Spatial and temporal distribution of winged aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) frequenting blueberry fields in southwestern British Columbia and implications for the spread of Blueberry scorch virus

2006 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Raworth ◽  
C.-K. Chan ◽  
R.G. Foottit ◽  
E. Maw
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Virus Vectors ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Trap Colour

AbstractAlate aphids were sampled in five fields of commercial blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae), during 2001 and 2002 using yellow tile, green tile, and Tremclad® yellow water traps. Eighty-seven species were identified among a total of 7722 alatae. Several of the species are known virus vectors, including Aphis fabae Scopoli, Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy), Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae (Koch), and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). The number of species caught varied with year, and the number of species and the total number of alatae varied with field, trap colour, and season. More species were caught in 2001 than in 2002, in yellow than in green traps, and in the summer than in the spring or the autumn, and more alatae were caught in Tremclad® yellow traps than in yellow or green tile traps, and in the autumn than in the spring or the summer. However, numerous interactions limit generalizations. Analyses of the data for individual species revealed similar patterns and interactions. The effects of year, field, trap colour, and season varied with species. Given nonpersistent virus transmission and the large numbers of alatae caught of species that are known virus vectors, there is considerable potential for spread of Blueberry scorch virus by migrant aphids. Field- or area-specific and season-specific control strategies could be developed once the virus vector status of the different species is known. In addition, given the number of significant interactions observed in the data, there is a need to investigate alternative, generalized approaches to reducing virus transmission rates, such as applying whitewash or kaolin particle film to blueberry leaves.

scholarly journals Capsella bursa-pastoris Is a Key Overwintering Plant for Aphids in the Mediterranean Region

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Serdar Satar ◽  
Nickolas G. Kavallieratos ◽  
Mustafa Tüfekli ◽  
Gül Satar ◽  
Christos G. Athanassiou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Diaeretiella Rapae ◽  
Lipaphis Erysimi ◽  
Aphidius Colemani ◽  
Agricultural Plant ◽  
Globally Distributed

The reproduction of aphids depends to a great extent on their host plants, an integration that impacts on the successful expansion of overwintering populations. Therefore, a survey was conducted to evaluate the globally distributed Capsella bursa-pastoris as an overwintering host of economically important aphid species, their parasitoids and hyperparasitoids in the southern and western regions of Turkey from November to March in 2006 to 2013. During this survey, 395 samples of C. bursa-pastoris were collected with 25 aphid species recorded. Among aphids that feed on this host, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Rhopalosiphum padi, Aphis fabae, Aphis craccivora, Lipaphis erysimi, and Brevicoryne brassicae were the most frequently recorded. In total, 10,761 individual parasitoids were identified. Binodoxys angelicae, Aphidius colemani, Aphidius matricariae, Diaeretiella rapae, Ephedrus persicae, and Lysiphlebus confusus were the most abundant aphidiines that emerged from the aphids collected from C. bursa-pastoris. Alloxysta spp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea), Chalcidoidea (unidentified at genus level), and Dendrocerus spp. (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea) were identified as hyperparasitoids on the parasitoids. These findings indicate that C. bursa-pastoris is a key non-agricultural plant that significantly contributes to the overwintering of numerous aphids and their parasitoids, which should be given serious consideration when biological control strategies are designed.

scholarly journals Pupal cannibalism by worker honey bees contributes to the spread of deformed wing virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Posada-Florez ◽  
Zachary S. Lamas ◽  
David J. Hawthorne ◽  
Yanping Chen ◽  
Jay D. Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Colony Losses ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Deformed Wing Virus ◽  
Hygienic Behaviour ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge

AbstractTransmission routes impact pathogen virulence and genetics, therefore comprehensive knowledge of these routes and their contribution to pathogen circulation is essential for understanding host–pathogen interactions and designing control strategies. Deformed wing virus (DWV), a principal viral pathogen of honey bees associated with increased honey bee mortality and colony losses, became highly virulent with the spread of its vector, the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor. Reproduction of Varroa mites occurs in capped brood cells and mite-infested pupae from these cells usually have high levels of DWV. The removal of mite-infested pupae by worker bees, Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH), leads to cannibalization of pupae with high DWV loads, thereby offering an alternative route for virus transmission. We used genetically tagged DWV to investigate virus transmission to and between worker bees following pupal cannibalisation under experimental conditions. We demonstrated that cannibalization of DWV-infected pupae resulted in high levels of this virus in worker bees and that the acquired virus was then transmitted between bees via trophallaxis, allowing circulation of Varroa-vectored DWV variants without the mites. Despite the known benefits of hygienic behaviour, it is possible that higher levels of VSH activity may result in increased transmission of DWV via cannibalism and trophallaxis.

