Aero-Engine Titanium from Alloys to Composites

2009 ◽  
Vol 618-619 ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phill Doorbar ◽  
Mark Dixon ◽  
Amit Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Application Development ◽  
Alloy Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aero Engine ◽  
Temperature Capability ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Imi 834

The aero-engine has provided the major drive for the development of new improved titanium alloys in recent years. This paper covers these developments from the workhorse alloy Titanium 6/4 and it’s higher temperature stable mates through to the more exotic intermetallic materials and on to their reinforcement with ceramics. The use of Ti6/4 alloy is now widespread throughout the aero space industry providing a good combination of strength at moderate temperatures (~300°C) a relatively low density and a wide range of processing options ranging from castings to forgings to powder HIP and diffusion bonding. Alloy development for the aero-engine essentially concentrated on either increasing the temperature capability and creep resistance or increasing the strength at intermediate temperatures. Alloys such as Ti 6242 and IMI 834 were aimed at compressor disc applications with operation up to around 600°C. Improvements resulted from compositional control and thermal processing to optimize the microstructure for creep and fatigue. High strength intermediate temperature capability (~500°C) alloys were also developed (Ti6246) where higher levels of molybdenum balance the alpha strengthening additions. The drive for lighter weight led to the development of titanium intermetallic systems. Alloys such as 45-2-2XD and Alloy 7 have been the subject of much research and manufacturing development over the last 20 years, demonstrating that they are capable of operating at temperatures well above those of conventional titanium. More recently, alloys with higher additions of Nb and Ta have shown improved mechanical properties and offer promise to extend the application of TiAl above 700°C. In parallel with intermetallic developments combining titanium alloys with the extreme high strength of ceramic fibres has proved irresistible and many ways to produce titanium composites have been developed. The majority of application development has focused on Ti6/4 alloy as the matrix although other matrix alloys have been investigated and tested in U.S. engine demonstrators. Recently a combination of Ti-22Al-26Nb disks reinforced with orthorhombic MMC ran for over 100 hours in an engine test. However, none of these niche composite systems has yet made the transition into large volume production and the fibre reinforced Ti6/4 system probably offers the greatest potential for implementation. The main barrier to the take up of both advanced intermetallics and titanium composites is the cost of raw materials and processing. The challenge still exists to produce net shape components and provide weight savings at an acceptable cost. This will be the key to future exploitation.

scholarly journals Design of Low-Cost and High-Strength Titanium Alloys Using Pseudo-Spinodal Mechanism through Diffusion Couple Technology and CALPHAD

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2910
Author(s):  
Chaoyi Ding ◽  
Chun Liu ◽  
Ligang Zhang ◽  
Di Wu ◽  
Libin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Couple ◽  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Strength ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Α Phase ◽  
Cr System

The high cost of development and raw materials have been obstacles to the widespread use of titanium alloys. In the present study, the high-throughput experimental method of diffusion couple combined with CALPHAD calculation was used to design and prepare the low-cost and high-strength Ti-Al-Cr system titanium alloy. The results showed that ultra-fine α phase was obtained in Ti-6Al-10.9Cr alloy designed through the pseudo-spinodal mechanism, and it has a high yield strength of 1437 ± 7 MPa. Furthermore, application of the 3D strength model of Ti-6Al-xCr alloy showed that the strength of the alloy depended on the volume fraction and thickness of the α phase. The large number of α/β interfaces produced by ultra-fine α phase greatly improved the strength of the alloy but limited its ductility. Thus, we have demonstrated that the pseudo-spinodal mechanism combined with high-throughput diffusion couple technology and CALPHAD was an efficient method to design low-cost and high-strength titanium alloys.

Self-Healing Materials as New Biologically Inspired Materials

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
Fabrizia Ghezzo ◽  
Xi Geng Miao
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Micro Cracks ◽  
Specific Objective ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Safety And Reliability ◽  
Healing Agent

