Knives as Aggression-Eliciting Stimuli

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Fischer ◽  
Harold Kelm ◽  
Ann Rose
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
University Students ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Check List ◽  
Displaced Aggression ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Bipolar Scale ◽  
Males And Females

An experiment was conducted to explore the cue value of the object “knife” in displaced aggression. Three kinds of knives were used: (1) a switchblade knife (high aggressive cue value), (2) a carving knife (high or low aggressive cue value), and (3) a table knife (low aggressive cue value). It was expected that frustration in the presence of highly aggressive cues (the switchblade knife and possibly the carving knife) would lead to more intense aggression than frustration in the presence of low-aggressive cues (the table knife and the no-object control conditions). Because of differences in roles and social learning males and females would react differently. 64 male and female university students were either frustrated or not frustrated in the presence of either a switchblade knife, carving knife, table knife or no object and then given an opportunity to evaluate an innocent peer on a 12-adjective bipolar scale. Ss were also asked to complete Zuckerman's (1960) Multiple Affect Attitude Check List (MAACL). Data indicated that for frustrated males the table knife elicited the most negative evaluations, while for frustrated females none of the “knife” conditions elicited more negative evaluations than the no-object control condition. The MAACL mood data indicated a significant increase in hostility with a nearly significant increase in anxiety and depression for frustrated males in the presence of a switchblade knife. Results were discussed in terms of their importance for understanding aggressive behavior.

scholarly journals Measuring Income (In)equality: Comparing Survey Questions With Unipolar and Bipolar Scales in a Probability-Based Online Panel

2020 ◽  
pp. 089443932090246
Author(s):  
Jan Karem Höhne ◽  
Dagmar Krebs ◽  
Steffen-M. Kühnel
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Response Behavior ◽  
Online Panel ◽  
Bipolar Scale ◽  
Scale Characteristics ◽  
Different Response

In social science research, unipolar and bipolar scales are commonly used methods in measuring respondents’ attitudes and opinions. Compared to other rating scale characteristics, scale polarity (unipolar and bipolar) and its effects on response behavior have rarely been addressed in previous research. To fill this gap in the literature, we investigate whether and to what extent fully verbalized unipolar and bipolar scales influence response behavior by analyzing observed and latent response distributions and latent thresholds of response categories. For this purpose, we conducted a survey experiment in a probability-based online panel and randomly assigned respondents to a unipolar or bipolar scale condition. The results reveal substantial differences between the two rating scales. They show significantly different response distributions and measurement non-invariance. In addition, response categories (and latent thresholds) of unipolar and bipolar scales are not equally distributed. The findings show that responses to unipolar and bipolar scales differ not only on the observational level but also on the latent level. Both rating scales vary with respect to their measurement properties, so that the responses obtained using each scale are not easily comparable. We recommend not considering unipolar and bipolar scales as interchangeable.

The Effect of Visual Attention Factors on Visual Field Testing for Maintenance of Gaze Fixation

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 701-704
Author(s):  
Jihyoung Lee ◽  
Younggeun Choi ◽  
Xiaopeng Yang ◽  
Gunhee Oh ◽  
Minjae Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Visual Field Testing ◽  
Black Dot ◽  
Fixation Rate ◽  
Gaze Fixation ◽  
Subjective Satisfaction ◽  
Eye Fatigue ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bipolar Scale

The maintenance of gaze fixation during visual field testing is needed to accurately measure the functionality of the optic nerve. The present study is intended to analyze the performance of gaze fixation and evaluate five gaze fixation induction methods (GFIM) including black dot (BD; conventional method), changing color dot (CCD), alphanumeric characters (AC), flashing black dot (FBD), and bulls-eye with cross hair (BECH). Recruiting 32 participants (16 in 20s and 16 in 30s), the experiment was conducted in four steps: (1) preparation, (2) exercising the visual field testing, (3) main experiment for five GFIMs, and (4) debriefing. The performance of gaze fixation was analyzed in terms of correct fixation rate (CFR), and subjective satisfaction was evaluated in terms of ease of gaze fixation (EGF), eye fatigue (EF), and overall satisfaction (OS) using a 11-point Likert bipolar scale. The CFRs of the four new GFIMs were all higher than that of BD (BD = 86.7%, CCD = 87.9%, AC = 88.8%, FBD = 91.5%, and BECH = 88.0%). However, there was no statistically significant difference among the CFR averages of the five GFIMs, but the variances of CFR of the newly proposed GFIMs were all lower than that of BD. The subjective satisfaction of BECH (EGF = 2.0, EF = -0.4, OS = 1.6) was highest. Therefore, BECH was recommended for an effective GFIM to maintain the examinee’s gaze fixation during a visual field testing in both aspects of the performance and the subjective satisfaction.

