Effect of strategic deworming of village cattle in Uganda with moxidectin pour-on on faecal egg count and pasture larval counts : short communication

Strategic application of moxidectin pour-on (Cydectin(R)) was evaluated in Uganda for its effect on pasture larval counts and gastrointestinal nematode faecal egg counts in village cattle kept under tethering (semi-intensive) grazing management. The strategic deworming schedule involved treating cattle twice at an interval of 2 months, at the end of the 1st wet season and during the 2nd wet season. Two groups of 30 cattle, each consisting of a treated and a control group, were examined for nematode infections every 4 weeks from June 1999 to January 2000. The treated group had significantly lower mean faecal egg counts than the untreated groups (t-value = 2.47, P < 0.05). Generally, the pasture larval counts on treated farms were lower than on untreated ones, but not significantly so (t-value = 2.22, P = 0.068). Pasture larval counts with different nematode species on treated farms were lower than on untreated ones, but the differences were not significant for Haemonchus spp. (t-value=1.68, P=0.145), Oesophagostomum spp. (t-value= 1.87, P=0.111), Trichostrongylus spp. (t-value=1.93, P=0.102), Dictyocaulus spp. (t-value= -0.74, P=0.485) and Cooperia spp. (t-value=-1.00, P=0.356). Treated farms did , however, have significantly lower pasture larval counts of Bunostomum spp. (t-value=4.64, P<0.05). This study has revealed that the application ofmoxidectin pour-on on cattle has an effect on faecal egg count and pasture contamination under the tethering grazing system. Moxidectin pour-on and the strategic deworming schedule evaluated here could be used for the control of gastrointestinal nematode infections in cattle by small-scale farmers who practise tethering or semi-intensive grazing management in Uganda and other tropical countries, especially where there is a bimodal rainfall pattern.

Download Full-text

Variation of Total Coliforms and Bacteria during Dry and Wet Seasons in Rivers of Sigor Division, West Pokot County, Kenya

Journal of Advances in Microbiology ◽

10.9734/jamb/2020/v20i1130299 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 41-51

Author(s):

Nyasimi Ayora Gershom ◽

Kirui Stella ◽

Maingi John ◽

Kebira Anthony

Keyword(s):

Small Scale ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Wet Season ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

E Coli ◽

Urinary Infections ◽

Shigella Species ◽

West Pokot ◽

Dry Seasons ◽

Small Scale Farmers

Aims: There has been an increase in gastro-intestinal and urinary infections in Sigor division, West Pokot, Kenya. These infections result from bacteria and coliforms which are majorly propagated in water systems. Residents of this area are pastoralists and small-scale farmers relying on river water for their consumption and economic needs. This study aimed at characterizing the strains and quantities of bacteria and coliforms in the four rivers during the wet and dry seasons. Study Design: An independent measures design was used. Place and Duration of Study: Samples were taken from four rivers (Weiwei, Chesogon, Lomut and Muruny) in Sigor division, West Pokot county, Kenya. The study was conducted between January and October 2013. Methodology: Sampling was done at various points of the river in a stratified manner for characterization and analysis. Four main pathogens namely E. coli, V. cholerae, Shigella and Salmonella species as well as F. streptococci were isolated, cultured using different media and characterized. Further biochemical tests were conducted to confirm the exact strains present. Total viable counts for the bacteria and coliforms were then enumerated. Results: The results found out that E. coli, V. cholerae, Salmonella and Shigella species were abundant in the rivers while F. streptococci were only observed during the wet season. Biochemical tests conducted on the isolates revealed that the strains co-existed in the water samples. Weiwei river had the greatest number of bacteria strains. Muruny river was found to have the largest population of bacteria colony forming units (cfu’s). There was a large disparity in cfu’s in the rivers during the dry seasons. Chesogon river had the highest population of coliform units. Conclusion: The raw water in all the rivers were concluded to be unsafe for human consumption according to WHO standards.

Download Full-text

Evaluating the effectiveness of a Mexican strain ofDuddingtonia flagransas a biological control agent against gastrointestinal nematodes in goat faeces

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1079/joh2005283 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 79 (2) ◽

pp. 151-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

N.F. Ojeda-Robertos ◽

P. Mendoza-de Gives ◽

J.F.J. Torres-Acosta ◽

R.I. Rodríguez-Vivas ◽

A.J. Aguilar-Caballero

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Live Weight ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Duddingtonia Flagrans ◽

