scholarly journals Distributed versus massed training: efficiency of training psychomotor skills

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen W. Van Dongen ◽  
Peter J. Mitra ◽  
Marlies P. Schijven ◽  
Ivo A.M.J. Broeders
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Psychomotor Skills ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Distributed Training ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Training Efficiency

Virtual reality simulators have shown to be valid and useful tools for training psychomotor skills for endoscopic surgery. Discussion arises how to integrate these simulators into the surgical training curriculum. Distributed training is referred to as short training periods, with rest periods in between. Massed training is training in continuous and longer training blocks. This study investigates the difference between distributed and massed training on the initial development and retention of psychomotor skills on a virtual reality simulator. Four groups of eight medical students lacking any experience in endoscopic training were created. Two groups trained in a distributed fashion, one group trained in a massed fashion and the last group not at all (control group). All performed a post-test immediately after finishing their training schedule. Two months after this test a second post- test was performed. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Post-Hoc test Tukey-Bonferoni was used to determine differences in mean scores between the four groups, whereas a pvalue ≤0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Distributed training resulted in higher scores and a better retention of relevant psychomotor skills. Distributed as well as massed training resulted in better scores and retention of skills than no training at all. Our study clearly shows that distributed training yields better results in psychomotor endoscopic skills. Therefore, in order to train as efficient as possible, training programs should be (re)-programmed accordingly.

scholarly journals The effect of exposure to liquid air freshener on histological of the bronchial mice (Mus musculus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Warobi Warobi ◽  
Delima Engga Maretha ◽  
Asnilawati Asnilawati ◽  
Mashuri Masri
Keyword(s):  
Mus Musculus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Histological Picture ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The One ◽  
Post Hoc

Air fresheners are products that contain chemicals aimed at reducing unpleasant odours in confined spaces. The use of synthetic air fresheners turns out to harm health because some of their leased Volatile Organic Compounds are classified as toxic compounds and are carcinogens. Air freshener enters the body through the inhalation process in the respiratory system. Modern air fresheners are available in liquid (aerosol) and gel forms. Air fresheners contain addictive substances and solvents such as 1,4-dichlorobenzene which can affect pulmonary function. The purpose of this study is to know the effect of exposure to liquid air freshener on the histology of bronchi of mice (Mus musculus). This study used 20 male mice (Mus musculus) consisting of 4 treatments with 5 replications. The research design is true experimental in the form of a post-test only control group with Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The post-test was done by observing the histological picture of the mice's bronchi after exposure to liquid air freshener given 3x/day for a period of P1 = 2 weeks, P2 = 4 weeks and P3 = 6 weeks. Quantitative data on bronchial histology was tested using the One Way ANOVA statistical test followed by the Post Hoc Tukey test. The results of the study found changes in the histology of the bronchi, thickening of the epithelial tissue of mice. Analysis of comparative data between the control and treatment groups statistically obtained p = 0.010 <0.05, meaning that there was a significant effect and change in the bronchial tubes exposed to liquid air freshener. Histologically there were differences in histology between the control and treatment groups. It was concluded that liquid air freshener had a significant effect on the histological picture of the mice's bronchi.

The Difference of Impact Strength in Acrylic Resin Self-Cured with the Addition of Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO2) Nanoparticles

DENTA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Widaningsih Widaningsih ◽  
Annete Juwita ◽  
Puguh Bayu Prabowo
Keyword(s):  
Impact Strength ◽  
Zirconium Dioxide ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Zro2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

<p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em> Self-cured acrylic resin is a material used for repairing broken and fractured dentures. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) is a reinforcing material that is being developed as an additive to the acrylic resin. <strong>Objective:</strong> to determine the effect of zirconium dioxide (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) addition on self-cured acrylic resin on impact strength. <strong>Material and Methods:</strong> This study was a true experimental laboratory study with the design of a post-test only control group design, using 24 pieces of self-cured acrylic resin measuring 65 x 10 x 2.5 mm divided into 4 groups with and without zirconium addition dioxide (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles were silanized first by mixing the silane coupling agent. Furthermore, the impact strength was tested on the plate. The data obtained were analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test. <strong>Results:</strong> there were significant differences in the impact strength between the groups with a significance value of 0,000 (p &lt;0.05). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> there was a difference in the increase of impact strength in acrylic resin self-cured with the addition of ZrO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 7%.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> Self cured acrylic resin, zirconium dioxide, impact strength</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><strong><em>Correspondence </em></strong><em>: Widaningsih, Department of Prosthodonti, Faculty of Dentistry, Hang Tuah University, Arif Rahman Hakim 150, Sukolilo, Surabaya, Phone 0818312757, Email: </em><a href="mailto:[email protected]"><em>[email protected]</em></a>

scholarly journals Learners’ Experience Towards E-Assessment Tools: A Comparative Study on Virtual Reality and Moodle Quiz