Cognitive Anxiety and Mental Errors in Sport

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Marie Bird ◽  
Melanie A. Horn
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Subject Selection ◽  
Cognitive Anxiety ◽  
Bipolar Scale ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Female High School ◽  
The Relationship

This investigation tested the relationship between level of cognitive anxiety and degree of mental errors in a sport setting. Subjects were female high school varsity softball players. The dimensions of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence were assessed by the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). Coaches evaluated mental errors during game play by ratings on a 10-point bipolar scale. Final subject selection was determined by dichotomizing individuals who scored lower on the scale (1-4) and higher on the scale (7-10). Analysis of variance yielded a single significant main effect which indicated that the two mental-error groups differed in cognitive anxiety. This supports the major prediction tested. Discussion centers on the apparent benefits of investigating variables more intimately associated with the attentional/cognitive disruption process versus focusing solely on objective sport outcome.

Noise, Task Complexity and Rated Annoyance

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-349
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Corso ◽  
Leonard L. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Task Complexity ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Information Reduction ◽  
Bipolar Scale ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
And Task

Two experiments investigating rated annoyance as a function of noise and task complexity were conducted. Task complexity was defined operationally as the number of stimulus alternatives. In the first experiment, two groups of subjects performed an information reduction task either to the onset of one of four stimuli or to the onset of one of eight stimuli while continually exposed to noise. Ratings of the noise on a bipolar scale were obtained after completing the task. An analysis showed a significant decrease in annoyance as the number of stimuli increased. In the second experiment, four groups of subjects performed the task at the two levels of complexity used in the first experiment. However, for each level of complexity, one group of subjects performed the task while exposed to noise, while another group performed the task in the absence of noise. Ratings of the task on the bipolar scale used in the first experiment were obtained. A main effect for the occurrence of noise was the only significant finding. The implication from this experiment suggests that the noise was considered to be part of the task, and was included in the rating. The implications of these results for the application of the traditional noise and annoyance findings are discussed.

Myers-Briggs psychological type and achievement in anatomy and physiology.

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (6) ◽  
pp. S61 ◽  
Author(s):  
P H Harasym ◽  
E J Leong ◽  
B B Juschka ◽  
G E Lucier ◽  
F L Lorscheider
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Myers Briggs Type Indicator ◽  
Psychological Types ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
Meaningful Relationship ◽  
Bipolar Scale ◽  
Myers Briggs ◽  
Course Achievement

Results from the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) for 259 nursing students were compared with their achievement on examinations in an undergraduate course in anatomy and physiology. Factor analysis demonstrated that no relationship existed between any of the eight individual personality traits purported to be measured by MBTI (i.e., E, Extrovert; I, Introvert; S, Sensing; N, Intuition; T, Thinking; F, Feeling; J, Judging; P, Perceiving) and examination scores in this course. The analysis also showed that the bipolar scales S vs. N and J vs. P collapsed into a single bipolar scale (S/J vs. N/P). This means that the MBTI is only capable of measuring three bipolar scales of personality traits instead of four scales as currently claimed. Contrary to other findings, results from an analysis of variance revealed no meaningful relationship between course achievement and psychological types.

