Influence of the Developed Flame Retardant System Based on Renewable Raw Materials on Epoxy Resin Fire Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 995 ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Salasinska ◽  
Maciej Celiński ◽  
Paweł Kozikowski ◽  
Michał K. Leszczyński ◽  
Monika Borucka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Smoke Emission ◽  
Burning Process ◽  
Structural Evaluation

A novel intumescent flame retardant system based on shell (S) and histidine diphosphate (HF) was developed and introduced into the epoxy resin in order to verify its effectiveness in the inhibition of the burning process. To confirm the structure of HF, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used. The influence of the flame retardant system on the burning and smoke emission of the resin was assessed based on cone calorimeter (CC) measurements. Moreover, structural evaluation of polymeric materials was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the incorporation of the developed flame retardant system caused the formation of a protective layer in the form of char, which reduced burning process and smoke emission of the epoxy resin. The obtained results were better than those generated by commercial intumescent fire retardant.

scholarly journals Moisture Resistance, Thermal Stability and Fire Behavior of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Modified with L-histidinium Dihydrogen Phosphate-Phosphoric Acid

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 932
Author(s):  
Kamila Sałasińska ◽  
Maciej Celiński ◽  
Kamila Mizera ◽  
Mateusz Barczewski ◽  
Paweł Kozikowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester Resin ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Smoke Emission ◽  
Volatile Products

In this paper, the fire behavior of unsaturated polyester resin (UP) modified with L-histidinium dihydrogen phosphate-phosphoric acid (LHP), being a novel intumescent fire retardant (IFR), was investigated. Thermal and thermomechanical properties of the UP with different amounts of LHP (from 10 to 30 wt. %) were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) as well as dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Reaction to small flames was studied by horizontal burning (HB) test, while fire behavior and smoke emission were investigated with the cone calorimeter (CC) and smoke density chamber. Further, the analysis of volatile products was conducted (TGA/FT-IR). It was observed that the addition of LHP resulted in the formation of carbonaceous char inhibiting the thermal decomposition, burning rate and smoke emission. The most promising results were obtained for the UP containing 30 wt. % of LHP, for which the highest reduction in maximum values of heat release rate (200 kW/m2) and total smoke release (3535 m2/m2) compared to unmodified polymer (792 kW/m2 and 6895 m2/m2) were recorded. However, some important disadvantage with respect to water resistance was observed.

scholarly journals Development of Biodegradable Flame-Retardant Bamboo Charcoal Composites, Part I: Thermal and Elemental Analyses

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Wang ◽  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Kate Semple ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Wenbiao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bamboo Charcoal ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Plastic Composite

In this study, bamboo charcoal (BC) was used as a substitute filler for bamboo powder (BP) in a lignocellulose-plastic composite made from polylactic acid (PLA), with aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) added as a fire retardant. A set of BC/PLA/AHP composites were successfully prepared and tested for flame-retardancy properties. Objectives were to (a) assess compatibility and dispersibility of BC and AHP fillers in PLA matrix, and (b) improve flame-retardant properties of PLA composite. BC reduced flexural properties while co-addition of AHP enhanced bonding between PLA and BC, improving strength and ductility properties. Adding AHP drastically reduced the heat release rate and total heat release of the composites by 72.2% compared with pure PLA. The formation of carbonized surface layers in the BC/PLA/AHP composites effectively improved the fire performance index (FPI) and reduced the fire growth index (FGI). Flame-retardant performance was significantly improved with limiting oxygen index (LOI) of BC/PLA/AHP composite increased to 31 vol%, providing a V-0 rating in UL-94 vertical flame test. Adding AHP promoted earlier initial thermal degradation of the surface of BC/PLA/AHP composites with a carbon residue rate up to 40.3%, providing a protective layer of char. Further raw material and char residue analysis are presented in Part II of this series.

scholarly journals Special Concrete with Polymers

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Nicolae Angelescu ◽  
Ioana Ion ◽  
Darius Stanciu ◽  
José Barroso Aguiar ◽  
Elena Valentina Stoian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Polymer Concrete ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Concrete Mixtures ◽  
Experimental Works ◽  
Materials Used