Role of Overwintering Forms of Erysiphe necator in Epidemiology of Grapevine Powdery Mildew in Palestinian Vineyards

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Ruba Abuamsha ◽  
Hajaj Hajjeh ◽  
Mazen Salman
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Sequence Characterized Amplified Region ◽  
Grapevine Powdery Mildew ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Bud Breaking

The overwintering modes of E. necator were studied on Palestinian vineyards, through observations on the differentiation and maturation of cleistothecia and on the occurrence of flag-shoots (deriving from overwintering mycelium) in vineyards. Field surveys were carried out in 17 vineyards for the presence of Flag shoots and cleistothecia, both forms were not observed. Genetic structure and composition of E. necator populations were investigated by application of already available SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Region) primers specific for the "flag-shoot" and "ascospore" biotypes. These primers were used to evaluate the dynamics of the spatial and temporal distribution of the two biotypes, into fungal populations present in 8 vineyards, with different cultivars and spray histories, in various Palestinian districts (Hebron, Bethlehem, Jerusalem, Ramallah, Jericho, Nablus, Jenin, Tulkarm). 397 samples were analyzed by the uses of the primer pairs UnE-UnF in PCR reactions. All samples were found to be of the ascospore biotypes. This finding shows that the “flag shoot” biotype, appears soon after bud breaking and disappears later, while the “ascospore” biotype is more frequently associated to later infections and bunches damages. Such information would be helpful to understand the reasons underlying possible temporal evolution of the pathogen's populations in vineyards, and can have important implications for powdery mildew rationale control strategies.

scholarly journals Impact of Water Level on Species Quantity and Composition Grown from the Soil Seed Bank of the Inland Salt Marsh: An Ex-Situ Experiment

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Eva Čížková ◽  
Jana Navrátilová ◽  
Stanislav Martinát ◽  
Josef Navrátil ◽  
Ryan J. Frazier
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Multidimensional Analysis ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Lotus Tenuis ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
The Impact

The near elimination of inland salt marshes in Central Europe occurred throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, and the currently remaining marshes exist in a degraded condition. This work examines the impact of groundwater level on the growth of plants from a seed bank obtained from a degraded salt marsh in proximity to still existing one through an ex-situ experiment. An experimental tank was set up with the sample seed bank experiencing differing levels of water level. There were 1233 specimens of 44 taxa grown from the seed bank, of which 5 species were abundant, and 10 species are considered as halophytes. Only Lotus tenuis from halophytes was more abundant, and only five species of halophytes were represented by more than three individuals. The water level has a significant impact on the number of species (based on linear regression analysis) as well as species distribution among different water level treatments (a non-metric multidimensional analysis (nMDS) followed by linear regression). The results show a strong negative relationship between the average water level and the number of species. The water level did not affect the species composition of halophytes, but differences in individual species abundances were found among the halophytes. The species Bupleurum tenuissimum, Crypsis schoenoides, Melilotus dentatus, and Plantago maritima grew on the drier and non-inundated soils. Tripolium pannonicum, Spergularia maritima, and Lotus tenuis grew on both wet and dry soils. Trifolium fragiferum and Bolboschoenus maritimus were found in places with water stagnant at the soil level. Pulicaria dysenterica grew in inundated soil.

Application of the FAO-recommended method for detecting insecticide resistance in Aphis jabae Scopoli, Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Stribley ◽  
G. D. MOORES ◽  
A. L. DEVONSHIRE ◽  
R. M. SAWICKI
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Metopolophium Dirhodum ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Dip Test

AbstractBaseline toxicity measurements established discriminating concentrations of pirimicarb and demeton-S-methyl guaranteed to kill susceptible examples of Aphis fabae Scop., Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) in the dip-test, the FAO-recommended method for detecting resistance in aphids. There was no evidence for resistance to either insecticide in field-collected populations of aphids from various parts of the UK or amongst variants of S. avenae characterised by staining their esterases after electrophoresis. New, simple techniques for rearing large numbers of colonies of cereal aphids are described.

