scholarly journals Superficial and subcutaneous mycoses

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluigi Lombardi ◽  
Giuliana Lo Cascio ◽  
Stefano Andreoni ◽  
Elisabetta Blasi ◽  
Marco Conte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Horny Layer ◽  
Strong Immune Response ◽  
Superficial Mycoses ◽  
Superficial Skin ◽  
Subcutaneous Mycoses

Tegument mycoses are classified into three groups: 1) Superficial skin mycoses or superficial mycoses: infections sustained by fungi limited to the skin horny layer or the hair extrafollicular portion, without a significant inflammatory response in the host. 2) Skin mycoses (dermatophytosis) sensu stricto: fungal infections in which skin and its annexes, at the level of the keratinized layers, are involved with an evident immune response by the host 3) Mycosis of the subcutaneous tissue: fungal infections that mainly affect the subcutaneous tissue and secondarily, by contiguity, skin, bones and other tissues, with a strong immune response by the host [...].

scholarly journals Equine endometritis: a review of challenges and new approaches

Reproduction ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 160 (5) ◽  
pp. R95-R110
Author(s):  
Lee H A Morris ◽  
P M McCue ◽  
Christine Aurich
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Latent Infections ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Targeted Treatments ◽  
Successful Resolution

Endometritis in the mare begins as a normal physiological inflammatory response to breeding that involves both a mechanical and immunological response pathway activated to rid the uterus of semen and bacteria. With successful resolution of this inflammation, the mare‘s uterus will provide a hospitable environment for the development of the semi-allogenic conceptus. If the mare fails to resolve this inflammatory response within 48 h of breeding, she will become susceptible to persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) which will have detrimental effects on her fertility. This condition can then predispose the mare to bacterial or fungal endometritis leading to further degeneration of the endometrium. Optimisation of the mare’s fertility requires a fine balance between allowing the natural immune response of the endometrium to its exposure to allogenic semen to run its course, and yet preventing its progression to PBIE or the involvement of infectious agents. This review discusses the challenges presented by PBIE, latent infections, biofilms, fungal infections and the need to utilise diagnostic methods available and implement targeted treatments to optimise fertility in the mare.

scholarly journals The local immune response during Echinococcus granulosus growth in a quantitative hepatic experimental model

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhide Li ◽  
Chuanshan Zhang ◽  
Liang Li ◽  
Xiaojuan Bi ◽  
Liang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Local Immune Response ◽  
Strong Immune Response ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus Sensu Stricto ◽  
Establishment Phase

AbstractThe local immune mechanisms responsible for the establishment and development of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto infection in the liver, have been little explored. We developed a suitable experimental model that mimics naturally infected livers using portal injection of protoscoleces. Opposite to Echinococcus multilocularis infection which is dose-dependent, fully mature hydatid cysts can be established in the liver whatever the injection dose; although most of the infection sites were seen at the establishment phase as inflammatory granulomas associated with fibrosis, they never matured into cysts. At the establishment phase, a strong immune response was composed of T and B cells, with T1-type, T2-type cells and cytokines and IL-10-secreting CD8+ T cells in the liver. At the established phase, results suggested a local production of antibodies by B cells, and an involvement of NK and NKT cells. Infection outcome and local immune response in the liver, were different in the mouse models of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and Echinococcus multilocularis respectively; however, only early specificities at the microenvironment level might explain the major differences found between the lesions induced by the two species. Our quantitative experimental model appears fully appropriate to further study this microenvironment and its relationship with each cestode species.

Atopic dermatitis: new horizons of therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Kruglova ◽  
E. M. Gensler
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
The Past

Over the past decades, the first breakthrough milestone in the treatment of severe forms of atopic dermatitis (AD) has been targeted therapy aimed at inhibiting IL-4 and IL-13. This was made possible thanks to advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of AD, the driver of which is the Th2-type immune response, which also underlies such manifestations of atopy as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and polynosis. In the case of the Th2-type immune response, cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 are secreted, which are the main promoters of the inflammatory response in AD. Inhibition of IL-4 and IL-13 leads to the prevention of inflammation and is an effective approach to therapy. The use of therapy aimed at inhibition of cytokines allows you to effectively cope with the manifestations of severe and moderately severe blood pressure.

scholarly journals Response patterns in adventitial layer of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto cysts from naturally infected cattle and sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Hidalgo ◽  
Caroll Stoore ◽  
María Soledad Baquedano ◽  
Ismael Pereira ◽  
Carmen Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Granulomatous Reaction ◽  
Adventitial Layer ◽  
Laminated Layer ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

AbstractCystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. The disease is characterized by the development of cystic structures inside viscera of the intermediate host, mainly liver and lungs. These cysts are formed by three layers: germinal, laminated, and adventitial layer, the latter being the local host immune response. Metacestodes that develop protoscoleces, the infective stage to the definitive host, are termed fertile, whereas cysts that do not produce protoscoleces are termed non-fertile. Sheep usually harbor fertile cysts while cattle usually harbor non-fertile cysts. Adventitial layers with fibrotic resolution are associated to fertile cysts, whereas a granulomatous reaction is associated with non-fertile cysts. The aim of this study was to analyze cellular distribution in the adventitial layer of fertile and non-fertile E. granulosus sensu stricto cysts found in liver and lungs of cattle and sheep. A total of 418 cysts were analyzed, 203 from cattle (8 fertile and 195 non-fertile) and 215 from sheep (64 fertile and 151 non-fertile). Fertile cysts from cattle showed mixed patterns of response, with fibrotic resolution and presence of granulomatous response in direct contact with the laminated layer, while sheep fertile cysts always displayed fibrotic resolution next to the laminated layer. Cattle non-fertile cysts display a granulomatous reaction in direct contact with the laminated layer, whereas sheep non-fertile cysts display a granulomatous reaction, but in direct contact with the fibrotic resolution. This shows that cattle and sheep cystic echinococcosis cysts have distinct local immune response patterns, which are associated to metacestode fertility.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic response of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto mosquito larvae to Curry tree (Murraya koenigii) phytochemicals

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarence M. Mang’era ◽  
Fathiya M. Khamis ◽  
Erick O. Awuoche ◽  
Ahmed Hassanali ◽  
Fidelis Levi Odhiambo Ombura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Murraya Koenigii ◽  
Transcriptomic Response

Abstract Background Insect growth regulators (IGRs) can control insect vector populations by disrupting growth and development in juvenile stages of the vectors. We previously identified and described the curry tree (Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng) phytochemical leaf extract composition (neplanocin A, 3-(1-naphthyl)-l-alanine, lumiflavine, terezine C, agelaspongin and murrayazolinol), which disrupted growth and development in Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto mosquito larvae by inducing morphogenetic abnormalities, reducing locomotion and delaying pupation in the mosquito. Here, we attempted to establish the transcriptional process in the larvae that underpins these phenotypes in the mosquito. Methods We first exposed third-fourth instar larvae of the mosquito to the leaf extract and consequently the inherent phytochemicals (and corresponding non-exposed controls) in two independent biological replicates. We collected the larvae for our experiments sampled 24 h before peak pupation, which was 7 and 18 days post-exposure for controls and exposed larvae, respectively. The differences in duration to peak pupation were due to extract-induced growth delay in the larvae. The two study groups (exposed vs control) were consequently not age-matched. We then sequentially (i) isolated RNA (whole larvae) from each replicate treatment, (ii) sequenced the RNA on Illumina HiSeq platform, (iii) performed differential bioinformatics analyses between libraries (exposed vs control) and (iv) independently validated the transcriptome expression profiles through RT-qPCR. Results Our analyses revealed significant induction of transcripts predominantly associated with hard cuticular proteins, juvenile hormone esterases, immunity and detoxification in the larvae samples exposed to the extract relative to the non-exposed control samples. Our analysis also revealed alteration of pathways functionally associated with putrescine metabolism and structural constituents of the cuticle in the extract-exposed larvae relative to the non-exposed control, putatively linked to the exoskeleton and immune response in the larvae. The extract-exposed larvae also appeared to have suppressed pathways functionally associated with molting, cell division and growth in the larvae. However, given the age mismatch between the extract-exposed and non-exposed larvae, we can attribute the modulation of innate immune, detoxification, cuticular and associated transcripts and pathways we observed to effects of age differences among the larvae samples (exposed vs control) and to exposures of the larvae to the extract. Conclusions The exposure treatment appears to disrupt cuticular development, immune response and oxidative stress pathways in Anopheles gambiae s.s larvae. These pathways can potentially be targeted in development of more efficacious curry tree phytochemical-based IGRs against An. gambiae s.s mosquito larvae.

scholarly journals A Rare Presentation of ConcurrentScedosporium apiospermumandMadurella griseaEumycetoma in an Immunocompetent Host

