based on their calcium sulphate content.Foreign Gypsum, imported from Morocco, was used as control. Six cement samples where produced for each of the five Gypsum purity groups by grounding and blending cement clinker with 3%, 4%, 5%, 6% and 7% Gypsum content. The group 1 cement mix (having not more than 65% calcium sulphate content) has displayed flash set and could not be moulded and therefore not used for further analysis. Cement mortar prisms were produced for the groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 cement mixes, and subjected to flexural and compressive strength tests at 7, 14, 21 and 28 day curing periods. The cement mortar prisms were also subjected microstructure analysis at 7 and 28 days curing period. The spongy, gel and whitish colouration observed from the microstructure of the specimens indicated silicates enriched regions which have proven the strength increase from 7 to 28 day curing period. The optimum gypsum content of 5.5% was recommended. The results show that all but the class one gypsum with less than 65% purity content are suitable for cement manufacture. Keywords: Gypsum, clinker, mortar, microstructure, compressive strength, flexural strength

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Transition Zone Enhancement with Waste Limestone Powder as a Reason for Concrete Compressive Strength Increase

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14237254 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (23) ◽

pp. 7254

Author(s):

Maja Kępniak ◽

Piotr Woyciechowski ◽

Wojciech Franus

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Transition Zone ◽

Limestone Powder ◽

Partial Substitution ◽

Strength Increase ◽

Fine Aggregate ◽

Ecological Aspects ◽

Microscopic Evaluation ◽

Strength Tests ◽

Variable Water

Modification of concrete with waste materials is an increasingly common process, and they are primarily used as a partial substitution for cement. In the case of inert or nearly inert additions according to EN 206, the effectiveness of such a modification mainly concerns ecological aspects and, only to a small extent, mechanical properties. This article analyses the effect of modifying cement concrete with waste limestone powder as a partial substitution for fine aggregate. The analysed waste arises as a result of the accumulation of dust produced during the initial preparation of aggregate for the production of hot mix asphalt (HMA). In order to analyse the effect of waste on compressive strength, an experimental design was prepared with variable substitution levels and variable water/cement ratios. Compressive strength tests were performed after 28 to 90 days. Statistical analysis of the results was performed. Microscopic evaluation of the fractures of the samples was carried out to clarify the mechanism of transition zone enhancement, which resulted in an increase of compressive strength of the composite.

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