Enhancing the Char Resistant of Expandable Graphite Based Intumescent Fire Retardant Coatings by Using Multi-Wall Carbon Nano Tubes for Structural Steel

2012 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 90-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Ullah ◽  
Faiz Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Fire Test ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Steel Structure ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Shielding Effect ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes

In the intumescent fire retardant (IFR) coating char thickness and its strength play a vital role to protect the base steel structure from the fire. The IFR coating contains expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine, boric acid, bisphenol, epoxy resin BE-188 (BPA) which is used as a binder with ACR hardener H-2310 polyamide amine and multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). A range of different formations were prepared to study the heat shielding effect and char expansion after fire test. The intumescent coating was tested at 800°C for one hour in the furnace and found to be very stable and well bonded with the steel substrate. The characterization was done by using Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) after fire test. The results confirmed that MWCNTs enhanced the char resistant of IFR coating on steel substrate after fire test. Keywords: Intumescent fire retardant coating, Expandable Graphite, Multiwall Carbonnano tubes, FESEM and TGA.

The Effect of Wollastonite Filler on Thermal Performance of Intumescent Fire Retardant Coating

2014 ◽  
Vol 970 ◽  
pp. 328-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zia-ul-Mustafa ◽  
Faiz Ahmad ◽  
Puteri S. M. Megat-Yusoff ◽  
Hammad Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Fire Test ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Coated Steel ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Various types of intumescent fire retardant coatings (IFRCs) have been used to protect the substrates exposed to fire. In current study, high temperature filler Wollastonite (W) filler was used to improve fire performance of intumescent fire retardant coating. The basic ingredients of the coating were ammonium poly-phosphate (APP) as acid source, expandable graphite (EG) as carbon source, melamine (MEL) as blowing agent in epoxy binder, boric acid as additive and hardener as curing agent. In this study a range of coating formulations were developed by using different weight percentages of Wollastonite filler. The coated steel substrate samples were tested for fire performance using Bunsen burner and char expansion was measured using furnace fire test. Composition of the char was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The char morphology was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Results showed that Intumescent coating with addition of Wollastonite filler enhanced anti-oxidation of the char. Presence of phosphorus, calcium and silicon in char layer further improved the thermal stability of char.

scholarly journals Correlating the Performance of a Fire-Retardant Coating across Different Scales of Testing

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Hao Ng ◽  
Indraneel Suhas Zope ◽  
Aravind Dasari ◽  
Kang Hai Tan
Keyword(s):  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Protective System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Structural Scale

Material-scale tests involving milligrams of samples are used to optimize fire-retardant coating formulations, but actual applications of these coatings require them to be assessed with structural-scale fire tests. This significant difference in the scale of testing (milligrams to kilograms of sample) raises many questions on the relations between the inherent flammability and thermal characteristics of the coating materials and their “performance” at the structural scale. Moreover, the expected “performance” requirements and the definition of “performance” varies at different scales. In this regard, the pathway is not established when designing and formulating fire-retardant coatings for structural steel sections or members. This manuscript explores the fundamental relationships across different scales of testing with the help of a fire-protective system based on acrylic resin with a typical combination of intumescent additives, viz. ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and expandable graphite. One of the main outcomes of this work dictates that higher heat release rate values and larger amounts of material participating in the pyrolysis process per unit time will result in a rapid rise in steel substrate temperature. This information is very useful in the design and development of generic fire-retardant coatings.

Effect of Titanium Oxide on Fire Performance of Intumescent Fire Retardant Coating

2014 ◽  
Vol 935 ◽  
pp. 224-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hammad Aziz ◽  
Faiz Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Zia-ul-Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Titanium Oxide ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Bunsen Burner ◽  
Weight Percentage

The objective of this research work was to study the thermal efficiency of intumescent fire retardant coating (IFRC) designed to protect structural steel in event of fire. IFRC has been effectively developed by using ammonium polyphosphate (APP), expandable graphite (EG), melamine (MEL), boric acid (BA), titanium oxide (TiO2), and bisphenol A BE-188 with polyamide amine H-2310 as curing agent. Six formulations were developed using different weight percentage (wt. %) of TiO2 and samples were tested for char expansion in furnace at 500°C for 2 h. Bunsen burner test was used to investigate the thermal performance of coating and its performance was compared by using thermal margin value. FESEM was used for char morphology. Char composition was analyzed by XRD and FTIR. Results showed that the coating with 4 wt. % of TiO2 provides better thermal insulation to the steel substrate.