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (05) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Al-Azawei ◽  
Wadhah R. Baiee ◽  
Mustafa A. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Perceived Playfulness ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference

Although the integration of virtual world in teaching and learning has been investigated, there is a scarcity of research considering its influence on assessing learners’ understanding and comparing it with traditional e-assessment tools such as that in Moodle quiz. In this research, a virtual reality (VR) game-based e-assessment application was proposed first. Subsequently, the study aims at (1) understanding whether the type of e-assessment method can affect students’ performance, and (2) investigating the difference in learners’ perceptions based on the type of e-assessment technology. A combination of quasi-pre-test and post-test experimental and survey research design methods were adopted. Overall, 32 undergraduate students were assigned to either control (N=17) or experimental (N=15) group. The key findings are (1) no statistical differences in students’ performance were found for both groups, and (2) significant differences between learners who completed the VR game-based e-assessment and those on the control group were found on perceived playfulness and ease of use. The conclusion drawn from the research outcomes is that a VR game-based e-assessment application is a successful approach to enhance learners’ engagement in evaluation sessions, although students may face a lack of experience in its use.

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN STABILITAS DIMENSI ANTARA CETAKAN ALGINAT YANG DIBERI DESINFEKTAN EKSTRAK DAUN ALPUKAT (Persea americana mill) DENGAN NATRIUM HIPOKLORIT

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
An Nisaa Amelia ◽  
Netti Suharti ◽  
Eni Rahmi
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Background  :  Alginat  is  one  of  the  most  used  impression  material  in  dentistry..  Alginate impression need to be disinfected to prevent cross-infection. One of effective natural material that can be used as disinfectant  is avocado  leaves.  The process  of disinfection  could interfered  the dimensional stability of alginate impression caused of imbibition properties in alginate itself. Purpose  : To determine  the differences  of dimensional  stability  of alginate  impression  which disinfected with avocado leave extract 100% compared 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. Method : This research was an experimental laboratory with post -test only control group design. Sample were divided into 3 groups, 1 group were sprayed with aquadest as control group and 2 treatment groups were sprayed with avocado leaves extract 100% and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and stored for 10 minutes. The impression then casted with gypsum in cylinder mold and diameter of the cast were measured. The One Way ANOVA test were used to determine the dimensional stability of the difference between the groups. Result :The results showed that the alginate impression  which disinfected  with avocado leaves extract 100% have a significant  dimensional  change, that is 0.123 ± 0.011 mm compared  with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite only 0.034 ± 0.011 mm. Conclution   :  There  are  differences  in  dimensional   stability  of  alginate  impression   which disinfected with avocado leaf extract 100% and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. Keywords:Dimensional stability, avocado leaves extract, and sodium hypochlorite  

scholarly journals Pengaruh Perendaman Minuman Berkarbonasi terhadap Gaya Elastik pada Elastomerik Ligatur dengan Variasi Panjang Penarikan

e-GIGI ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Hafidz I. Pradipta ◽  
Budi Wibowo ◽  
Diah A, Purbaningrum ◽  
Yoghi B. Prabowo
Keyword(s):  
Testing Machine ◽  
Elastic Force ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Carbonated Drinks ◽  
The One ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
One Way Anova