Abstract The development of polymeric materials offers new perspectives of science and technology due to their outstanding properties. These properties are obtained either due to the effect of dispersion polymers and their polymerization either due to their intervention in structure formation. They were prepared epoxy resin polymer concrete, Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregate and to evaluate the influence of resin dosage on microstructures and density of such structures reinforced concrete mixtures. The paper detailing the raw materials used in experimental works and structural properties of concrete studied.

scholarly journals Effects of a Macromolecule Spirocyclic Inflatable Flame Retardant on the Thermal and Flame Retardant Properties of Epoxy Resin

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunpeng Song ◽  
Yinjie Wang ◽  
Fang Ruan ◽  
Jiping Liu ◽  
Nianhua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Phosphorus Oxychloride ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

A new strategy for the preparation of an integrated three-source intumescent flame retardant (IFR) has been developed to improve the flame-retardant and smoke suppression performance of epoxy resin (EP) with a synergistic flame retardant effect. Herein, the synthesis of a macromolecular spirocyclic phosphorus/nitrogen-containing IFR poly sulfonamide spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate (SAPC) is reported via a two-step method that uses pentaerythritol, phosphorus oxychloride and sulfonamide (SAA) as raw materials. Subsequently, the SAPC was incorporated into EP to prepare the composite to investigate its thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression performance. Herein, a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that the addition of SAPC increased the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composite. Cone test results indicated that the incorporation of 8 wt % SAPC significantly improved the flame-retardant performance for the composite, with a 43.45% decrease in peak of heat release rate, a 28.55% reduction in total heat release, and a 30.04% decrease in total smoke release. Additionally, the composite received the V-0 rating in a UL-94 vertical burning test, accompanied by the “blowout” phenomenon. After the addition of SAPC, the amount of flammable gas products from the EP composite decomposition was obviously suppressed, and the amount of non-flammable as was increased. All of this suggests a good dilution role of SAPC. There are enough reasons to believe that the enhanced flame-retardant and toxicity suppression performance for the EP composite can be attributed to the good coordination of carbonization agent, acid source, and blowing agent in the SAPC structure.

Synthesis of a Flame Retardant and Hydrophobic Epoxy Resin with Multiple Elements Synergistic Effect for Tunnel Seepage Prevention Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 842 ◽  
pp. 314-325
Author(s):  
Bin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Grouting Materials

Epoxy resin (EP) mortar usually used to repair the cracking of concrete structure under damp environment, but EP is extremely flammable, thus it’s extremely imperative to design a novel multifunction EP grouting materials with flame retardancy and waterproofness for the practical application. Targeting ingenious decoration of EP grouting materials, multiple flame retardant elements (phosphorus, nitrogen and fluorine) are concurrently introduced into a fire retardant and the fire retardant defined as DDM-FNP. The obtained DDM-FNP/EP grouting composite possess high thermal stability, flame retardancy and hydrophobicity. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of DDM-FNP/EP composites has a significant improve, which is increased from 26.7 (EP-0) to 35.8 (EP-4). Composites with more than 10 wt% of DDM-FNP could pass UL-94 V-0 rating without dripping. Compared with EP-0, the PHRR and THR of EP-4 are decreased by 31.1% and 21.6%, respectively. In addition, due to the introduction of the F element, the water contact angle of EP composites is changed from 75.2° (hydrophilicity) to 98.6° (hydrophobicity) after the introduction of a certain amount of DDM-FNP flame retardant. Therefore, this work provide a new perspective to design a multifunction EP grouting composite and improve the value of practical application on seepage prevention of tunnel.

scholarly journals Effective chemical methods of fire control: new threats and new solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 442-448
Author(s):  
S. D. Varfoloveev ◽  
S. M. Lomakin ◽  
P. A. Sakharov ◽  
A. V. Khvatov
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Fire Control ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
New Type ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

This paper discusses the prospective flame retardant systems for polymeric materials, while considering the environmental issues they create. Polymer nanocomposites with carbon nano-additives and layered silicates are presented as a new type of flame retardant system which exhibits a synergistic effect flame retardancy for traditional polymer thermoplasts. Particular attention is paid to the novel intumescent flame retardants based on the oxidized renewable raw materials, which can be successfully used in the manufacture of multi-purpose timber construction and polymer materials.

