scholarly journals Tuberculosis in Birds: Insights into theMycobacterium aviumInfections

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Dhama ◽  
Mahesh Mahendran ◽  
Ruchi Tiwari ◽  
Shambhu Dayal Singh ◽  
Deepak Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Tuberculin Test ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Pet Birds ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
World Organization

Tuberculosis, a List B disease of World Organization for Animal Health, caused byM. aviumorM. genavensepredominantly affects poultry and pet or captive birds. Clinical manifestations in birds include emaciation, depression and diarrhea along with marked atrophy of breast muscle. Unlike tuberculosis in animals and man, lesions in lungs are rare. Tubercular nodules can be seen in liver, spleen, intestine and bone marrow. Granulomatous lesion without calcification is a prominent feature. The disease is a rarity in organized poultry sector due to improved farm practices, but occurs in zoo aviaries. Molecular techniques like polymerase chain reaction combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism and gene probes aid in rapid identification and characterization of mycobacteria subspecies, and overcome disadvantages of conventional methods which are slow, labour intensive and may at times fail to produce precise results.M. avium subsp. aviumwith genotypeIS901+ andIS1245+ causes infections in animals and human beings too. The bacterium causes sensitivity in cattle to the tuberculin test. The paper discusses in brief theM. aviuminfection in birds, its importance in a zoonotic perspective, and outlines conventional and novel strategies for its diagnosis, prevention and eradication in domestic/pet birds and humans alike.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Molecular Epidemiological Data onDirofilaria immitisin Dogs from Northeastern States of India

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonjoy Kumar Borthakur ◽  
Dilip Kumar Deka ◽  
Saidul Islam ◽  
Dilip Kumar Sarma ◽  
Prabhat Chandra Sarmah
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Concentration Technique ◽  
Working Dogs ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence ofDirofilaria immitisin stray, pet, and working dogs (n=413, 266, and 103, resp.) from Guwahati (Assam) and Aizawl (Mizoram), areas located in two Northeastern States of India. Diagnostic methods applied were microscopy (wet film and Knott’s concentration technique), immunological test (Ag ELISA by SNAP 4Dx ELISA kit), and molecular tools (polymerase chain reaction and sequencing), which evidenced 11.38, 18.03, and 13.93% of positive animals, respectively. No significant differences were observed by area (18.23% versus 17.68%) nor by sex (18.1% versus 17.9%), whereas stray dogs proved more infected than other groups (P<0.05). ELISA test evidenced an overall 22.69% of occult infections, mainly in working dogs (60%), and molecular techniques detectedDirofilaria (Nochtiella) repensin 4 stray dogs from Guwahati. Characterization ofD. immitisisolates for ITS-2 region showed close identity with South Asian isolates.

scholarly journals Panbio antigen rapid test is reliable to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first 7 days after the onset of symptoms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Linares ◽  
Ramón Pérez Tanoira ◽  
Juan Romanyk ◽  
Felipe Pérez García ◽  
Peña Gómez-Herruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Infection ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
High Throughput Method ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Background: Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the current recommended laboratory method to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 acute infection, several factors such as requirement of special equipment, time consuming, high cost and skilled staff limit the use of these time-consuming molecular techniques. A more rapid and high-throughput method is in growing demand Methods: Evaluate the performances of the Panbio COVID-19 AG Rapid Test Device (Nasopharyngeal), a rapid immunochromatographic test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen, in comparison to RT-qPCR. Results: The RDT evaluated in this study showed a high sensitivity and specificity in samples mainly obtained during the first week of symptoms and with high viral loads. Conclusions: This assay seems to be an effective strategy for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic for the rapid identification and isolation of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the discriminatory power of spoligotyping and 19-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MIRU-VNTR) of Mycobacterium bovis strains isolated from cattle in Algeria

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262390
Author(s):  
Faïza Belakehal ◽  
Stefanie A. Barth ◽  
Christian Menge ◽  
Hamdi T. Mossadak ◽  
Naïm Malek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Discriminatory Power ◽  
Repeat Analysis ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
World Organization ◽  
Discriminatory Index