Abstract: Elastomeric ligature is used to fasten orthodontic wires with brackets and can be stretched 1-3 mm as a simulation of bracket in the oral cavity. Its elastic force could decrease caused by salivary pH and water absorption of the elastomeric ligature. Consuming carbonated drinks causes the oral cavity to become acidic which increases the loss of elastic force in the elastomeric ligature with length of stretch variations. This study was aimed to determine the effect of immersion in carbonated drinks on the elastic force of the elastomeric ligature with length of stretch variations. This was an experimental laboratory study with a post-test only control group design. There were a total of 24 samples of American Orthodontic brand elastomeric ligature with royal blue color divided into six groups, consisting of three control groups immersed in artificial saliva, and three treatment groups immersed in carbonated drinks. Each control group and treatment group were given three variations of stretch length, as follows: 1, 2, and 3 mm. The calculation of the elastic force on the elastomeric ligature was performed by using the Universal Testing Machine. Data were analyzed by using the One Way Anova test and LSD post hoc test (p <0.05). The One Way Anova test showed a significant difference in the 1, 2, and 3 mm length of stretch variations for treatment groups. In conclusion, carbonated drinks affect the elastic force of elastomeric ligature with length of stretch variations.Keywords: elastomeric ligature; carbonated drinks; length of stretch variations Abstrak: Elastomerik ligatur adalah alat yang digunakan untuk mengikatkan kawat ortodonti dengan braket, dapat diregangkan 1-3 mm sebagai simulasi braket dalam rongga mulut. Elastomerik ligatur mengalami penurunan gaya elastik salah satunya disebabkan oleh pH saliva, dan penyerapan air dari elastomerik ligatur. Mengonsumsi minuman berkarbonasi menyebabkan pH saliva menjadi asam sehingga meningkatkan kehilangan gaya elastik pada elastomerik ligatur dengan variasi panjang penarikan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh perendaman minuman berkarbonasi terhadap gaya elastik pada elastomerik ligatur dengan variasi panjang penarikan. Desain penelitian ialah eksperimental laboratorium dengan post-test only control group design. Sebanyak 24 sampel elastomerik ligatur merek American Orthodontic dengan warna royal blue, dibagi menjadi enam kelompok, terdiri dari tiga kelompok kontrol perendaman pada saliva buatan, dan tiga kelompok perlakuan perendaman pada minuman berkarbonasi. Setiap kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan diberi tiga variasi panjang penarikan, yaitu penarikan 1, 2, dan 3 mm. Perhitungan gaya elastik pada elastomerik ligatur menggunakan alat Universal Testing Machine. Analisis data menggunakan uji One Way Anova dan uji post hoc LSD pada p<0,05. Hasil uji One Way Anova menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna pada penarikan 1, 2, 3 mm dalam perendaman minuman berkarbonasi. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah terdapat pengaruh perendaman minuman berkarbonasi terhadap gaya elastik pada elastomerik ligatur dengan variasi panjang penarikan.Kata kunci: elastomerik ligatur; minuman berkarbonasi; variasi panjang penarikan

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHY ONGINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUIDVOLUME IN WISTAR RATS WITH PERIODONTITIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Aina Ramadhanty ◽  
Didit Aspriyanto ◽  
Beta Widya Oktiani
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Panoramic Radiography ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The One ◽  
Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Post Hoc

ABSTRACTBackground: Panoramic radiography is one of the most commonly used radiographic diagnostic tools. Panoramic radiography exposure can increase the GCF flow because of increasing vascular permeability.GCF flow can also increase in periodontitis conditions. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of 1, 2, and 3 times exposure of panoramic radiography to the volume of GCF in wistar rats with periodontitis. Method: This research was true experimental with post test onlycontrol group design. Thesampling technique used simple random samplingthat obtained 25 wistar rats comprising of 5 wistars from each group in which the GCF samples of each group was collected from. Results: The average number of GCF inhealthy rats groupthat was not exposed to panoramic radiographywas 0.114 µL, the periodontitis rats group that was not exposed to panoramic radiography was 0.246 µL, the periodontitis rats group that was exposed1 time was 0.286 µL, the group of periodontitis rats exposed 2 times was 0.294 µL, and periodontitis group of rats exposed 3 times was 0.374 µL. The results of the One-Way Anova and Post Hoc Bonferroni tests stated that there is a significant increase in the volume of GCF between the control group and all other treatment groups, as well as between the non-exposed periodontitis group and the periodontitis group with 3 times exposure. Conclusion: Panoramic radiography can causeincrease the volume of GCF in wistar rats with periodontitis. Keywords: Gingival Crevicular Fluid,panoramic, periodontitis, wistar rats

scholarly journals Efektifitas Debridemen Mekanik Pada Luka Bakar Derajat III Terhadap Kecepatan Penyembuhan Luka

JKEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Nurma Afiani ◽  
Sanarto Santoso ◽  
Tina Handayani N ◽  
M. Fendi Nur Yahya
Keyword(s):  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Degree Burn ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The One ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
One Way Anova

Third degree burn is a special wound cause consist of eschar for a long time. Kept eschar in third degree burn will delay healing procces. That is why eschar should be disapper by debridement process. Mechanical debridement used in this research. The aim of this research is to know the differences between mechanical debridement 24 hour and 48 hour in healing acceleration. This research is a true experimental by using  post test only control group design. The samples was selected by simple random sampling and was divided into three groups, each group consist of six rats, they are 24 hour group, 48 hour group and control group. The data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA then followed by Post Hoc LSD. The one way ANOVA result  p = 0,018 (p < 0,05) so there was a significant difference between control group and experimental groups. But the Post Hoc LSD results p = 0,123 ( p > 0,05)  so there was no significant difference between 24 hour group and 48 hour group in healing acceleration. For further researchers, it is suggested to use microscopic technique to know the effect of mechanical debridement in healing acceleration.