MOCK JUROR RATINGS OF GUILT IN CANADA: MODERN RACISM AND ETHNIC HERITAGE

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey E. Pfeifer ◽  
James R. P. Ogloff
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Modern Racism ◽  
Native Canadian ◽  
Judicial Instructions ◽  
Legal Standard ◽  
Jury Instructions ◽  
Bipolar Scale ◽  
Prejudicial Attitudes ◽  
English Canadian

This research investigated whether the prejudicial attitudes of mock jurors in Canada produce criminal sanction disparities similar to those reported by research in the United States. In order to investigate this hypothesis, English Canadian participants read a transcript of a sexual assault trial that varied the ethnic background of both the victim and the defendant (i.e., English, French or Native Canadian). Participants were then asked to rate the guilt of the defendant in two ways: (1) on a 7-point bipolar scale in accordance with their personal beliefs (i.e., Subjective Guilt Rating), and (2) on a dichotomous scale (guilty/not guilty) in accor- dance with judicial instructions (i.e., Legal Standard Guilt Rating). Participants were also asked to rate the victim and defendant on a number of personality traits. Results indicate that participants asked to rate the degree of guilt of the defendant according to the Subjective Guilt Rating found him more guilty if he was French, or Native Canadian as opposed to English Canadian. These prejudicial ratings, however, dissipated when participants were asked to rate the guilt of the defendant according to the Legal Standard Guilt Rating that included jury instructions. This apparent paradox in results is discussed in terms of modern racism theory.

scholarly journals Cross-Modal Perceptual Organization in Works of Art

i-Perception ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 204166952095075
Author(s):  
Liliana Albertazzi ◽  
Luisa Canal ◽  
Rocco Micciolo ◽  
Iacopo Hachen
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Piano Works ◽  
Musical Excerpts ◽  
Bipolar Scale ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Perceptual Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Differential Test

This study investigates the existence of cross-modal correspondences between a series of paintings by Kandinsky and a series of selections from Schönberg music. The experiment was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, by means of the Osgood semantic differential, the participants evaluated the perceptual characteristics first of visual stimuli (some pictures of Kandinsky’s paintings, with varying perceptual characteristics and contents) and then of auditory stimuli (musical excerpts taken from the repertoire of Schönberg’s piano works) relative to 11 pairs of adjectives tested on a continuous bipolar scale. In the second phase, participants were required to associate pictures and musical excerpts. The results of the semantic differential test show that certain paintings and musical excerpts were evaluated as semantically more similar, while others were evaluated as semantically more different. The results of the direct association between musical excerpts and paintings showed both attractions and repulsions among the stimuli. The overall results provide significant insights into the relationship between concrete and abstract concepts and into the process of perceptual grouping in cross-modal phenomena.

scholarly journals Nuclear Energy Perception and Ecological Attitudes

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4322
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Badora ◽  
Krzysztof Kud ◽  
Marian Woźniak
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Bipolar Scale

This paper focuses on the analysis of trends in the development of nuclear energy in selected European and non-European countries in the context of the pace of renewable energy development in the world. The perception of Poles related to their openness to various energy sources against the background of European trends was also examined, as well as their ecological approach to the quality of the environment in this context. The survey was carried out using the Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) technique. The total number of correctly completed forms was 923. To identify the ecological attitude, purchasing attitude, and the perception of nuclear energy, the research tool contained a number of statements on the issues studied, and the respondents assessed compliance with their opinion using a seven-point bipolar scale. The semantic differential was also used to gather opinions on the characteristics of nuclear energy. This paper shows that global trends are promoting the development of unstable renewable energy sources and the reduction of the share of nuclear power plants as an energy source. It has also been shown that the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries are more skeptical about nuclear power than countries that do not belong to the OECD (for example, China and Africa).

The Reliability and Validity of Flight Task Workload Ratings

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Childress ◽  
Sandra G. Hart ◽  
Michael R. Bortolussi
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
General Aviation ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Perceived Performance ◽  
Bipolar Scale ◽  
Rating Method ◽  
Perceived Workload ◽  
And Performance

Twelve instrument-rated general aviation pilots each flew two scenarios in a motion-base simulator. During each flight, the pilots verbally estimated their workload every three minutes. Following each flight, they again estimated workload for each flight segment and also rated their overall workload, perceived performance, and 13 specific factors on a bipolar scale. The results indicate that time (a priori, inflight, or postflight) of eliciting ratings, period to be covered by the ratings (a specific moment in time or a longer period), type of rating scale, and rating method (verbal, written, or other) may be important variables. Overall workload ratings appear to be predicted by different specific scales depending upon the situation, with activity level the best predictor. Perceived performance seems to bear little relationship to observer-rated performance when pilots rate their overall performance and an observer rates specific behaviors. Perceived workload and performance also seem unrelated.

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