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium (M.) bovis and M. caprae is a transmissible disease of livestock, notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). BTB particularly affects cattle and small ruminants and can be transmitted to humans thereby posing a significant threat to veterinary and public health worldwide. M. bovis is the principal cause of bTB in Algeria. In order to better understand the route of spreading and elaborate an eradication program, isolation and characterization of mycobacteria from Algerian cattle was performed. Sixty strains belonging to the M. tuberculosis complex were analyzed by spoligotyping, thereof 42 by 19-locus-MIRU-VNTR-typing. Spoligotyping revealed 16 distinguishable patterns (Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index [HGDI] of 0.8294), with types SB0120 (n = 20) and SB0121 (n = 13) being the most frequent patterns, representing 55% of the strains. Analyses based on 19-locus-MIRU-VNTR yielded 32 different profiles, five clusters and one orphan pattern, showing higher discriminatory power (HGDI = 0.9779) than spoligotyping. Seven VNTR-loci [VNTR 577 (alias ETR C), 2163b (QU11b), 2165 (ETR A), 2461 (ETR B), 3007 (MIRU 27), 2163a (QUB11a) and 3232 (QUB 3232)] were the most discriminative loci (HGDI ˃ 0.50). In conclusion, 19-locus-MIRU-VNTR yielded more information than spoligotyping concerning molecular differentiation of strains and better supports the elucidation of transmission routes of M. bovis between Algerian cattle herds.

Equine Influenza: Prevention and Control

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-288
Author(s):  
Takashi Yamanaka ◽  
◽  
Takashi Kondo ◽  
Tomio Matsumura
Keyword(s):  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Prevention ◽  
Horse Industry ◽  
World Organization ◽  
And Control

Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious selflimiting respiratory disease in horses that is caused by equine influenza virus (EIV) infection. EIV is presented by horses worldwide and has a huge financial impact on the horse industry in many countries. Although an outbreak of EI can be controlled by prior immunization by using vaccination, the efficacy of the vaccine is influenced by antigenic differences between epidemic strains and vaccine strains. Thus, to keep the vaccine effective, the vaccine strains should be reviewed periodically on the basis of global surveillance, such as the epidemiological report issued annually in the bulletin of the World Organization for Animal Health. Once an outbreak occurs, sanitary management, including the restriction of horse movement, should be conducted to eliminate the source of the causative virus and protect susceptible horses. The rapid identification of EIV in respiratory tract secretions enables the prompt administration of sanitary management. Although commercially available rapid antigen detection tests should be improved in terms of sensitivity, one of the tests (ESPLINE Flu A+B) worked as a convenient method for the rapid diagnosis and screening of a number of horses for EI during the 2007 outbreak in Japan, in addition to laboratory tests such as virus isolation. A more sensitive test must be developed that can be performed easily without special equipment or technical expertise.

A Different Epidemiology of Enterovirus A and Enterovirus B Co-circulating in Korea, 2012–2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hae Ji Kang ◽  
Youngsil Yoon ◽  
Young-Pyo Lee ◽  
Hye-Jin Kim ◽  
Deog-Yong Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Echovirus 30 ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Coxsackievirus A6 ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Respiratory Specimens

Abstract Background Enteroviruses (EVs) occur frequently worldwide and are known to be associated with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations from mild syndromes to neurological disease. To understand the epidemiology of EV in Korea, we characterized EV-infected cases during 2012–2019 based on national surveillance. Methods We collected specimens from patients with suspected EV infections and analyzed the data using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and VP1 gene sequencing. Results Among the 18 261 specimens collected, EVs were detected in 6258 (34.3%) cases. Although the most common EV types changed annually, EV-A71, echovirus 30, coxsackievirus B5, coxsackievirus A6, and coxsackievirus A10 were commonly identified. Among the human EVs, the case numbers associated with the 2 major epidemic species (EV-A and EV-B) peaked in the summer. While EV-A species affected 1-year-old children and were associated with herpangina and hand, foot, and mouth disease, EV-B species were mostly associated with neurologic manifestations. The highest incidence of EV-B species was observed in infants aged &lt;12 months. Feces and respiratory specimens were the most predictive of EV infection. Specimens collected within 5 days of symptom onset allowed for timely virus detection. Conclusions EV-A and EV-B species co-circulating in Korea presented different epidemiologic trends in clinical presentation, affected subjects, and seasonality trends. This study could provide information for the characterization of EVs circulating in Korea to aid the development of EV antivirals and vaccines, as well as public health measures to control enteroviral diseases.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Salmonella Species Isolates from Some Hospitals in Jos, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
S. B. Uneze ◽  
P. F. Chollom ◽  
Y. A. Agabi ◽  
D. J. Mawak ◽  
O. J. Egbere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Inva Gene ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The conventional methods of identification of Salmonella involving microbiological enrichment and successive identification mostly are tedious, time consuming and not specific. Therefore, the aim of this study was to utilize molecular techniques to characterize Salmonella species isolates from some Hospitals in Jos, Nigeria. The 10 isolates collected from some Hospitals in Jos, Nigeria were screened for Salmonella using conventional biochemical methods. The positive isolates were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for discernment of invasion A (invA) gene at explicit molecular size (284 bp) utilizing explicit primers (forward and reverse). Sequencing of the invA gene was performed and the similarities and differences between our invA gene and published sequences on GenBank were assessed. Seven out of ten confirmed Salmonella species isolates were positive to the invA gene while the remaining three were negative. The homology level of nucleotide sequence (97.746%) demonstrated high similitude between the local isolates and the other sequences on GenBank. Molecular characterization of the Salmonella isolates provides data about the virulence of the pathogen just as its relatedness to different organisms which offer data about the genome of the organisms and are helpful for epidemiological examinations. Therefore, Molecular methods which enable the detection of virulent genes are extremely important surveillance tools that are required to assist in curbing the escalation of infections caused by Salmonella.