scholarly journals PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI L TERHADAP IMUNITAS SELULER TIKUS

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Ima Arum L ◽  
Purwanto AP ◽  
Henna Rya
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phyllanthus Niruri ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Post Hoc

Typhoid fever is a problem in the developing country. Phyllanthus niruri L (meniran) is a traditional plant that can be used as an immunomodulator on cellular or humeral immunity. By giving Phyllanthus niruri L extract to patient who suffers typhoid fever can increase cellular immunity responses in intracellular bacteria infection (S.typhimurium).This research was an experimental study using the post test-only control group design to proof of the effects of Phyllanthus niruri L on cellular immunity balb/c infected by salmonella typhimurium. The samples were taken from thirty male Balb/c mice which were divided into five groups including P1 (infected by S.typhimurium and PnL extract 125 g), P2 (infected by S.typhimurium and PnL extract 250 g), P3 (infected by S.typhimurium and PnL extract 500 g), K1 (infected by S.typhimurium) and K2 (healthy mice). In this study was applied parametric test of one way ANOVA and post hoc test Bonfferoni. It was known that phyllanthus niruri L increased the number of activated lymphocytes and phagocyte ability of macrophage (p=0.003 and p=0.001, respectively). By Bonfferoni post hoc test resulted that no significantly difference between the treated groups (increased of dose). There were no significant difference between the number of leukocyte, the difference count of lymphocyte and the nitrite oxide produced among the treatment groups and controls. Phyllanthus niruri L dose 250 μg increased the activated lymphocyte and index phagocytes. To find out the effects of Phyllanthus niruri L compare to antibiotic and Phyllanthus niruri L combination, continuing/advancing studies are needed

The Effect of The Using of Computer Games On Academic Success In Teaching English To 8th Grade Students

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bulent Dos ◽  
Zeynep Sinem Balıkçıoğlu ◽  
Semih Şengel
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Experimental Information ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Traditional Teaching ◽  
National Education ◽  
8Th Grade ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Education Measurement ◽  
The One

<p>In this study, the effect of using computer games in an English teaching classof the 8th grade students in secondary school is investigated. A total of 112 8th grade students, 57 in the experimental group and 55 in the control group, participated in the study. Academic Achievement Tests prepared by Ministry of National Education, Measurement, Evaluation and Exam Services Department were used as pre-test and post-test. Eight of the games, which were prepared specifically for Grade 8 students, were used in the Experimental Information Network (EBA). Preliminary tests as covariant, final tests as dependent variables and applied to groups of teaching and traditional teaching were discussed as independent variables. According to the one-way covariance analysis (COVARIANCE) results, it was found that the game was more effective than traditional teaching and this effect was moderate. In addition, it was determined that 36% of the final test scores of the students learning the game were explained by the game.</p>

scholarly journals Virtual Reality Gait Training to Promote Balance and Gait Among Older People: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Geriatrics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Kyeongjin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Gait Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Functional Reach Test ◽  
Balance Ability ◽  
Standing Test ◽  
The One

Falls are the leading cause of injury and injury-related death in the elderly. This study evaluated the effect of virtual reality gait training (VRGT) with non-motorized treadmill on balance and gait ability of elderly individuals who had experienced a fall. Fifty-six elderly individuals living in local communities participated in this study. Subjects who met the selection criteria were randomly divided into a VRGT group (n = 28) and a control group (n = 28). The VRGT group received VRGT with non-motorized treadmill for 50 min a day for 4 weeks and 5 days a week. The control group received non-motorized treadmill gait training without virtual reality for the same amount of time as the VRGT group. Before and after the training, the one-leg-standing test, Berg Balance Scale, Functional Reach test, and Timed Up and Go test were used to assess balance ability, and the gait analyzer system was used to evaluate the improvement in gait spatiotemporal parameters. In the VRGT group, the balance ability variable showed a significant decrease in the one-leg-standing test and a significant improvement in the Timed Up and Go test. With respect to spatiotemporal gait parameters, velocity and step width decreased significantly in the VRGT group (p < 0.05), and stride length and step length were significantly improved in the VRGT group (p < 0.05). VRGT with non-motorized treadmill has been shown to improve balance and gait ability in the elderly. This study is expected to provide basic data on exercise programs for the elderly to prevent falls.

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