Review: In-Water Systems to Reactively Manage Biofouling in Sea Chests and Internal Pipework

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Growcott ◽  
Daniel Kluza ◽  
Eugene Georgiades
Keyword(s):  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Thermal Systems ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Regulatory Constraints ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Temperature Water

AbstractSea chests are cavities built into a vessel's hull to aid the efficiency of pumping seawater into internal pipework systems. Sea chests and internal pipework are known hotspots for the accumulation of biofouling, and vessel biofouling is a major pathway for the introduction and spread of nonindigenous marine species. The use of preventive strategies to minimize biofouling within sea chests and internal pipework is difficult due to their structural complexity; therefore, reactive methods to manage the associated biosecurity risk are required. This review examines the efficacy, environmental considerations, and cost of different systems to reactively manage sea chest and internal pipework biofouling within operationally realistic time frames (<3 days) and identifies those that warrant further investigation. Physical removal systems with recapture capability should be developed for accessible areas (e.g., grates), as such systems provide an operational benefit to the vessel. For internal and inaccessible surfaces, the development of thermal systems, particularly steam systems, is encouraged as they offer broad-spectrum efficacy at obtainable temperatures and require relatively short exposure periods. Compared to chemical treatments, thermal treatments are less influenced by environmental variables (e.g., temperature, water chemistry) and regulatory constraints.

scholarly journals The comparative effects of habitat complexity on faunal assemblages of northern temperate artificial and natural reefs

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Hunter ◽  
M. D. J. Sayer
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Rocky Reef ◽  
Faunal Assemblages ◽  
Faunal Abundance ◽  
Concrete Blocks ◽  
Belt Transect ◽  
Natural Reefs

Abstract Hunter, W. R., and Sayer, M. D. J. 2009. The comparative effects of habitat complexity on faunal assemblages of northern temperate artificial and natural reefs. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 691–698. Several north temperate marine species were recorded on subtidal hard-substratum reef sites selected to produce a gradient of structural complexity. The study employed an established scuba-based census method, the belt transect. The three types of reef examined, with a measured gradient of increasing structural complexity, were natural rocky reef, artificial reef constructed of solid concrete blocks, and artificial reef made of concrete blocks with voids. Surveys were undertaken monthly over a calendar year using randomly placed fixed rope transects. For a number of conspicuous species of fish and invertebrates, significant differences were found between the levels of habitat complexity and abundance. Overall abundance for many of the species examined was 2–3 times higher on the complex artificial habitats than on simple artificial or natural reef habitats. The enhanced habitat availability produced by the increased structural complexity delivered through specifically designed artificial reefs may have the potential to augment faunal abundance while promoting species diversity.

scholarly journals Inactivation of Dairy Bacteriophages by Thermal and Chemical Treatments

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariángeles Briggiler Marcó ◽  
Viviana B. Suárez ◽  
Andrea Quiberoni ◽  
Silvina A. Pujato
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Cheese Whey ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Product Manufacturing ◽  
Fermented Dairy ◽  
Existing Data

This article provides information on the characteristics of diverse phages of lactic acid bacteria and highlights the incidence of their presence in different dairy fermentations. As it is known, thermal treatments on raw milk and use of sanitizers in the disinfection of surfaces and equipment are strategies usually applied in dairy to prevent bacteriophage infections. In this sense, this review mainly focuses on the existing data about the resistance against thermal treatments and sanitizers usually used in the dairy industry worldwide, and the differences found among bacteriophages of diverse genera are remarked upon. Also, we provide information concerning the problems that have arisen as a consequence of the potential presence of bacteriophages in cheese whey powder and derivatives when they are added in fermented dairy product manufacturing. Finally, some important conclusions on each topic are marked and checkpoints to be considered are suggested.

scholarly journals Integrating Oceanographic Data and Benthic Community Structure Temporal Series to Assess the Dynamics of a Marginal Reef

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Biscaia Zamoner ◽  
Anaide Wrublevski Aued ◽  
Luis Carlos Pinto Macedo-Soares ◽  
Vitor André Passos Picolotto ◽  
Carlos Alberto Eiras Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Brazilian Province