scholarly journals Diagnosis and Population Analysis of Pythium Species Using AFLP Fingerprinting

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla D. Garzón ◽  
David M. Geiser ◽  
Gary W. Moorman
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Pythium Species ◽  
Aflp Fingerprinting ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Pythium Root Rot ◽  
Identification Of Species

Accurate identification of Pythium species, the causal agents of Pythium root rot and dampingoff of seedlings, and characterization of populations within the species would greatly assist in selecting and implementing control strategies for these pathogens. Several molecular techniques offer methods for accurate and rapid identification of species, but provide little information about their populations. In this study, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting was used to characterize plant-pathogenic Pythium species and intraspecific populations. Species-diagnostic AFLP fingerprints for Pythium aphanidermatum, P. irregulare, and P. ultimum, and tentative fingerprints for six other species, were identified. Intraspecific distance analyses of P. aphanidermatum, P. ultimum, and P. irregulare revealed distinct patterns of intraspecific variation among the three species. P. aphanidermatum showed the smallest mean distance among isolates (15%), followed by P. ultimum (37%). P. irregulare had the largest mean distance among isolates (64%), which were divided into two populations with great genetic differentiation (FST = 0.2), suggesting the presence of a cryptic species boundary within this species.

scholarly journals Molecular detection and phylogenetic tree of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in layers in Al-Diwaniyah province, Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Furkan Alaraji ◽  
Hasan Hammadi ◽  
Alaa Abdulaziz Abed ◽  
Yahia Ismail Khudhair
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽  
P32 Gene ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽  
First Time

Background and Aim: Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) of chickens is a substantial issue to be studied in Iraq because this disease is one of the most highly contagious respiratory diseases in the world caused by a herpesvirus. However, in Iraq, the ILT virus (ILTV) infection and disease have yet not been confirmed in layers, so farm owners do not vaccinate these layers. The current study aimed to document the detection and characterization of ILTV in layer hens from Al-Diwaniyah city, for the first time in Iraq, using molecular techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Materials and Methods: Four layer farms (15,000 unvaccinated layers/farm) in Al-Diwaniyah province, Iraq, suffered a severe ILT outbreak, was diagnosed and reported by clinical and PCR tests. This disease has been reported in Iraq, and more recently, it began to show outbreaks in Al-Diwaniyah city. The current work opted to investigate the ILTV using PCR and DNA sequencing techniques. The study targeted the p32 gene of ILTV using pooled tracheal swabs and organs including the trachea, lung, and kidneys which were collected from dead and clinically infected chickens. Results: The analyses revealed that four of six suspected field samples showed positive results by PCR. The DNA sequencing results showed the homology of the amplified fragments with the studied gene. Conclusion: This study confirmed the presence of ILTV in hens with respiratory signs during the outbreak.

Rapid identification of Escherichia coli microcin J25 producing strains using polymerase chain reaction and colony blot hybridization

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 877-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela Duarte ◽  
Gilles Cottenceau ◽  
Véronique Portrait ◽  
Anne-Marie Pons
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Microcin J25

To screen, isolate, and characterize bacterial populations producing microcin J25, we report here two rapid, reliable, and sensitive methods, using polymerase chain reaction and colony blot hybridization with a digoxigenin-labelled probe. A sample of 26 Escherichia coli strains isolated from poultry intestinal contents was evaluated to detect the sequence of mcjA, the gene encoding the MccJ25 precursor. The two molecular techniques were compared with the commonly used cross-immunity tests. They generate accurate data with no obvious cross-reactions with other microcins. The results display that the producers of MccJ25 were widely distributed in the poultry intestinal habitat. The applications of these molecular methods will be useful in future studies of microcinogenic populations, and thus contribute to understand the relationships within the complex intestinal microbial ecosystem.Key words: microcin J25, microcinogenic strains detection, digoxigenin-labelled probe, colony hybridization, polymerase chain reaction.

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