Severity of Viral Diseases and Types of Weeds as Alternative Viral Hosts in <em>Dioscorea</em> Fields in Southern Guinea Savannah Agroecology of Nigeria

Enormous successes have been obtained against the control of major epidemic diseases, such as SARS, MERS, Ebola, Swine Flu in the past. Dynamic interplay of biological, socio-cultural and ecological factors, together with novel aspects of human-animal interphase, pose additional challenges with respect to the emergence of infectious diseases. The important challenges faced in the control and prevention of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases range from understanding the impact of factors that are necessary for the emergence, to development of strengthened surveillance systems that can mitigate human suffering and death. The aim of the current study is to assess the awareness of symptomatic differences between viral diseases like COVID-19, SARS, Swine flu and common cold among dental students that support the prevention of emergence or re-emergence. Cross-sectional type of study conducted among the undergraduate students comprising 100 Subjects. A questionnaire comprising 15 questions in total were framed, and responses were collected in Google forms in SPSS Software statistical analysis. The study has concluded that dental students have an awareness of the symptomatic differences between infectious viral disease. The study concluded that the awareness of symptomatic differences between viral diseases like COVID-19, SARS, Swine flu, Common cold is good among the dental students who would pave the way for early diagnosis and avoid spreading of such diseases. A further awareness can be created by regular webinars, seminars and brainstorming sessions among these healthcare professionals.

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PREVALENCE OF CERTAIN VIRAL DISEASES AND DIROFILARIA IMMITIS INFECTION IN STRAY DOGS IN BANGLADESH

Journal of Veterinary Medical and One Health Research ◽

10.36111/jvmohr.2019.1(1).0004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

M. Tarafder

Keyword(s):

Dirofilaria Immitis ◽

Large Population ◽

Zoonotic Diseases ◽

Viral Diseases ◽

Small Animals ◽

Antigen Test ◽

Stray Dogs ◽

Negative Results ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Canine Influenza

Background: Stray and pet dogs constitute the dog population in Bangladesh without any established dog statistics. Diseases of dogs are not only associated with morbidity and mortality in dogs but also associated with human health problems as zoonotic diseases. Inland reports on the prevalence of dog diseases are limited in Bangladesh and there is need to investigate diseases in both stray and pet dog populations. Objectives: The main objective is to determine the prevalence of Canine distemper (CD), Canine adenovirus- 1 (CAV-1), CAV-2, Canine influenza (CI) and Dirofilaria immitis (Heart worm infection = HWI) infection in stray dogs in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: Blood, ocular and nasal samples were collected from each of 30 randomly caught stray dogs (11 male and 19 female) and of different ages, including growing (n = 3) and adult (n = 27) dogs in the district of Mymensingh in Bangladesh from January to June 2010. These samples were tested by using Antigen Test Kits (RapiGEN Inc, Korea). Results: All the 30 stray dogs showed negative results to CD, CAV-1 and CAV-2, whereas an overall high prevalence of CI (4/30; 13.33%) and HWI (15/30; 50.0%) were recorded. The higher prevalence of CI was recorded in growing (n = 2/3; 66.67%) than adult (n = 2/27; 7.41%) but it did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) between male (n = 2/11; 18.18%) and female (n = 2/19; 10.53%) dogs. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher prevalence of D. immitis infection was recorded in adult (n = 15/27; 55.56%) than growing (0/3; 0.0%), male (n = 8/11; 72.73%) than female (n = 7/19; 36.84%) dogs. Conclusions: Further studies on CI and D. immitis are necessary on a large population of stray and pet small animals along with humans to ascertain their importance on health and zoonotic significance in Bangladesh. Key words: Viral diseases, Dirofilariasis, Stray dogs, Antigen test kits

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Design and Delivery of Therapeutic siRNAs: Application to MERS-Coronavirus

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612823666171109112307 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 62-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sayed Sartaj Sohrab ◽