Reefs are the richest marine ecosystems. Their benthic communities generate structural complexity and participate in nutrient cycles, providing habitat and food for many marine species. These ecosystems have been threatened by local and global anthropogenic impacts and changes in community structure have led to loss of biodiversity, ecosystem function and services worldwide. Most studies about these structural changes have been conducted in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific coral reefs. In the Southwestern Atlantic, where reefs are naturally algae-dominated, these efforts are incipient, especially at oceanic islands where local anthropic impacts tend to be lower, and natural and climate-induced fluctuations might be easily detected. We conducted the first temporal assessment of benthic communities and the influence of oceanographic parameters between 2013 and 2019 in Fernando de Noronha (FNA), the largest Brazilian oceanic archipelago. We annually sampled benthic communities in FNA’s shallow reefs (2–21 m) using photoquadrats, quantified and gathered organisms in major groups according to their functional roles. We also characterized and tested “sea surface temperature,” “marine heatwaves,” “diffuse attenuation coefficient,” and “wave energy” influence for the same period. The most abundant groups were epilithic algal matrix (EAM; mean annual coverage: 23–60%), macroalgae (15–35%) and calcifiers (15–29%), followed by cyanobacteria (1–37%), suspension/filter-feeders (&lt;2%), zoanthids (&lt;1%) and other invertebrates (&lt;0.1%). EAM was negatively correlated with “marine heatwaves” and positively correlated with “wave energy,” while macroalgae and calcifiers showed opposite responses to “marine heatwaves” and “wave energy,” respectively. Cyanobacteria was positively correlated with “marine heatwaves.” The dominance of EAM and macroalgae was already described for reefs along the Brazilian Province and we demonstrated the persistence of this structure over the years in FNA, with the exception of 2019 when there was a substantial increase of cyanobacteria after a strong marine heatwave. Our results suggest a flickering dynamic between EAM and macroalgae, which vary according to the oceanographic conditions, reinforcing its distinct dynamics from most tropical coral reefs. However, the increase of cyanobacteria added to projections of more frequent and stronger marine heatwaves worldwide indicate possible structural changes in this community. Continued monitoring of community and oceanographic drivers is key for better understanding and predicting changes in important marginal reefs.

scholarly journals Physiological and sanitary quality, and transmission of fungi associated with Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf seeds submitted to thermal and chemical treatments

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheila Cristina Sbalcheiro ◽  
Solange Carvalho Barrios Roveri José ◽  
Jennifer Carine Rodrigues da Costa Molina Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Germination Test ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Paper Method

The Brazilian pastures establishment success depends on the use of seeds with high physiological and sanitary quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermal and chemical treatments on quality of Brachiaria brizantha, cv. BRS Piatã and pathogen transmission via seed. The treatments included the use of fungicides, detergent, sodium hypochlorite, sulfuric acid and alcohol, as well as thermal treatments. In addition to seeds without treatment, nine treatments were tested. The tests used to assess the physiological quality of the seeds were first and final count of germination test and root protrusion; germination and root protrusion speed index. A transmitting test and filter paper method had been performed for sanitary quality. Fungal lower incidence was observed in seeds treated with alcohol, however, this treatment reduced the physiological quality of the seeds and higher frequency of fungi transmission from seeds to seedlings was observed for Bipolaris sp., Fusarium sp. and Phoma sp. Treatment with sulfuric acid provided a better seed germination performance and reduced the incidence of fungi.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Doped Superactivated Carbons Prepared at Mild Conditions as Electrodes for Supercapacitors in Organic Electrolyte

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
María José Mostazo-López ◽  
Ramiro Ruiz-Rosas ◽  
Tomomi Tagaya ◽  
Yoshikiyo Hatakeyama ◽  
Soshi Shiraishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Electrochemical Stability ◽  
Organic Electrolyte ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Nitrogen Doped ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Double Layer Capacitor ◽  
Nitrogen Functionalization