Spectroscopic Characterization and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis of Bioactive Copper 2-Amino 6-Methyl Benzothiazole Complexes Derived from Various Oils

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anju Joram ◽  
Rashmi Sharma ◽  
Arun Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Spectroscopic Characterization ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Natural Oils

Background:Surfactants most characteristic phenomenon of micellization in the bulk phase, as well as their ability to be accumulated at an interface are of immense theoretical, applied and biological interests as indicated by large number of publication of papers and reviews in last three decades. Particulars information about Copper (II) soaps derived from natural oils, play a vital role in its selection in specific phenomena such as foaming, wetting, detergency, emulsification etc. and also in their use as herbicides, fungicides, pesticides and insecticides etc. The tendency of Copper soaps have complex formation with compounds containing donor atoms like N, S, O, Br, etc. as benzothiazole and other related compounds play significant role in biological activities due to the presence of nitrogen and sulphur atoms, which are responsible for their pharmacological activities.Objective:The copper surfactants derived from various edible (Groundnut and Sesame oils) and non-edible oils (Neem and Karanj oils) and their complexes with nitrogen and sulphur containing ligands such as 2-amino-6-methyl-benzothiazole have been synthesized and studied for their structural aspects, which were confirmed using various techniques like IR, NMR and ESR spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis of complexes which is derived from already synthesized copper (II) soaps with 2-amino-6-methyl benzothiazole was done to confirm the thermal decomposition.Methods:Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) has been used to study the thermal decomposition of copper surfactants complexes to evaluate their energy of activation and various thermodynamic parameters i.e. Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, entropy have been calculated. Copper surfactants and their benzothiazole complexes were studied to test the validity of various equations namely Freeman Carroll, Coats - Redfern, Horowitz - Metzger, Broido, and Piloyan-Novikova related to thermal degradation.Results:The degradation occurs in three steps and the value of activation energy is highest for third step and smallest for the first steps. CNB and CKB need higher energy to degrade than CGB and CSB. The all copper surfactants molecules have negative entropy, which indicates that the decomposition reactions proceed with a lower rate.Conclusion:Thermogravimetric degradation analysis will also provide significant information about the removal of the natural soap segment from the environment. The studies will be very important for pollution controlling and in the field of Green Chemistry.

Effects of Expandable Graphite on the Flame-retardant and Mechanical Performances of Rigid Polyurethane Foams

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-chao Wang ◽  
Ya-peng Sun ◽  
Jie Sheng ◽  
Tie Geng ◽  
Lih-Sheng (Tom) Turng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

Abstract Polyurethane foams (PUFs) are found everywhere in our daily life, but they suffer from poor fire resistance. In this study, expansible graphite (EG) as flame retardant was incorporated into PUFs to improve material fire resistance. With the presence of EGs in the PU matrix, bubble size in PUF became smaller as confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mass density of PUFs is directly proportional to the content of EG additive. The compression strengths of EG0/PUF and EG30/PUF decrease from 0.51 MPa to 0.29 MPa. The FTIR analysis of RPUFs showed that the addition of EGs did not change the functional group structures of RPUFs. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) testing results showed that the carbon residue weight of EG30/PUF is higher than other PU composite foams. The combination of TGA and FTIR indicated that the EG addition did not change the thermal decomposition products of EG0/PUF, but effectively inhibited its thermal decomposition rate. Cone calorimeter combustion tests indicated that the peak of the heat release rate (PHRR) of EG30/PUF significantly decreased to 100.5 kW/m2 compared to 390.6 kW/m2 for EG0/PUF. The ignition time of EG/PUF composites also increased from 2 s to 11 s with incorporation of 30wt% EGs. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 standard tests show that the LOI of EG30/PUF can reach 55 vol%, and go through V-0 level. This study showed that adding EG into PU foams could significantly improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy properties of EG/PUF composites without significantly sacrificing material compression strength. The research results provide useful guidelines on industrial production and applications of PUFs.

Development and Testing of Intumescent Fire Retardant Coating on Various Structural Geometries

2014 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
pp. 360-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Ullah ◽  
Faiz Ahmad ◽  
Anildav Singh
Keyword(s):  
Fire Test ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Test Results ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
T Joints ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Boron Phosphate ◽  
Beam Geometry ◽  
Coating Formulation

Materials are prone to fire and in modern construction their protection from fire is required. In any structure, various joints such as T-joint, I-beam and elbows are used. The geometry of the component has significant role in protection of structure. A weak joint may lead to failure of main structure. In order to meet these challenges, Intumescent fire retardant coating (IFRC) were developed and tested on various structural geometries such as T-joints, elbows, I-beams and pipe. The control coating formulation (IFC-C) was developed from main ingredients; Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP), expandable Graphite (EG), Melamine (Mel), Boric Acid (BA) mixed with bisphenol A epoxy resin and polyamide hardener. Another set of formulations containing various percentage of aluminium Tri-Hydrate (ATH). Fire test results of ATH based formulation showed that I-beam geometry showed the high expansion of 19 mm. T-joint showed the average surface temperature of 55°C after one hour of Bunsen burner test. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) showed the presence of boron oxide, boron phosphate, sassolite and aluminium oxide in IFC-ATH5 residual char. The 5wt% ATH filler in IFC-C enhanced the fire protection performance of intumescent fire retardant coating formulation.

