scholarly journals Validation of Foot-Strike Assessment Using Wearable Sensors During Running

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1307-1310
Author(s):  
Alexandra F. DeJong ◽  
Jay Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Landing Biomechanics ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Strike Angle

Wearable sensors are capable of capturing foot-strike positioning, which lends insight into landing biomechanics during running. The purpose of our study was to assess the relationship between foot-strike categorization and foot-strike angle during running to validate the sensor-derived foot-strike outcome. Twenty collegiate cross-country athletes (12 females, 8 males) ran at 2 speeds on an instrumented treadmill. RunScribe sensors were used to determine foot-strike categorizations (1–5 = rearfoot, 6–10 = midfoot, 11–16 = forefoot), and foot-strike angles were simultaneously assessed with 3-dimensional motion capture bilaterally. We calculated Pearson r correlation coefficients to compare foot-strike categorizations and angles at initial contact over 800 steps as well as sensor foot-strike identification accuracy. A strong, inverse correlation between foot-strike categorizations and foot-strike angles was present (r = −0.86, P < .001). Overall, the sensors demonstrated 78% accuracy (rearfoot = 72.5%, midfoot = 55.3%, forefoot = 95.4%). These results support the concurrent validity of the sensor-derived foot-strike measures.

scholarly journals Cosmological effects on Size Evolution of some Extragalactic Radio Sources and Quasar/Galaxy Unification

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Ezeugo Jeremiah Chukwuemerie
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Radio Sources ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Extragalactic Radio Sources ◽  
Empirical Relations ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quasars And Radio Galaxies

We use analytical methods to develop a mathematical model that expresses the relationship between the linear size  of some extragalactic radio sources (EGRS) and their redshift . Result shows that , where . For the purpose of obtaining an empirical relation of similar form, we carry out simple linear regression analyses of the observed linear sizes of these EGRS in our sample against their respective observed redshifts. We obtain an empirical relation of the form, , where  and  for radio-loud quasars and radio galaxies respectively, with correlation coefficients given by,  for each of the sources. The correlation is marginal/slight. Comparing the theoretical and empirical relations, we find that the  data show an inverse correlation which is similar to the theory. This suggestively indicates presence of cosmological effects on the size evolution of the radio sources. Moreover, we find that similarity in the behavior of the two sources in the  plane, simply supports quasar/galaxy unification scheme in which the different observable properties that characterize these two subclasses of radio sources are aspect-dependent.

scholarly journals Plasma oxalate and eGFR are correlated in primary hyperoxaluria patients with maintained kidney function—data from three placebo-controlled studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn S. Milliner ◽  
Pierre Cochat ◽  
Sally-Anne Hulton ◽  
Jerome Harambat ◽  
Ana Banos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Function ◽  
Primary Hyperoxaluria ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Individual Study ◽  
Severe Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Urinary Oxalate Excretion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation

Abstract Background In patients with primary hyperoxaluria (PH), endogenous oxalate overproduction increases urinary oxalate excretion, leading to compromised kidney function and often kidney failure. Highly elevated plasma oxalate (Pox) is associated with systemic oxalate deposition in patients with PH and severe chronic kidney disease (CKD). The relationship between Pox and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with preserved kidney function, however, is not well established. Our analysis aimed to investigate a potential correlation between these parameters in PH patients from three randomized, placebo-controlled trials (studies OC3-DB-01, OC3-DB-02, and OC5-DB-01). Methods Baseline data from patients with a PH diagnosis (type 1, 2, or 3) and eGFR > 40 mL/min/1.73 m2 were analyzed for a correlation between eGFR and Pox using Spearman’s rank and Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Data were analyzed by individual study and additionally were pooled for Studies OC3-DB-02 and OC5-DB-01 in which the same Pox assay was used. Results A total of 106 patients were analyzed. A statistically significant inverse Spearman’s correlation between eGFR and Pox was observed across all analyses; correlation coefficients were − 0.44 in study OC3-DB-01, − 0.55 in study OC3-DB-02, − 0.51 in study OC5-DB-01, and − 0.49 in the pooled studies (p < 0.0064). Conclusions Baseline evaluations showed a moderate and statistically significant inverse correlation between eGFR and Pox in patients with PH already at early stages of CKD (stages 1–3b), demonstrating that a correlation is present before substantial loss in kidney function occurs. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Injuries in Runners: A Systematic Review of Foot Strike Technique and Its Classification at Impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 232596712110202
Author(s):  
Aoife Burke ◽  
Sarah Dillon ◽  
Siobhán O’Connor ◽  
Enda F. Whyte ◽  
Shane Gore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
English Language ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Continuous Measures ◽  
The Relationship