Nitrogen functionalization of a highly microporous activated carbon (SBET > 3000 m2/g), to be used as electrode of electric double layer capacitor (EDLC), was carried out by different methods based on organic chemistry protocols at low temperature and selective thermal post-treatments under inert atmosphere. The combination of both methods allowed the production of carbon materials with very similar surface area (2400–3000 m2/g) and different surface chemistry. The nitrogen functionalization by chemical methods produce the attachment of 4 at. % N (XPS) by consumption of oxygen functional groups. The thermal treatments rearrange the surface chemistry by decreasing and converting both nitrogen and oxygen moieties. The effect of surface chemistry on the performance of these materials as electrodes for symmetric supercapacitors was analyzed in organic electrolyte (1M TEMABF4/propylene carbonate). The devices showed high gravimetric capacitance (37–40 F/g) and gravimetric energy density (31–37 Wh/kg). The electrochemical stability of the EDLC was evaluated by a floating test under severe conditions of voltage and temperature. The results evidence an improvement of the durability of nitrogen-doped activated carbons modified by chemical treatments due to the decrease of detrimental oxygen functionalities and the generation of nitrogen groups with higher electrochemical stability.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Application of the Antimicrobial Peptide Nisin in the Inactivation of Spore-Forming Bacteria in Foods

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 5552
Author(s):  
Christian Anumudu ◽  
Abarasi Hart ◽  
Taghi Miri ◽  
Helen Onyeaka
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Thermal Methods ◽  
Electric Pulses ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Spore Outgrowth ◽  
Spore Forming Bacteria ◽  
Powerful Strategy

Conventional thermal and chemical treatments used in food preservation have come under scrutiny by consumers who demand minimally processed foods free from chemical agents but microbiologically safe. As a result, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as bacteriocins and nisin that are ribosomally synthesised by bacteria, more prominently by the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have appeared as a potent alternative due to their multiple biological activities and represent a powerful strategy to prevent the development of spore-forming microorganisms. Unlike thermal methods, they are natural without an adverse impact on food organoleptic and nutritional attributes. AMPs such as nisin and bacteriocins are generally effective in eliminating spore-forming bacteria compared to the more resilient spore forms. However, in combination with other non-thermal treatments, such as high pressure, supercritical carbon dioxide, electric pulses, AMPs such as nisin has proven that the synergistic effect is effective in the inactivation of microbial spores through the disruption of the spore structure and prevention of spore outgrowth. The control of microbial spores in foods is essential in maintaining food safety and extension of shelf-life. Thus, exploration of the mechanisms of action of AMPs such as nisin is critical in their design and effective application in food industry. This review harmonises mechanisms of inactivation based information from published literature on utilising AMPs in the control of microbial spores in food. It highlights future perspectives in research and application in food processing.

Technique for Monitoring the Etching Rate of Alumina

2004 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Deb ◽  
A. Altay ◽  
S. R. Gilliss ◽  
N.E. Munoz ◽  
C. B. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Etching Rate ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Electron Backscattered Diffraction ◽  
Dissolution Rates ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
Grain Boundary Grooves

AbstractThe effect of chemical and thermal treatments on the grains and grain boundaries of polycrystalline μ-Al2O3 has been examined using a combination of microscopy techniques. Commercially available alumina samples (Lucalox™) were chemically etched in phosphoric acid at 200°C in increments of 15 min. Thermal treatments were carried out at 1650°C before chemical treatments. Using maps obtained by visible-light microscopy (VLM) as a guide, the same regions were re-examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) after subsequent treatments. Variations in the dissolution rates of different grains and grain boundaries could then be studied using AFM. The geometry of the grain-boundary grooves was compared after thermal and chemical treatments. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) patterns recorded in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to obtain crystallographic orientations of the grains which enabled variations in dissolution rates between grains to be correlated to orientation.