Infective Larvae ◽

Nematode Larvae ◽

Petri Dishes

AbstractThe use ofDuddingtonia flagransin the control of goat nematodes was investigated. Initially, the time of passage of chlamydospores through the digestive tract of goats was evaluated. Two groups of seven parasite-free kids were formed. Group A received a single dose of 3.5×106D. flagranschlamydospores (FTHO-8 strain) per kg of live weight. Group B did not receive any chlamydospores. Faeces were obtained from each kid daily from day 4 prior to inoculation until day 5 post-inoculation (PI) and were placed in Petri dishes containing water agar. Gastrointestinal nematode infective larvae were added to each Petri dish and incubated at 25°C for 7 days. Petri dishes were examined to detect the fungus and trapped nematodes. A second trial evaluated the effect ofD. flagranson the number of gastrointestinal nematode larvae harvested from goat faecal cultures in naturally infected goats. Two groups of seven goats were formed. The treated group received a single dose of 3.5×106D. flagranschlamydospores per kg of liveweight. The control group did not receive any chlamydospores. Faeces were obtained twice daily from each kid. Two faecal cultures were made for each kid. One was incubated for 7 days and the other for 14 days. Gastrointestinal nematode larvae were recovered from each culture and counted. Percentage of larval development reduction was determined using a ratio of larvae/eggs deposited in the control and treated groups.Duddingtonia flagranssurvived the digestive process of goats, and maintained its predatory activity, being observed from 21 to 81 h PI (3 to 4 days). A reduction in the infective larvae population in the treated group compared to the non-treated group was observed in both incubation periods (7 days: 5.3–36.0%; 14 days: 0–52.8%,P>0.05). Although a single inoculation ofD. flagranscan induce a reduction of infective larvae collected from faeces, a different scheme of dosing may be needed to enhance the efficacy ofD. flagransin goats.

Download Full-text

Comparative studies of early season moxidectin treatment and conventional ivermectin/ benzimidazole treatments in the control of cyathostomes in horses

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/5744-vetmed ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 48 (No. 1 - 2) ◽

pp. 9-17

Author(s):

I. Langrová ◽

I. Jankovská ◽

M. Borovský

Keyword(s):

Live Weight ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Groups ◽

Grazing Period ◽

The Mean ◽

Faecal Egg Counts ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

And Control ◽

First Time

Moxidectin administered in January or February at a single dose was tested for efficacy in horses on two farms for 12 and 11 months, respectively. Horses were infected with cyathostomes naturally in the previous grazing period. Forty horses of farm 1 and 20 horses of farm 2 were used in controlled tests to evaluate the efficacy of moxidectin 2% gel formulation at the dosage 0.4 mg moxidectin per kg of live weight, ivermectin commercial paste formulation at the dosage 0.2 mg ivermectin per kg of live weight, mebendazole and fenbendazole commercial paste formulation at the dosage both 7.5 mg mebendazole and fenbendazole per kg of live weight, all applied orally. Three control groups of 10 horses each (farm 1) were treated twice a year with ivermectin and benzimidazoles, respectively. Individual faecal egg counts, faecal cultures and larval differentiation were performed. Moxidectin had more prolonged and greater suppressive effects on the post-treatment reappearance and magnitude of strongyle egg counts than did ivermectin or benzimidazoles. In the moxidectin treated group (M1) strongyle eggs were seen for the first time in April and a slight increase in the mean count of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) was observed during the rest of the season. Litter larval counts significantly reflected levels of exposure during the tested season. Twenty animals of farm 2 were allocated into two groups of ten horses each based on pre-treatment eggs per gram (EPG) counts (moxidectin treated group and control group). In the moxidectin treated group mean egg counts remained very low throughout the study. A plateau was reached by autumn, with egg counts ranging from 74 to 145 EPG. The faecal egg counts of moxidectin treated group (M2) were significantly higher in March, April, May and June.

Download Full-text

Effect of level of infection by gastrointestinal nematodes and anthelmintic treatment on milk yield in dairy sheep

Parasite ◽

10.1051/parasite/2021068 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

María Martínez-Valladares ◽

Elías Martín-Ramos ◽

Myriam Esteban-Ballesteros ◽

Rafael Balaña-Fouce ◽

Francisco Antonio Rojo-Vázquez

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽

Treated Group ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Anthelmintic Treatment ◽

Faecal Egg Count ◽

Total Milk ◽

The Mean ◽

Low Levels ◽

High Level

The effects of gastrointestinal nematode infections and anthelmintic treatment on milk yields was compared between flocks with a low level (LL) of eggs per gram (epg) before partum and with a high level (HL). Faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRTs) were carried out before partum comparing a treated group with netobimin with an untreated group. Ewes belonging to LL flocks produced 55.4% more milk than ewes from HL flocks. A negative correlation was found between the mean epg before treatment and the mean milk yield per flock (r = −0.860; p < 0.01). However, treated ewes produced 10.1% more milk than untreated ewes in LL flocks, although in HL flocks, treated ewes produced less milk (−2.7%). The treatment of flocks even with low levels of infection can improve the milk yields. In this study, the epg before partum had a greater influence on total milk yield than the anthelmintic treatment.