Background: It has been suggested that foot strike technique (FST) at initial contact is related to running-related injuries (RRIs). Purpose: To explore the relationship between FST and RRIs. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A systematic electronic search was performed using MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Included were studies published in the English language that explored the relationship between FST and RRIs between January 1960 and November 2020. Results were extracted and collated. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was applied to synthesize the quality of evidence. Results: We reviewed 13 studies exploring the relationship between FST and RRIs. Of these, 6 studies reported FST categorically (foot strike pattern [FSP]), and 7 reported continuous measures (foot contact angle, ankle flexion angle, and strike index). Three of the 6 studies looking at categorical FSP found rearfoot strikers have a significantly greater retrospective injury rate than do non– rearfoot strikers, with 1 other study noting a greater risk associated with midfoot and forefoot strike. Regarding the continuous measures of FST, only 1 of the 7 studies reported a significant relationship with RRIs. Conclusion: There was low evidence to suggest a relationship between FST (or its subcategories of categorical FSP and continuous measures) and RRIs. While two-thirds of the categorical studies found a relationship between FSP and RRIs, these studies were very low quality, with limitations such as retrospective study design, low participant numbers, and poor FSP assessment methods. More large-scale prospective studies are required.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Intralimb Kinetic Coordination in the Lower Limbs During Gait in Patients with Hemiparesis Due to Stroke

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Sekiguchi ◽  
Dai Owaki ◽  
Keita Honda ◽  
Shin-ichi Izumi
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Paretic Side ◽  
Weight Support ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
System Operating

Abstract Background: The main objective of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the principal components (PCs) of the sagittal kinetic variables in the lower limb and the ground reaction forces (GRFs) during gait in patients with hemiparesis. Methods: We recruited 21 patients with hemiparesis and 12 healthy controls. The 3-dimensional (3-D) coordinates of 33 markers were measured with a 3-D motion analysis system operating at 120 Hz and force plates as the subjects walked along a 7-meter walkway. The correlation coefficients between the over-time series of PCs, which is calculated using principle component analysis (PCA), and GRFs were compared among the left side of the controls and the paretic side (PS) and non-PS of the patients by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The correlation coefficient of the non-PS between the first PC and GRF in the anteroposterior-direction was significantly higher than that on the PS (P < 0.05) and that of the non-PS in the vertical-direction was lower than the PS (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The results indicated that intralimb kinetic coordination on the PS plays an essential role in weight support in patients with hemiparesis, whereas the kinetic coordination on the non-PS plays a role in generation of propulsion.

scholarly journals Weight-Bearing Dorsiflexion Range of Motion and Landing Biomechanics in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 833-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Hoch ◽  
Kelley E. Farwell ◽  
Stacey L. Gaven ◽  
Joshua T. Weinhandl
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Chronic Ankle Instability ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Landing Biomechanics ◽  
Maximum Angle ◽  
The Relationship

