Physical Modelling of Metallurgical Processes

2016 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 1685-1690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariola Saternus ◽  
Jacek Pieprzyca ◽  
Tomasz Merder
Keyword(s):  
Processing Condition ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Physical Modelling ◽  
Test Stand ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Steel Metallurgy ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
The One ◽  
Steel Flow ◽  
Metallurgical Processes

Today physical modelling is a commonly used tool in modelling metallurgical processes. It can be applied both in steel metallurgy and non-ferrous metals metallurgy processes. It gives the opportunity to determine the hydrodynamic conditions of the processes. Although, the flow of mass and gas is not totally presented by such modelling, this kind of research is very often and willingly used. That is because it is really difficult to conduct experimental research in industrial conditions. Typically water is used as a modelling agent, so the physical modelling is not as expensive as the one carried out in industrial conditions. To obtain representative research from physical modelling the physical models have to be built according to the strict rules coming from the theory of similarity. The results obtained from the experimental test on the physical model, after verification, can be transferred to the real conditions. The article shows the obatined results coming from physical modelling of the steel production process. In the Institute of Metals Technologies of Silesian University of Technology the appropriate test stand was built to simulate the steel flow and mixing in the ladle. The visualization results have been presented. To simulate processing condition during aluminium refining additional test stand was also built. The exemplary results have been shown for different flow rate of gas, rotary impeller speed and different shapes of impellers. All presented results have been discussed and presented for the perspectives of further research.

scholarly journals Evolution of the Numerical Model Describing the Distribution of Non-Metallic Inclusions in the Tundish

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2229
Author(s):  
Tomasz Merder ◽  
Jacek Pieprzyca ◽  
Marek Warzecha ◽  
Piotr Warzecha ◽  
Artur Hutny
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Liquid Steel ◽  
Nonmetallic Inclusions ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Working Space ◽  
Production Stages ◽  
Steel Flow ◽  
Flow Controllers

Continuous casting is one of the steel production stages, during which the improvement in the metallurgical purity of steel can be additionally affected by removing nonmetallic inclusions (NMIs). This can be achieved by means of various types of flow controllers, installed in the working space of the tundish. The change in the steel flow structure, caused by those flow controllers, should lead to an intensification of NMIs removal from the liquid metal to the slag. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the behavior of nonmetallic inclusions during the flow of liquid steel through the tundish, and particularly during their distribution. The presented paper reports the results of the modeling studies of NMI distribution in liquid steel, flowing through the tundish. CFD modeling methods—using different models and computation variants—were employed in the study. The obtained CFD results were compared with the results of laboratory tests (using a tundish water model). The results of the performed investigations allow us to compare both methods of modeling; the investigated phenomena were microparticle distribution and mass microparticle concentration in the model fluid. The validation of the CFD results verified the analyzed computation variants. The aim of the research was to determine which numerical model is the best for describing the studied phenomenon. This will be used as the first phase of a larger research program which will provide for a comprehensive study of the distribution of NMIs flowing through tundish steel.

Microstructure Modelling of Solid-State Transformations in Low-Alloy Steel Production

2012 ◽  
Vol 706-709 ◽  
pp. 2782-2787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Giuseppina Mecozzi ◽  
C. Bos ◽  
J. Sietsma
Keyword(s):  
Dual Phase Steel ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Transformation Kinetics ◽  
Band Formation ◽  
Cellular Automata Model ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Microstructural Band ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Metallurgical Processes

In this work the formation of microstructural banding in a dual-phase steel is investigated by using a three-dimensional cellular automata model for phase transformations. Originally developed for describing the metallurgical processes occurring during the annealing stage of cold-rolled strips, this model is presently applied to investigate microstructural-band formation during the austenite-to-ferrite transformation kinetics during cooling after hot rolling. The recent incorporation in the model of an inhomogeneous concentration of Mn, the alloying element most responsible for the development of microstructural banding, and the local nucleation behaviour dependent on the Mn concentration allows the study of the effect of material and process parameters on the banding formation.

scholarly journals SELECTED TECHNICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE PNEUMATIC LAUNCHER OPERATION FOR HOPKINSON MEASURING BARS SET

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Sobczyk ◽  
Leopold Kruszka ◽  
Ryszard Chmielewski ◽  
Ryszard Rekucki
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Test Stand ◽  
Physical Experiments ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Split Hopkinson ◽  
Material Sample ◽  
The Military

The paper presents selected technical and legal areas of the exploitation of a pneumatic launcher as an essential part of the mechanical test stand of the split Hopkinson bar for testing the dynamic properties of construction materials. The process of impact loading of the tested material sample is carried out by means of a loading bar-projectile fired from this launcher. The concept of the first stage of the modernization of the pneumatic launcher used at the Institute of Civil Engineering of the Military University of Technology (MUT) for over 20 years was discussed in order to facilitate the performance of physical experiments. The formal and legal requirements for the design, construction and usage of a test stand with a pneumatic launcher in a laboratory room are presented.

