Introduction.
Clostridioides difficile
is an enteric pathogen that causes a serious toxin-mediated colitis in humans. Bacterial exotoxins and sporulation are critical virulence components that contribute to pathogenesis, and disease transmission and relapse, respectively. Therefore, reducing toxin production and sporulation could significantly minimize
C. difficile
pathogenicity and disease outcome in affected individuals.
Aim. This study investigated the efficacy of a natural flavone glycoside, baicalin, in reducing toxin synthesis, sporulation and spore germination in C. difficile in vitro.
Methodology. Hypervirulent
C. difficile
isolates BAA 1870 or 1803 were cultured in brain heart infusion broth with or without the subinhibitory concentration (SIC) of baicalin, and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h under strictly anaerobic conditions. The supernatant was harvested after 24 h for determining
C. difficile
toxin production by ELISA. In addition, a similar experiment was performed wherein samples were harvested for assessing total viable counts, and heat-resistant spore counts at 72 h of incubation. Furthermore,
C. difficile
spore germination and spore outgrowth kinetics, with or without baicalin treatment, was measured in a plate reader by recording optical density at 600 nm. Finally, the effect of baicalin on
C. difficile
toxin, sporulation and virulence-associated genes was investigated using real-time quantitative PCR.
Results. The SIC of baicalin significantly reduced toxin synthesis, sporulation and spore outgrowth when compared to control. In addition,
C. difficile
genes critical for pathogenesis were significantly down-regulated in the presence of baicalin.
Conclusion. Our results suggest that baicalin could potentially be used to control
C. difficile
, and warrant future studies in vivo.