Context  People with chronic ankle instability (CAI) exhibit less weight-bearing dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) and less knee flexion during landing than people with stable ankles. Examining the relationship between dorsiflexion ROM and landing biomechanics may identify a modifiable factor associated with altered kinematics and kinetics during landing tasks. Objective  To examine the relationship between weight-bearing dorsiflexion ROM and single-legged landing biomechanics in persons with CAI. Design  Cross-sectional study. Setting  Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants  Fifteen physically active persons with CAI (5 men, 10 women; age = 21.9 ± 2.1 years, height = 168.7 ± 9.0 cm, mass = 69.4 ± 13.3 kg) participated. Intervention(s)  Participants performed dorsiflexion ROM and single-legged landings from a 40-cm height. Sagittal-plane kinematics of the lower extremity and ground reaction forces (GRFs) were captured during landing. Main Outcome Measure(s)  Static dorsiflexion was measured using the weight-bearing–lunge test. Kinematics of the ankle, knee, and hip were observed at initial contact, maximum angle, and sagittal displacement. Sagittal displacements of the ankle, knee, and hip were summed to examine overall sagittal displacement. Kinetic variables were maximum posterior and vertical GRFs normalized to body weight. We used Pearson product moment correlations to evaluate the relationships between dorsiflexion ROM and landing biomechanics. Correlations (r) were interpreted as weak (0.00–0.40), moderate (0.41–0.69), or strong (0.70–1.00). The coefficient of determination (r2) was used to determine the amount of explained variance among variables. Results  Static dorsiflexion ROM was moderately correlated with maximum dorsiflexion (r = 0.49, r2 = 0.24), ankle displacement (r = 0.47, r2 = 0.22), and total displacement (r = 0.67, r2 = 0.45) during landing. Dorsiflexion ROM measured statically and during landing demonstrated moderate to strong correlations with maximum knee (r = 0.69–0.74, r2 = 0.47–0.55) and hip (r = 0.50–0.64, r2 = 0.25–0.40) flexion, hip (r = 0.53–0.55, r2 = 0.28–0.30) and knee (r = 0.53–0.70, r2 = 0.28–0.49) displacement, and vertical GRF (−0.47– −0.50, r2 = 0.22–0.25). Conclusions  Dorsiflexion ROM was moderately to strongly related to sagittal-plane kinematics and maximum vertical GRF during single-legged landing in persons with CAI. Persons with less dorsiflexion ROM demonstrated a more erect landing posture and greater GRF.

scholarly journals Automated Accelerometer-Based Gait Event Detection During Multiple Running Conditions

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Benson ◽  
Christian Clermont ◽  
Ricky Watari ◽  
Tessa Exley ◽  
Reed Ferber
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Event Detection ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Detection Algorithms ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Evaluation

The identification of the initial contact (IC) and toe off (TO) events are crucial components of running gait analyses. To evaluate running gait in real-world settings, robust gait event detection algorithms that are based on signals from wearable sensors are needed. In this study, algorithms for identifying gait events were developed for accelerometers that were placed on the foot and low back and validated against a gold standard force plate gait event detection method. These algorithms were automated to enable the processing of large quantities of data by accommodating variability in running patterns. An evaluation of the accuracy of the algorithms was done by comparing the magnitude and variability of the difference between the back and foot methods in different running conditions, including different speeds, foot strike patterns, and outdoor running surfaces. The results show the magnitude and variability of the back-foot difference was consistent across running conditions, suggesting that the gait event detection algorithms can be used in a variety of settings. As wearable technology allows for running gait analyses to move outside of the laboratory, the use of automated accelerometer-based gait event detection methods may be helpful in the real-time evaluation of running patterns in real world conditions.

scholarly journals Foot Strike Angle Prediction and Pattern Classification Using LoadsolTM Wearable Sensors: A Comparison of Machine Learning Techniques

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 6737
Author(s):  
Stephanie R. Moore ◽  
Christina Kranzinger ◽  
Julian Fritz ◽  
Thomas Stӧggl ◽  
Josef Krӧll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Forest Models ◽  
Random Forest Models ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Strike Angle ◽  
Inference Tree

The foot strike pattern performed during running is an important variable for runners, performance practitioners, and industry specialists. Versatile, wearable sensors may provide foot strike information while encouraging the collection of diverse information during ecological running. The purpose of the current study was to predict foot strike angle and classify foot strike pattern from LoadsolTM wearable pressure insoles using three machine learning techniques (multiple linear regression―MR, conditional inference tree―TREE, and random forest―FRST). Model performance was assessed using three-dimensional kinematics as a ground-truth measure. The prediction-model accuracy was similar for the regression, inference tree, and random forest models (RMSE: MR = 5.16°, TREE = 4.85°, FRST = 3.65°; MAPE: MR = 0.32°, TREE = 0.45°, FRST = 0.33°), though the regression and random forest models boasted lower maximum precision (13.75° and 14.3°, respectively) than the inference tree (19.02°). The classification performance was above 90% for all models (MR = 90.4%, TREE = 93.9%, and FRST = 94.1%). There was an increased tendency to misclassify mid foot strike patterns in all models, which may be improved with the inclusion of more mid foot steps during model training. Ultimately, wearable pressure insoles in combination with simple machine learning techniques can be used to predict and classify a runner’s foot strike with sufficient accuracy.