Inactivation of Lactobacillus helveticus Bacteriophages by Thermal and Chemical Treatments

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 894-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. QUIBERONI ◽  
V. B. SUÁREZ ◽  
J. A. REINHEIMER
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Lactobacillus Helveticus ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Complete Inactivation ◽  
Dairy Plant

The effect of several biocides and thermal treatments on the viability of four Lactobacillus helveticus phages was investigated. Times to achieve 99% inactivation of phages at 63°C and 72°C in three suspension media were calculated. The three suspension media were tris magnesium gelatin buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgSO4, and 0.1% wt/vol gelatin), reconstituted skim milk sterile reconstituted commercial nonfat dry skim milk, and Man Rogosa Sharpe broth. The thermal resistance depended on the phage considered, but a treatment of 5 min at 90°C produced a total inactivation of high titer suspensions of all phages studied. The results obtained for the three tested media did not allow us to establish a clear difference among them, since some phages were more heat resistant in Man Rogosa Sharpe broth and others in tris magnesium gelatin buffer. From the investigation on biocides, we established that sodium hypochlorite at a concentration of 100 ppm was very effective in inactivating phages. The suitability of ethanol 75%, commonly used to disinfect utensils and laboratory equipment, was confirmed. Isopropanol turned out to be, in general, less effective than ethanol at the assayed concentrations. In contrast, peracetic acid (0.15%) was found to be an effective biocide for the complete inactivation of all phages studied after 5 min of exposure. The results allowed us to establish a basis for adopting the most effective thermal and chemical treatments for inactivating phages in dairy plant and laboratory environments.

scholarly journals Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Chondroitin Sulfate from Cartilage By-Products of Blackmouth Catshark (Galeus melastomus)

Marine Drugs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Vázquez ◽  
Javier Fraguas ◽  
Ramón Novoa-Carvallal ◽  
Rui Reis ◽  
Luis Antelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
By Catch

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan actively researched for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and tissue engineering applications. CS extracted from marine animals displays different features from common terrestrial sources, resulting in distinct properties, such as anti-viral and anti-metastatic. Therefore, exploration of undescribed marine species holds potential to expand the possibilities of currently-known CS. Accordingly, we have studied for the first time the production and characterization of CS from blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus), a shark species commonly discarded as by-catch. The process of CS purification consists of cartilage hydrolysis with alcalase, followed by two different chemical treatments and ending with membrane purification. All steps were optimized by response surface methodology. According to this, the best conditions for cartilage proteolysis were established at 52.9 °C and pH = 7.31. Subsequent purification by either alkaline treatment or hydroalcoholic alkaline precipitation yielded CS with purities of 81.2%, 82.3% and 97.4% respectively, after 30-kDa membrane separation. The molecular weight of CS obtained ranges 53–66 kDa, depending on the conditions. Sulfation profiles were similar for all materials, with dominant CS-C (GlcA-GalNAc6S) units (55%), followed by 23–24% of CS-A (GlcA-GalNAc4S), a substantial amount (15–16%) of CS-D (GlcA2S-GalNAc6S) and less than 7% of other disulfated and unsulfated disaccharides.

scholarly journals Replication in Hydroxyurea: It's a Matter of Time

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (18) ◽  
pp. 6396-6406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina M. Alvino ◽  
David Collingwood ◽  
John M. Murphy ◽  
Jeffrey Delrow ◽  
Bonita J. Brewer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Effect ◽  
Slow Motion ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Microarray Experiments ◽  
Checkpoint Response ◽  
Origin Activation ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Extended Exposure

ABSTRACT Hydroxyurea (HU) is a DNA replication inhibitor that negatively affects both the elongation and initiation phases of replication and triggers the “intra-S phase checkpoint.” Previous work with budding yeast has shown that, during a short exposure to HU, MEC1/RAD53 prevent initiation at some late S phase origins. In this study, we have performed microarray experiments to follow the fate of all origins over an extended exposure to HU. We show that the genome-wide progression of DNA synthesis, including origin activation, follows the same pattern in the presence of HU as in its absence, although the time frames are very different. We find no evidence for a specific effect that excludes initiation from late origins. Rather, HU causes S phase to proceed in slow motion; all temporal classes of origins are affected, but the order in which they become active is maintained. We propose a revised model for the checkpoint response to HU that accounts for the continued but slowed pace of the temporal program of origin activation.

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