Lightweight, high strength fibre-reinforced polymeric composites are leading materials in many advanced applications including biomedical components. These materials offer the feasibility to incorporate multi functionalities due to their internal architecture, heterogeneity of materials and the flexibility of combining them using currently available fabrication methods. In spite of the excellent properties of these materials, their failure is still a questionable and not well predicted event. Delamination, debonding and micro-cracks are only some of the failure mechanisms that affect the matrices of polymer based composites. More complex cases exist with the combination of multiple failure mechanisms. In such cases a self-repairing mechanism that can be auto-triggered in the matrix material once the crack has been formed, would be very beneficial for all the applications of these materials, reducing maintenance costs and increasing their safety and reliability. Self-healing materials have been studied for more than a decade by now, with the specific objective of reducing the risks and costs of cracking and damage in a wide range of materials. Different approaches have been taken to create such materials, depending on the kind of material that needs to be repaired. The most popular methods developed for polymers and polymer reinforced composites are considered in this review. These methods include materials with micro-capsules containing a healing agent, and composites with matrices that can self-heal the cracks by repairing the broken molecular links upon external heating. While the first approach to healing has been widely used and studied in the past decade, in this review we focus on the second approach since less is reported in the literature and more difficult is the development of the materials based on such a method.

scholarly journals Preparation and performance study of hydrotalcites /PLA composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 257 ◽  
pp. 01073
Author(s):  
Hongbo Liu ◽  
Zhiyong Huang ◽  
Xiuzhu Chen ◽  
Yaxin Chen ◽  
Haitian Lian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Thermoplastic Resin ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Core Technology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Performance

3D printing technology is known as the core technology of “the third industrial revolution”. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a new type of biodegradable thermoplastic resin, which is renewable. It has a wide range of raw materials. It also has the properties of high strength, good biocompatibility, excellent mechanical properties, thermoplastic and transparency. Hydrotalcite (HT) was synthesized by coprecipitation method and modified to prepare the HT/PLA composites. The results show that the structure of HT is good. After KH550 surface modification, a large number of OH and Si-O groups are introduced into PLA surface. TG results show that the HT sample has good thermal stability. Compared with pure PLA, the glass transition temperature and crystallization temperature of HT / PLA composites decreases, while the melting temperature increases.

scholarly journals Modern Packaging Solutions for Whey Protein Concentrate

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ирина Мазеева ◽  
Irina Maseeva ◽  
Игорь Короткий ◽  
Igor Korotkiy ◽  
Игорь Плотников ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whey Protein ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Whey Protein Concentrate ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Storage

The competent choice and use of packaging materials is one of the most urgent tasks of the dairy industry, i.e. the feedstock; production technology and applied processing; organoleptic characteristics of the product; its weight; conditions, modes, and duration of transportation, storage, and sale. There is a long list of requirements for packaging materials in dairy industry. It includes high strength, resistance to wear, sufficient rigidity, an ability to weld; formation of strong and sealed seams; an aesthetic design that can attract the consumer; standard labeling, etc. The present article features the objectives and requirements of packaging; types of packaging; innovative technologies used for packaging whey protein concentrate and its products; modes and conditions of transportation and storage. Today, Russian packaging manufacturers have developed and mastered a wide range of packaging materials, closures, transport and consumer packaging of domestic raw materials; innovative packaging technologies for dairy products that take into account the sensory, structural, and mechanical characteristics of packaged products; the timing of implementation and storage. The main prospect is the development and production of packaging materials with an improved and predictable set of safety indicators and barrier level, e.g. multilayer and combined materials, such as polymer, based on innovative technological solutions.

Addressing the Challenge of Aircraft Component Design and Manufacture from Metal Matrix Composites

1992 ◽  
Vol 206 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
D Charles
Keyword(s):  
Metal Matrix Composites ◽  
Metal Matrix ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Matrix Alloy ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Component Design ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Successful Design ◽  
Design And Manufacture

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) offer considerable potential for providing lightweight components exhibiting high strength, high stiffness, good wear resistance and improved elevated temperature performance in comparison to the matrix alloy. Consequently they are applicable to a wide range of aerospace products. The potential offered by this class of materials has resulted in considerable effort being expanded to address the challenges posed by the design*** and manufacture of aerospace components from these materials. These efforts have culminated in the successful design, manufacture and test of representative aircraft components from metal matrix composites.

scholarly journals Influence of steel cleanliness on drawability of fine filaments with high tensile strength

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Julie Godon ◽  
Pascal Antoine ◽  
Jean Bernard Vogt ◽  
Jérémie Bouquerel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Critical Size ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Wire Drawing ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Total Oxygen Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Steel Cleanliness

The aim of the current study is to clarify the influence of steel cleanliness on the fracture during wet wire drawing of high strength high carbon very fine filaments. Methodologies for inclusion identification and for inclusion count were developed. Ninety percent of the fractured filaments were associated with an inclusion which was SiO2, or SiO2-CaO or SiO2-MgO. The fracture of the wires resulted from debonding of the inclusion from the matrix. Inclusion density assessed from total oxygen content in the wire was successfully and reliably obtained. Inclusions exhibited a wide range of sizes but mostly around 6 μm. The inclusion density did not appear as the only parameter that affects the fracture occurrence. An important effect of size and of chemical composition of the inclusions was found. A critical size of inclusions for fracture was observed but it depends on the chemical composition of inclusions.