Continuous Analysis of Marathon Running Using Inertial Sensors: Hitting Two Walls?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Meyer ◽  
Mathieu Falbriard ◽  
Benoit Mariani ◽  
Kamiar Aminian ◽  
Gregoire P. Millet
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Marathon Running ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Physiological Limits ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Strike Angle

AbstractMarathon running involves complex mechanisms that cannot be measured with objective metrics or laboratory equipment. The emergence of wearable sensors introduced new opportunities, allowing the continuous recording of relevant parameters. The present study aimed to assess the evolution of stride-by-stride spatio-temporal parameters, stiffness, and foot strike angle during a marathon and determine possible abrupt changes in running patterns. Twelve recreational runners were equipped with a Global Navigation Satellite System watch, and two inertial measurement units clamped on each foot during a marathon race. Data were split into eight 5-km sections and only level parts were analyzed. We observed gradual increases in contact time and duty factor as well as decreases in flight time, swing time, stride length, speed, maximal vertical force and stiffness during the race. Surprisingly, the average foot strike angle decreased during the race, but each participant maintained a rearfoot strike until the end. Two abrupt changes were also detected around km 25 and km 35. These two breaks are possibly due to the alteration of the stretch-shortening cycle combined with physiological limits. This study highlights new measurable phenomena that can only be analyzed through continuous monitoring of runners over a long period of time.

Reliability of the Minimum Masking Level as Outcome Variable in Tinnitus Clinical Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-435
Author(s):  
Patricia C. Mancini ◽  
Richard S. Tyler ◽  
Hyung Jin Jun ◽  
Tang-Chuan Wang ◽  
Helena Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Minimum Intensity

Purpose The minimum masking level (MML) is the minimum intensity of a stimulus required to just totally mask the tinnitus. Treatments aimed at reducing the tinnitus itself should attempt to measure the magnitude of the tinnitus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the MML. Method Sample consisted of 59 tinnitus patients who reported stable tinnitus. We obtained MML measures on two visits, separated by about 2–3 weeks. We used two noise types: speech-shaped noise and high-frequency emphasis noise. We also investigated the relationship between the MML and tinnitus loudness estimates and the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ). Results There were differences across the different noise types. The within-session standard deviation averaged across subjects varied between 1.3 and 1.8 dB. Across the two sessions, the Pearson correlation coefficients, range was r = .84. There was a weak relationship between the dB SL MML and loudness, and between the MML and the THQ. A moderate correlation ( r = .44) was found between the THQ and loudness estimates. Conclusions We conclude that the dB SL MML can be a reliable estimate of tinnitus magnitude, with expected standard deviations in trained subjects of about 1.5 dB. It appears that the dB SL MML and loudness estimates are not closely related.

A Meta Analytic Review of the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Effectiveness

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (9) ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
Augusty P. A ◽  
Jain Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Effective Leadership ◽  
Leadership Effectiveness ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
The Relationship

The study evaluates the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Effectiveness through a Systematic Review of Literature. The relationship has been evaluated in two steps. First, a Systematic review of literature was done to provide a theoretical framework to link the dimensions of Emotional Intelligence to the elements of effective leadership. Meta-analysis was then used to consolidate empirical evidence of the relationship. The studies for the meta-analysis were sourced from Pro Quest and EBSCO and the correlation coefficients of the studies were analysed. Only articles that presented the direct relationship between the variables were included in the study. The results of the analysis revealed a strong, statistically significant relationship between emotional intelligence and effective leadership. The findings of the study provide evidence for the proposition that Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Effectiveness are interrelated.

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