New evidence for the life habit of graptoloids from physical modelling

Paleobiology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Rigby ◽  
Barrie Rickards
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Band ◽  
Physical Modelling ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Life Habit ◽  
Passive Rotation ◽  
Directional Motion ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Colony Shape

Physical models of graptolites have been constructed for a range of morphologies, with emphasis on planar, multiramous forms. The models are life size and have the density of a living graptolite, based on the now-established collagenous nature of the periderm and unavoidable assumptions about the amount of extrathecal tissue present in the living colony. These models have been used to test the two main hypotheses of graptolite life habit developed by Bulman, Rickards, Kirk, and others. Testing of graptoloid models in water suggests that many rhabdosome shapes were designed for passive rotation within the water column. This is caused in the models by a variety of modifications, including changes in thecal and stipe orientation, alterations of colony shape and the addition of vanes and hooks. Rotation would only have been useful when the rhabdosome was in directional motion and the frequency of such modifications seems anomalous if no such movement occurred. Thus movement by some means is required, either passively, by changes in buoyancy, or by automobility. Spiralling action would increase the harvesting path of an individual living on a planar, multiramous colony, making this a theoretically advantageous mode of life for the morphology. It would prevent the individual zooids of scandent biserial and uniserial colonies from feeding from the same narrow band of water.

scholarly journals Physical and Mathematical Fluid Mechanics

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2199
Author(s):  
Markus Scholle
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Mechanics ◽  
Continuum Hypothesis ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Local Equilibrium ◽  
Physical Modelling ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Software Codes ◽  
The One ◽  
The Continuum

Fluid mechanics has emerged as a basic concept for nearly every field of technology. Despite there being a well-developed mathematical theory and available commercial software codes, the computation of solutions of the governing equations of motion is still challenging, especially due to the nonlinearity involved, and there are still open questions regarding the underlying physics of fluid flow, especially with respect to the continuum hypothesis and thermodynamic local equilibrium. The aim of this Special Issue is to reference recent advances in the field of fluid mechanics both in terms of developing sophisticated mathematical methods for finding solutions of the equations of motion, on the one hand, and on novel approaches to the physical modelling beyond the continuum hypothesis and thermodynamic local equilibrium, on the other.

scholarly journals Determining Conditions for Thermoplastic Processing Guaranteeing Receipt of High-Quality Wire Rod for Cold Upsetting Using Numerical and Physical Modelling Methods

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 711
Author(s):  
Konrad Laber ◽  
Marcin Knapiński
Keyword(s):  
Steel Wire ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Physical Modelling ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Cold Upsetting ◽  
Wire Rod ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
The One ◽  
Process Simulator

This paper presents the results of research with regard to determining the conditions of the thermoplastic processing of steel wire rod for cold upsetting, which ensures that a finished product with an even and fine-grained microstructure, without a clear banding and with increased cold deformability is obtained. The material used for the studies was 20MnB4 low carbon steel, and the studies were carried out on wire rod with a final diameter of 5.5 mm. Numerical modelling of the analysed process was carried out using commercial FORGE 2011® and QTSteel® programs, based on the finite element method. The GLEEBLE 3800® metallurgical process simulator was used for the physical modelling studies. The obtained theoretical and experimental results were then verified in industrial conditions. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the optimum strip temperature before deformation in the RSM finishing block of the rolling mill is about 850 °C. The best cooling variant after the deformation process was the one in which the cooling rate was 10 °C/s. Such parameters of thermoplastic processing ensure that a final product with a favourable complex of mechanical and technological properties as well as a fine-grained, even microstructure, lacking clear banding, is obtained.

scholarly journals The Biomechanics of Erections: Modeling the Penis as a One-Comparment Pressurized Vessel vs. Modeling it as a Two-Compartments Pressurized Vessel

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mohamed ◽  
A. Erdman ◽  
G. Timm
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Tunica Albuginea ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Biomechanical Models ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The One