Effect of Flame Retardants on Wood Plastic Composites-HDPE Based

2011 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 640-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Rashid Yusof Hamid ◽  
Ahmad Haji Sahrim
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Plastic Composite

Recently, research on natural fiber reinforced polymer composites has gained importance due to the abundant sources of fibers that can be obtained at very low cost. In this study, wood plastic composite (WPC) materials is made by mixing (compounding) high density polyethylene (HDPE) and (ligno) cellulose fiber, i.e. rice husk reinforced with sawdust have been manufactured using a high volume process using counter rotating twin screw extruder. Different fire retardant agents have been employed in order to improve fire behavior in this study. The flammability and thermal stability of WPC-HDPE based in different compositions have been carried out by fire test method according to ASTM D635-06 and evaluated by thermo gravimetric analysis respectively. The properties of flexural strength and impact strength were also included.

Synergistic Effects of Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Borate on Thermal Degradation and Water Resistance of Epoxy Based Intumescent Fire Retardant Coatings

2017 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norlaili Amir ◽  
Faiz Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Hazwan Abdul Halim ◽  
Qandeel Fatima Gillani ◽  
Puteri S.M. Megat Yusoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Zinc Borate ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Bunsen Burner

Abstract. This studies discuss the synergistic effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc borate on thermal stability and water resistance of intumescent fire retardant coatings. TiO2 in association with a traditional intumescent flame retardant system which contains ammonium polyphosphate/expandable graphite/melamine/ zinc borate (APP–EG–MEL-ZB) was introduced to epoxy based coatings to improve the fire resistance. The influences of TiO2 on the properties of the coatings were investigated in detail by using Bunsen burner fire test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and water immersion test. Bunsen burner test revealed that incorporation of titanium dioxide in intumescent formulation reduced the steel substrate temperature from 240 °C to 116 °C. The TGA results proved that addition of TiO2 could enhance the anti-oxidation of the char layers and increase the residue weights of the coatings. The FESEM images demonstrated that addition of TiO2 could improve the foam structure of the char residue. Sea water resistance test demonstrated that the optimum mass % age of TiO2 (6%) exhibited great synergism with natural anti-corrosion agent, zinc borate, and improved corrosion resistance performance of intumescent coating formulations.

scholarly journals Effect of Chemical Treatment on Thermal Properties of Jute Fiber Used in Polymer Composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Sweety Shahinur ◽  
Mahbub Hasan ◽  
Qumrul Ahsan ◽  
Julfikar Haider
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Thermal Characterization ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Jute Fiber ◽  
Differential Scanning Calorimetric ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis

In recent years, natural fibers, such as jute has gained significant research interest in order to fabricate fiber reinforced polymer composites. Chemical treatments are generally carried out on the raw fibers for making composites with improved properties. From a composite manufacturing point of view, it is important to understand how the treatments can affect the thermal properties of the jute fiber. In the present research, the effects of rot-retardant, fire-retardant and water-retardant treatments on thermal properties of the jute fiber were investigated. Fiber samples were collected from the middle portion of whole jute fiber. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis were subsequently conducted on the jute fiber for thermal characterization. The results demonstrated a lower thermal decomposition temperature in the case of fire-retardant treated jute fiber but higher residue at above 400 °C, as compared to the raw and other treated fibers. In general, it was found that chemically treated fibers absorbed less heat, in contrast to the raw jute fiber and heat flow became negative in all cases of the treated fibers. This study provides important information about the thermal properties of the treated jute fibers for manufacturing polymer-based composite materials.

Thermogravimetric Evaluation of Magnesium Hydroxide and Red Phosphorous Flame Retarded Methyl Vinyl Silicone Rubber

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 162-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Jian Niu ◽  
Ling Yang
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Silicone Rubber ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Red Phosphorus ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Combustion Tests ◽  
Halogen Free

Halogen free fire-retardant silicon rubber compounds were prepared, using red phosphorus combined with magnesium hydroxide as flame retardants. The flame retardant mechanisms of red phosphorus, magnesium hydroxide were studied by means of comprehensive decomposition studies and combustion tests. The study is intended to illuminate prerequisites and the potential of red phosphorus as a fire retardant for silicone rubber in the condensed phase. The flammability was determined by limited oxygen indices （LOI） and UL 94 test. Thermo-oxidative decomposition kinetics were characterized by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TG). The activation energies were determined using the Friedman method, which do not require knowledge of the reaction mechanism (RM). The results show that the MVMQ/MH/RP composite has a higher thermal stability and lower flammability.

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