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Gulati ◽  
Seun Bakare ◽  
Saket Tibrewal ◽  
Nizar Ismail ◽  
Junaid Sayani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Scedosporium Apiospermum ◽  
Immunocompetent Host ◽  
Rare Presentation ◽  
Atypical Case ◽  
Granulomatous Infection

Mycetoma is a disfiguring, chronic granulomatous infection which affects the skin and the underlying subcutaneous tissue. We present an atypical case of recurrent mycetoma without ulceration, in a 35-year-old immunocompetent male caused byScedosporium apiospermumsensu stricto andMadurella grisea, occurring at two separate anatomical sites.

The possible role of the frontal and sub-parietal gland systems of the pentastomidReighardia sternae(Diesing, 1864) in the evasion of the host immune response

Parasitology ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Riley ◽  
J. L. James ◽  
A. A. Banaja
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Strong Immune Response ◽  
Concomitant Immunity ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYThe frontal and sub-parietal glands of the pentastomidReighardia sternaeelaborate lamellate secretion which is poured on to the cuticle. The entire surface of the cuticle, including the mouth, hook pits and reproductive apertures, is coated with secretion. Electron microscope studies indicate that the glands are continuously active, which implies a turnover of surface membranes. The postulated function of these membranes is to protect certain vital areas of the host–parasite interface, notably the pores of ion-transporting cells, from the host immune response. The available evidence suggests that pentastomids do evoke a strong immune response but since most are long-lived they must circumvent it. We believe the surface membrane system to be instrumental in this. Studies on another pentastomid,Porocephalus crotaliin rats have shown that an immune response stimulated by a primary infection will kill subsequent infections and that the surface membranes are strongly immunogenic. Obvious parallels between this situation and that of schistosome infections in mammals are discussed. An alternative explanation of concomitant immunity is proposed.

scholarly journals Update on therapy for superficial mycoses: review article part I

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 764-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Fernanda Reis Gavazzoni Dias ◽  
Maria Victoria Pinto Quaresma-Santos ◽  
Fred Bernardes-Filho ◽  
Adriana Gutstein da Fonseca Amorim ◽  
Regina Casz Schechtman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Practical Approach ◽  
Superficial Mycoses ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
Therapeutic Alternatives

Superficial fungal infections of the hair, skin and nails are a major cause of morbidity in the world. Choosing the right treatment is not always simple because of the possibility of drug interactions and side effects. The first part of the article discusses the main treatments for superficial mycoses - keratophytoses, dermatophytosis, candidiasis, with a practical approach to the most commonly-used topical and systemic drugs , referring also to their dosage and duration of use. Promising new, antifungal therapeutic alternatives are also highlighted, as well as available options on the Brazilian and world markets.

scholarly journals Acute inflammation and hematological response in Nile tilapia fed supplemented diet with natural extracts of propolis and Aloe barbadensis

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Dotta ◽  
J. Ledic-Neto ◽  
ELT. Gonçalves ◽  
A. Brum ◽  
M. Maraschin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Acute Inflammatory Response ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Aloe Barbadensis ◽  
Natural Extracts ◽  
Number Of Cells

This study evaluated the acute inflammatory response induced by carrageenin in the swim bladder of Nile tilapia supplemented with the mixture of natural extracts of propolis and Aloe barbadensis (1:1) at a concentration of 0.5%, 1% and 2% in diet during 15 days. Thirty-six fish were distributed into four treatments with three replicates: fish supplemented with 0.5% of admix of extracts of propolis and Aloe (1:1) injected with 500 µg carrageenin; fish supplemented with 1% of admix of extracts of propolis and Aloe (1:1) injected with 500 µg carrageenin; fish supplemented with 2% of admix of extracts of propolis and Aloe (1:1), injected with 500 µg carrageenin and unsupplemented fish injected with 500 µg carrageenin. Six hours after injection, samples of blood and exudate from the swim bladder of fish were collected. It was observed an increase in the leukocyte count in the swim bladder exudate of fish supplemented with extracts of propolis and Aloe injected with carrageenin. The most frequent cells were macrophages followed by granular leukocytes, thrombocytes and lymphocytes. Supplementation with propolis and Aloe to 0.5% caused a significant increase in the number of cells on the inflammatory focus mainly macrophages, cells responsible for the phagocytic activity in tissues, agent of innate fish immune response.

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