A natural orchestra: how are anuran choruses formed in artificial ponds in southeast Brazil?

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina H.L. Duarte ◽  
Ernesto P. Caliari ◽  
Yasmin P. Viana ◽  
Luciana B. Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Southeast Brazil ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Vocal Activity ◽  
Passive Acoustic ◽  
Monitoring Devices

Abstract Choruses are commonly observed phenomena in both terrestrial and aquatic environments and are the product of species vocalizing contemporaneously usually at dawn and dusk. This study analyzes the composition and temporal distribution of anuran choruses at a recently built artificial pond in Southeast Brazil. Data were collected using Passive Acoustic Monitoring devices set to record 24-hours per day, seven days a month, throughout an entire year (October 2016 to September 2017). A total of eight species participated in the studied choruses: Boana albopunctata, Boana faber, Boana lundii, Phyllomedusa burmeisteri, Physalaemus cuvieri, Rhinella ornata, Rhinella diptycha and Scinax aff. perereca. The number of species, call emission rate, temperature, and humidity were all higher before midnight and during the rainy season. The species differed significantly in mean call rate by hour at which they sang. Boana faber and B. albopunctata were the species with the greatest vocal activity in both seasons, and were predominantly responsible for initiating choruses in the rainy season, while R. diptycha and B. lundii initiated choruses in the dry season. Anuran choruses started around 18:30 h during the rainy season and varied according to the time of sunset, while they started later in the dry season and were not correlated with sunset time. There was a positive correlation between the number of species calling and the call emission rate per month in both seasons. The results show that the choruses were correlated with climatic factors and that the species distributed their vocalizations over time, thus reducing acoustic overlap.

scholarly journals Citrus tristeza virus P33 Protein Is Required for Efficient Transmission by the Aphid Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy)

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1131
Author(s):  
Turksen Shilts ◽  
Choaa El-Mohtar ◽  
William O. Dawson ◽  
Nabil Killiny
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms ◽  
Infectious Clones ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Tristeza Virus ◽  
Citrus Tristeza

Plant viruses are threatening many valuable crops, and Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is considered one of the most economically important plant viruses. CTV has destroyed millions of citrus trees in many regions of the world. Consequently, understanding of the transmission mechanism of CTV by its main vector, the brown citrus aphid, Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy), may lead to better control strategies for CTV. The objective of this study was to understand the CTV–vector relationship by exploring the influence of viral genetic diversity on virus transmission. We built several infectious clones with different 5′-proximal ends from different CTV strains and assessed their transmission by the brown citrus aphid. Replacement of the 5′- end of the T36 isolate with that of the T30 strain (poorly transmitted) did not increase the transmission rate of T36, whereas replacement with that of the T68-1 isolate (highly transmitted) increased the transmission rate of T36 from 1.5 to 23%. Finally, substitution of p33 gene of the T36 strain with that of T68 increased the transmission rate from 1.5% to 17.8%. Although the underlying mechanisms that regulate the CTV transmission process by aphids have been explored in many ways, the roles of specific viral proteins are still not explicit. Our findings will improve our understanding of the transmission mechanisms of CTV by its aphid vector and may lead to the development of control strategies that interfere with its transmission by vector.

Heterogeneity in the risk of Mycobacterium bovis infection in European badger (Meles meles) cubs

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (7) ◽  
pp. 1458-1466 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. TOMLINSON ◽  
M. A. CHAMBERS ◽  
S. P. CARTER ◽  
G. J. WILSON ◽  
G. C. SMITH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
European Badgers

SUMMARYThe behaviour of certain infected individuals within socially structured populations can have a disproportionately large effect on the spatio-temporal distribution of infection. Endemic infection with Mycobacterium bovis in European badgers (Meles meles) in Great Britain and Ireland is an important source of bovine tuberculosis in cattle. Here we quantify the risk of infection in badger cubs in a high-density wild badger population, in relation to the infection status of resident adults. Over a 24-year period, we observed variation in the risk of cub infection, with those born into groups with resident infectious breeding females being over four times as likely to be detected excreting M. bovis than cubs from groups where there was no evidence of infection in adults. We discuss how our findings relate to the persistence of infection at both social group and population level, and the potential implications for disease control strategies.

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