Preparation and Application of Water-Based Fire Retardant of Ammonium Phosphate

2014 ◽  
Vol 1015 ◽  
pp. 287-290
Author(s):  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Hua Xie ◽  
Di Wang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Detergent Solution ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Decomposition Properties

The water-based fire retardant is one kind of additive type flame retardant, which uses water as the dispersion medium and improves the flame retardant performance of wood, fabric or cardboard by spraying or dipping. In this paper, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and diammonium phosphate were used as raw materials for preparing the water-based flame retardants according to four different proportions of 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50. Three kinds of fabrics were disposed with the retardant firstly, and then dried in the air, at last immersed in water, liquid soap and detergent solution with one hour. Air dried fabrics were characterized by differential thermal and thermal gravimetric analysis, and effect of water-based fire retardant of ammonium phosphate on the thermal decomposition properties also discussed on the basis of the experimental data. These results may have significant potential towards exploring preparation and application of other water-based flame retardants.

scholarly journals Influence of Sepiolite and Lignin as Potential Synergists on Flame Retardant Systems in Polylactide (PLA) and Polyurethane Elastomer (PUE)

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Carretier ◽  
Julien Delcroix ◽  
Monica Francesca Pucci ◽  
Pierre Rublon ◽  
José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Polyurethane Elastomer ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Flow Calorimeter ◽  
Combustion Flow

A comparison of the influence of sepiolite and lignin as potential synergists for fire retardant (FR) systems based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP) has been carried out in polyurethane elastomer and polylactide. Different ratios of kraft lignin and sepiolite were tested in combination with APP in both polymers. The thermal stability and the fire behavior of the corresponding composites were evaluated using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), a Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimeter (PCFC) and Cone Calorimeter (CC). The mechanisms of flame retardancy imparted by APP and other components were investigated. Synergistic effects were highlighted but only for specific ratios between APP and sepiolite in polyurethane elastomer (PUE) and polylactide (PLA) on one hand, and between APP and lignin in PLA on the other hand. Sepiolite acts as char reinforcement but through the formation of new phosphorus compounds it is also able to form a protective layer. Conversely, only complementary effects on fire performance were noted for lignin in PUE due to a dramatic influence on thermal stability despite its action on char formation.

Improving Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites by Carbon Nanotubes Grafted CuAl-Layered Double Hydroxide Hybrid

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 6406-6412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiyu Cai ◽  
Fangchao Peng ◽  
Yixi Wang ◽  
Junyan Yi ◽  
Xingwei Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Layered Double Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Limit Oxygen Index ◽  
Ep Matrix ◽  
Double Hydroxide

To solve the issues of the poor dispersion performance of the inorganic flame retardant filler in epoxy resin (EP) matrix, the three-dimensional (3D) hybrid carbon nanotubes-copper aluminum (sodium dodecyl sulfate)-layered double hydroxide (CNTs-OLDH) is designed and synthesized by co-precipitation. The results indicate that the CNTs-OLDH hybrid with 3D-structure is successfully fabricated and well dispersed in EP matrix. The thermostability of EP/CNTs-OLDH nanocomposites is raised and the residue is obviously increased. When the amount of CNTs-OLDH is only 4 wt%, limit oxygen index value of EP/CNTs-OLDH nanocomposites reaches 28.5. Compared with pure EP, the heat release, smoke and gas of EP/FePP nanocomposites are inhibited by CNTs-OLDH hybrid, and the PHRR, THR and SPR values of EP/4CNTs-OLDH nanocomposites decrease by 41.7%, 27.8% and 31.7%. The improved fire retardant performances and thermal stability are attributed to the excellent homogeneous dispersion, the network structure formed by the 3D hybrid in the matrix and the outstanding flame retardant effect of CNTs and OLDH.

Study on Properties of a Novel Flame Retardant Epoxy Curing Agent

2019 ◽  
Vol 953 ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
Yong Li Peng ◽  
Can Zhang ◽  
Ni An Zhuo
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Resin System ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Epoxy Curing

Using 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10 oxide (DOPO) and N-methylol acrylamide as the main raw materials, the curing agent DOPO-NMA was synthesized. The flame retardant curing agent DOPO-NMA and E-51 epoxy resin (EP) were then cured to obtain epoxy resin E-51 system, and its flame retardancy, thermal stability and mechanical properties were studied. The results showed that the tensile, bending and impact strength of the cured system decreased with the increase of phosphorus mass fraction in the resin system, and the flame retardancy rating, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and char yield at 700°C increased with the increase of phosphorus mass fraction in the resin system.

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