Previous biomechanical models of the penis that have attempted to simulate penile erections have either been limited to two-dimensional geometry, simplified three-dimensional geometry or made inaccurate assumptions altogether. Most models designed the shaft of the penis as a one-compartment pressurized vessel fixed at one end, when in reality it is a two-compartments pressurized vessel, in which the compartments diverge as they enter the body and are fixed at two separate points. This study began by designing simplified two-dimensional and three-dimensional models of the erect penis using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) methods with varying anatomical considerations for analyzing structural stresses, axial buckling and lateral deformation. The study then validated the results by building physical models replicating the computer models. Finally a more complex and anatomically accurate model of the penis was designed and analyzed. There was a significant difference in the peak von-Mises stress distribution between the one-compartment pressurized vessel and the more anatomically correct two-compartments pressurized vessel. Furthermore, the two-compartments diverging pressurized vessel was found to have more structural integrity when subject to external lateral forces than the one-compartment pressurized vessel. This study suggests that Mother Nature has favored an anatomy of two corporal cavernosal bodies separated by a perforated septum as opposed to one corporal body, due to better structural integrity of the tunica albuginea when subject to external forces.

SELF-DUAL CONE ANALYSIS IN CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (07) ◽  
pp. 749-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
TADAHIRO MIYAO
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Condensed Matter ◽  
The Self ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Condensed Matter Physics ◽  
Dual Cone ◽  
Operator Inequalities ◽  
The One ◽  
Phase Angles

The self-dual cone — the central object of this review — is introduced. Several operator inequalities associated with the self-dual cone are defined and mathematical properties of those are investigated. In general there are infinitely many choices of self-dual cones in a Hilbert space. Each of these lead to a distinct family of operator inequalities in the Hilbert space which enables us to analyze quantum physical models with respect to several aspects. We refer to these applications as self-dual cone analysis. The focus of this review lies on the self-dual cone analysis of models in condensed matter physics. In particular, by taking a physically proper self-dual cone, the interaction term of the Hamiltonian of the system becomes attractive from a viewpoint of our new operator inequalities. This attractive term enables us to analyze the system and various aspects of physical interest in detail. For instance, if the attractive term is ergodic, it is shown that the ground state is unique. By the uniqueness and the conservation laws, the physically symmetric state is realized as the ground state. This could be regarded as a physical order. As applications, the BCS model and the one-dimensional Fröhlich model are studied. We explain, from a viewpoint of the self-dual cone analysis, the appearance of macroscopic phase angles in the superconductors, Josephson effect and the Peierls instability.

Designing of a Novel Shroud for Improving the Quality of Steel in Tundish

2012 ◽  
Vol 585 ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debasish Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Casting ◽  
Continuous Casting Machine ◽  
Casting Machine ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Metal Bath ◽  
Ladle Slag ◽  
Exchange Operation ◽  
Slag Entrainment ◽  
Steel Flow

In present 92.8% of world steel production is casted on continuous casting machine. The key phase of continuous casting is tundish. Beside of refining effect of slag phase also steel flow in tundish is very important factor. The main causes for inclusion formation and contamination of the melt include reoxidation of the melt by air and carried over oxidizing ladle slag, entrainment of tundish and ladle slag, and emulsification of these slags into the melt. These causes are due to generation of turbulence in the melt. Although turbo stop lowers the turbulence in some extent. But it is not capable of totally decrease of turbulence specially during lowering of metal bath at the time of ladle exchange operation, cause contamination of the steel melt in tundish. So in the present work it has been focused to develop a novel shroud which have significant role to supply of steel from ladle to tundish at slow rate to avoid turbulence, emulsification and formation of slag eye in tundish to produce quality steel in a sustained manner.

The Influence of the Impeller Shape on Hydrogen Removal from Liquid Aluminium - Physical Model

2012 ◽  
Vol 706-709 ◽  
pp. 1515-1520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariola Saternus
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Physical Modelling ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Oxygen Removal ◽  
Test Stand ◽  
Liquid Aluminium ◽  
Gas Dispersion ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Rotary Speed

Today the barbotage process is commonly used for refining aluminium and its alloys. There are many refining reactors available all over the world. The refining gas can be introduced to the liquid metal by nozzles, ceramic porous plugs and rotary impellers. The last ones become the most popular. The shape of impellers is different and influences the level of gas dispersion in the liquid metal. Physical modelling is quite often used for modelling the aluminium barbotage process. In this way it is possible to observe the phenomena that take place in the whole process. Results obtained from this kind of research can be representative and transformed to real conditions if the test stand is built according to the theory of similarity. The test stand was built for modelling the refining process in the URO-200 reactor. Three different shapes of impellers were tested. The processing parameters like the flow rate of refining gas and the impeller rotary speed changed in the range from 5 to 15 dm3/min and from 0 to 500 rpm respectively. Additionally the research of oxygen removal from water was carried out as an analogy of hydrogen removal from liquid aluminium. The level of oxygen was measured by means of oxygen meter Elmetron CO-401. The obtained results were discussed and graphically presented.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document