Download Full-text

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (YT001) supplementation for the control of Haemonchus contortus and modulation of the immune response of sheep

Beneficial Microbes ◽

10.3920/bm2019.0120 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 175-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N.B. Pinto ◽

E.B. Gaspar ◽

A.P. Minho ◽

R. Domingues ◽

M.Q. de Moura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Immune Response ◽

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽

Treated Group ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Control Group ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Immunological Parameters ◽

Serum Igg

Studies aiming at the development and evaluation of alternative methods to minimise losses caused by the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus are extremely important. Such research is essential, given the high morbidity rates among sheep and the significant mortality rates of lambs, allied to the low efficacy of commercial products for the control of this parasite. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (YT001 – YEASTECH) on the control of H. contortus and its modulation of the immune response in experimentally infected sheep. Eighteen sheep were divided into two groups. Group 1, the control group, comprised animals infected with H. contortus and supplemented with distilled water, while Group 2, the treated group, consisted of animals infected and supplemented with S. cerevisiae (400 million cfu/day of suspension for 49 days). The following parasitological parameters were evaluated: number of eggs per gram of faeces, number of infective larvae (L3) recovered per faecal culture, and parasitic load of the abomasum. The following immunological parameters were quantified: immunoglobulin (Ig)A in the mucous secretions and serum IgG; cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-10; number of eosinophils in the abomasal mucosa and groups of cells positive for the markers: MHCII, CD4+CD25+, CD5+CD8+, WC4, CD5+CD4+, CD8+CD11b+ and CD5+WC1 by whole blood flow cytometry. The results revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the number of larvae and significantly higher serum IgG levels (P<0.05) in the group supplemented with S. cerevisiae. The supplemented animals showed significantly larger numbers of eosinophils (P<0.05), as well as more cells positive for MHCII, CD4+CD25+, CD5+CD8+ than the control animals. This study confirmed the beneficial action of S. cerevisiae on the host immune response to H. contortus, as evidenced mainly by the smaller number of L3 recovered from the faeces of sheep supplemented with S. cerevisiae.

Download Full-text

An attempt to implement the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans in biological control of trichostrongyle infections of first year grazing calves

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x00013729 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 175-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

J. Wolstrup ◽

J. Grønvold ◽

S.A. Henriksen ◽

P. Nansen ◽

M. Larsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

First Year ◽

Average Weight ◽

Duddingtonia Flagrans ◽

Worm Count ◽

Grazing Season ◽

Faecal Egg Count ◽

The Difference ◽

Control Group Group

AbstractAn attempt was made to control Ostertagia ostertagi by feeding the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans (DSM 6703) to grazing calves. One group of calves (group E) was fed the fungal material in the first two months of the grazing season while another group was a non-treated control group (group C). Group E showed significantly lower faecal egg count in August and September. On four occasions in July and September, the herbage larval counts were significantly lower on the plot with the fungal-treated group than those recorded on the control plot. The average abomasal larval and adult worm counts were significantly reduced in August in group E and the average total worm count in the abomasum of group E was reduced by 87% in August compared to the non-treated group C. In October, the difference in average abomasal worm counts between group E and C was insignificant. Due to weight loss at the end of the grazing season, the control group showed a significantly lower average weight increase.

Download Full-text

Tryptophan-Niacin Metabolism in Rat with Puromycin Aminonucleoside-Induced Nephrosis

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831.76.1.28 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 28-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Yukari Egashira ◽

Shin Nagaki ◽

Hiroo Sanada

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Urinary Excretion ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Puromycin Aminonucleoside ◽

Low Level ◽

Key Enzyme

We investigated the change of tryptophan-niacin metabolism in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside PAN-induced nephrosis, the mechanisms responsible for their change of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, and the role of the kidney in tryptophan-niacin conversion. PAN-treated rats were intraperitoneally injected once with a 1.0% (w/v) solution of PAN at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The collection of 24-hour urine was conducted 8 days after PAN injection. Daily urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, liver and blood NAD, and key enzyme activities of tryptophan-niacin metabolism were determined. In PAN-treated rats, the sum of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites was significantly lower compared with controls. The kidneyα-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) activity in the PAN-treated group was significantly decreased by 50%, compared with the control group. Although kidney ACMSD activity was reduced, the conversion of tryptophan to niacin tended to be lower in the PAN-treated rats. A decrease in urinary excretion of niacin and the conversion of tryptophan to niacin in nephrotic rats may contribute to a low level of blood tryptophan. The role of kidney ACMSD activity may be minimal concerning tryptophan-niacin conversion under this experimental condition.