Sherif Aly El-Kafrawy ◽

Zeenat Mirza ◽

Mohammad Amjad Kamal ◽

Esam Ibraheem Azhar

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Degradation ◽

Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽

Genetic Disorders ◽

Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽

Innovative Technology ◽

Viral Diseases ◽

Viral Gene ◽

Efficient Delivery ◽

Disease Therapy ◽

Target Sites

Background: The MERS-CoV is a novel human coronavirus causing respiratory syndrome since April 2012. The replication of MERS-CoV is mediated by ORF 1ab and viral gene activity can be modulated by RNAi approach. The inhibition of virus replication has been documented in cell culture against multiple viruses by RNAi approach. Currently, very few siRNA against MERS-CoV have been computationally designed and published. Methods: In this review, we have discussed the computational designing and delivery of potential siRNAs. Potential siRNA can be designed to silence a desired gene by considering many factors like target site, specificity, length and nucleotide content of siRNA, removal of potential off-target sites, toxicity and immunogenic responses. The efficient delivery of siRNAs into targeted cells faces many challenges like enzymatic degradation and quick clearance through renal system. The siRNA can be delivered using transfection, electroporation and viral gene transfer. Currently, siRNAs delivery has been improved by using advanced nanotechnology like lipid nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles. Conclusion: The efficacy of siRNA-based therapeutics has been used not only against many viral diseases but also against non-viral diseases, cancer, dominant genetic disorders, and autoimmune disease. This innovative technology has attracted researchers, academia and pharmaceuticals industries towards designing and development of highly effective and targeted disease therapy. By using this technology, effective and potential siRNAs can be designed, delivered and their efficacy with toxic effects and immunogenic responses can be tested against MERS-CoV.

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Antibody Therapy for the Control of Viral Diseases: An Update

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ◽

10.2174/1389201020666190809112704 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (13) ◽

pp. 1108-1121 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Miriam Dibo ◽

Eduardo C. Battocchio ◽

Lucas M. dos Santos Souza ◽

Matheus D. Veloso da Silva ◽

Bruna K. Banin-Hirata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Viral Antigen ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Antibody Therapy ◽

Therapeutic Strategies ◽

Viral Diseases ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

The Status ◽

Epidemiological Impact

The epidemiological impact of viral diseases, combined with the emergence and reemergence of some viruses, and the difficulties in identifying effective therapies, have encouraged several studies to develop new therapeutic strategies for viral infections. In this context, the use of immunotherapy for the treatment of viral diseases is increasing. One of the strategies of immunotherapy is the use of antibodies, particularly the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and multi-specific antibodies, which bind directly to the viral antigen and bring about activation of the immune system. With current advancements in science and technology, several such antibodies are being tested, and some are already approved and are undergoing clinical trials. The present work aims to review the status of mAb development for the treatment of viral diseases.

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Does the Global Outbreak of COVID-19 or Other Viral Diseases Threaten the Stem Cell Reservoir Inside the Body?

Stem Cell Reviews and Reports ◽

10.1007/s12015-020-10108-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hesam Saghaei Bagheri ◽

Mohammad Karimipour ◽

Morteza Heidarzadeh ◽

Hadi Rajabi ◽

Emel Sokullu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

The Body ◽

Viral Diseases

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Ocular manifestations of emerging viral diseases

Eye ◽

10.1038/s41433-020-01376-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ashwin Venkatesh ◽

Ravi Patel ◽

Simran Goyal ◽

Timothy Rajaratnam ◽

Anant Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Influenza A ◽

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

Global Scale ◽

Viral Diseases ◽

Valley Fever ◽

Ocular Manifestations ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Emerging Viral Diseases

AbstractEmerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are an increasing threat to public health on a global scale. In recent times, the most prominent outbreaks have constituted RNA viruses, spreading via droplets (COVID-19 and Influenza A H1N1), directly between humans (Ebola and Marburg), via arthropod vectors (Dengue, Zika, West Nile, Chikungunya, Crimean Congo) and zoonotically (Lassa fever, Nipah, Rift Valley fever, Hantaviruses). However, specific approved antiviral therapies and vaccine availability are scarce, and public health measures remain critical. Patients can present with a spectrum of ocular manifestations. Emerging infectious diseases should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of ocular inflammatory conditions in patients inhabiting or returning from endemic territories, and more general vigilance is advisable in the context of a global pandemic. Eye specialists are in a position to facilitate swift diagnosis, improve clinical outcomes, and contribute to wider public health efforts during outbreaks. This article reviews those emerging viral diseases associated with reports of ocular manifestations and summarizes details pertinent to practicing eye specialists.

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