Rosenhain Centenary Conference - Titanium alloys for engineering structures

1976 ◽  
Vol 282 (1307) ◽  
pp. 401-411 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Alloy Composition ◽  
High Strength ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Alloy Development ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

The range of properties obtainable in titanium alloys derives from the use which is made of the j5~oc phase transformation, and alloying elements are classified according to their effect on the transformation temperature. The relation between composition and heat treatment on the one hand and the resultant microstructure and mechanical properties on the other hand are considered. In addition to the commonly used ‘general purpose’ alloy Ti-6A1-4V, more advanced alloys have been developed for three main applications, namely high strength forging alloys, creep resistant alloys and sheet alloys. For each type of alloy a different balance of material properties is required and the process of optimizing the alloy composition and heat treatment to give the best balance in each case is discussed. Factors affecting the cost of titanium alloys are outlined and consideration is given to the likely trends of titanium alloy development in the future.

How to Assess the Environmental Sustainability of Geopolymers? A Live Cycle Perspective

2010 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Weil ◽  
Anja Buchwald ◽  
Katja Dombrowski-Daube
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Binder System ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Technical Properties ◽  
Application Fields

Geopolymers as an alternative binder system gains growing attention in research and development. Outstanding technical properties like high strength, high acid resistance, or high temperature resistance can be unerringly achieved. Thus geopolymers are not only suitable for the development of building products, but are also interesting binder systems for ceramic applications. Besides the technical performance of geopolymers, which is well investigated, only limited scientific knowledge exists about the environmental sustainability of geopolymers [1]. Due to the wide range of suitable raw materials and hence resulting, different geopolymer compositions for distinct application fields a generally statement about the environmental implications cannot be addressed to geopolymers. A more detailed analysis and assessment is needed, to provide more diversified statements.

Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Ceramics with the Addition of Alumina Fiber

2014 ◽  
Vol 608 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Geun Hee Kim ◽  
Jae Hwan Pee ◽  
Yoo Jin Kim ◽  
Woo Seok Cho ◽  
Dae Wung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Low Density ◽  
High Melting ◽  
Alumina Fiber ◽  
Mullite Phase ◽  
High Melting Temperature ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Strength And Toughness

Lightweight ceramics have a low density, which leads to a decrease in strength and toughness. In the development of lightweight ceramics, high-strengthening technology is necessary. Alumina fiber was mixed with raw materials for the purpose of producing high-strength lightweight ceramics. After adding alumina fiber at 1, 3, and 5wt% and sintering at 1300°C, we found that strength and toughness increased in proportion to the amount. Instead of the high melting temperature of alumina fiber, it is reacted with matrix and generated mullite phase. And lots of alumina fiber remains in the matrix, thereby allowing improvements in strength and toughness. When alumina fiber was not added, we found a low density of 1.35~1.80 g/m3, along with low values for strength and toughness at 30~60MPa and 0.7~1.2 MPa m1/2 respectively. With 1wt% addition of alumina fiber, we obtained a higher strength of 92MPa at 1300°C, which is close to the strength of general white porcelains at 112MPa.

scholarly journals An analysis of thermo-mechanical fatigue crack growth in the titanium alloy Ti-6246

2020 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
pp. 04002
Author(s):  
J. Palmer ◽  
J. Jones ◽  
M. Whittaker ◽  
S. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Thermal Stresses ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mechanical Fatigue ◽  
Aero Engine ◽  
Transient Thermal

Titanium alloys are equipped with impressive high strength and low density, along with other notable mechanical properties. Often the choice for low to intermediate temperature mechanical applications, titanium alloys are well utilised within the aerospace industry, making up 40% of the aero-engine. Within the gas turbine engine, the high transient thermal stresses developed due to variations in power requirements during a typical flight cycle give rise to the phenomenon of thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF). The lifing models utilised within this research focus on damage tolerance approaches. TMF crack growth test techniques have been developed for high performance titanium alloys, in which diverse phasing (φ) between mechanical loading and temperature have been investigated. In addition, factors affecting the TMF behaviour of Ti-6246, including peak temperature, minimum temperature and temperature range have also been explored.

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