Download Full-text

Haemostatic Clot Formation at Anastomosis of Synthetic Venous Graft in Defibrinogenated Dogs: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1650187 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 45 (03) ◽

pp. 276-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S Ishimaru ◽

E Berglin ◽

H-A Hansson ◽

A-C Teger-Nilsson ◽

G William-Olsson

Keyword(s):

Vena Cava ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study ◽

Fibrin Network ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽

Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Graft ◽

Morphological Differences ◽

Scanning Electron

SummaryA segment of the inferior vena cava was replaced by an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft in 13 dogs. Five of them served as a control group, while the other 8 were moderately or severely defibrinogenated with subcutaneous batroxobin. Plasma fibrinogen decreased to extremely low values throughout the experiment in the defibrinogenated dogs except in the moderately treated group in which it temporarily rose to 0.72-0.87 g/1 on the first postoperative day.Scanning electron microscopic observations of the haemostatic clot formed at the anastomoses of the graft revealed no significant morphological differences in platelet adhesion and/or aggregation between the three groups. These findings confirmed that platelets play a key role in primary haemostasis during defibrinogenation.The fibrin network was slightly diminished and only short fibrin filaments could be seen in the moderately and severely defibrinogenated groups respectively. These differences in composition of the clots are discussed in relation to their haemostatic capacity.

Download Full-text

Effects of oestradiol benzoate (OeB) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) on the testes and accessory sex glands of the rat

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0960273 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 273-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mridula Chowdhury ◽

Robert Tcholakian ◽

Emil Steinberger

Keyword(s):

Treated Group ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Male Rats ◽

Plasma Testosterone ◽

Control Group ◽

Intact Male ◽

Intact Control ◽

Testosterone Levels ◽

Oestradiol Benzoate ◽

Direct Inhibitory Effect

Abstract. It has been suggested that treatment of intact male rats with oestradiol benzoate (OeB) causes an interference with testosterone (T) production by the testes by a direct inhibitory effect on steroidogenesis. To test this hypothesis, different doses (5, 10 or 25 IU) of hCG were administered concomitantly with 50 μg of OeB to adult intact or hypophysectomized male rats. The testicular and plasma testosterone, and serum hCG levels were determined. The sex accessory weights were recorded. In the intact OeB-treated group of animals, hCG stimulated both the secondary sex organs and plasma testosterone levels above the intact control group. However, in hypophysectomized animals, although plasma testosterone levels increased above that of intact controls, their secondary sex organ weights did not. Moreover, inspite of high circulating hCG levels, the testicular testosterone content and concentration remained suppressed in OeB-treated animals. The reason for such dichotomy of hCG action on OeB-treated animals is not clear at present.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of anti-psoriatic activity of selected phytochemicals on UV-induced psoriasis in mouse tail model

Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.25259/ijpp_102_2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 ◽

pp. 123-128

Author(s):

Jada Naga Lakshmi ◽

A. Narendra Babu ◽

Rama Rao Nadendla

Keyword(s):

Disease Control ◽

Ellagic Acid ◽

Uv Light ◽

Severity Index ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Standard Group ◽

Significant Activity ◽

Epidermal Thickness ◽

Psoriasis Severity

Objectives: To evaluate anti-psoriatic activity of Phytochemicals on UV-Induced psoriasis in mouse tail model. Materials and Methods: Anti-psoriatic activity of selected phytochemicals on UV-Induced psoriasis in mouse tail model. The animals were dividing into 05 groups and each group contain 5 animals. Disease control group did not receive any treatment only exposure to UV-light, vehicle control treated with simple ointment, standard group treated with salicylic acid (1%w/w) ointment, remaining group are treated 1% and 2% selective phytochemical at two concentrations of ointment to topically on the tail skin. And the data were analysed using one way ANOVA followed by two-way ANOVA (Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test). Results: There was significant decrease in epidermal thickness (P < 0.05) as compared with control group. In 2% phytoconstituents has shown a significant reduction in the total epidermal thickness 8.4****±0.748, 7.6**±0.6781 and 8*±0.8366 in geraniol, glycyrrhizic acid and ellagic acid treated group, when compare to the disease induced animal, there was no lesion of Munro’s microabscess, capillary loop dilation along with elongation of rete ridges in the section of skin of rats. Psoriasis Severity Index was reduced in test treated groups as compared with that of disease control group. It was slowly reduced to 2nd week, totally (55-70%) reduction in PSI is observed at the time of third week of treatment period. Conclusion: The result of the study showed that the 2% of geraniol, ellagic acid, glycyrrhizicacid and hesperidin, exhibited significant activity on UV-induced psoriasis in rodents. The study implies that selected phytoconstituents are a promising research for further investigations to prove its anti-psoriatic activity.

Download Full-text