scholarly journals Minimal Difference in the Prevalence of Asthma in the Urban and Rural Environment

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. CMPed.S9539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamood Ur-Rehman Malik ◽  
Krishan Kumar ◽  
Marianne Frieri
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Asthma Incidence ◽  
Socioeconomic Issues ◽  
The Face ◽  
Access And Quality ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Urban Versus

Multiple risk factors can be modified to decrease asthma incidence. It is important to understand early risks to decrease exposure to harmful conditions in the environment that can trigger asthma which may not be clinically evident in children until they reach adulthood. A retrospective literature review of articles on the prevalence of asthma in the urban versus rural environment was initiated in order to understand the effect of the environment on asthma. The urban-living effect is a global problem in the face of growing population, industrialization and pollution. The socioeconomic dichotomy in the urban versus rural environment also affects access and quality of health care. Articles reviewed had differences in the urban versus rural prevalence of asthma. However, further analysis of specific risk factors and socioeconomic trends that increased susceptibility to asthma was the same in these studies. Some rural areas may have similar environmental and socioeconomic issues that place them at the same risk for the development of asthma as their urban counterparts. Urban locations generally tend to have the prototype environment that can lead to the predisposition of asthma. Ultimately, the incidence of asthma can be decreased if these environmental and socioeconomic issues are addressed. However, every effort is needed from the level of the individual to the community at large.

scholarly journals Leave No Child Behind: Using Data from 1.7 Million Children from 67 Developing Countries to Measure Inequality Within and Between Groups of Births and to Identify Left Behind Populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio P. Ramos ◽  
Robert E. Weiss ◽  
Martin Flores
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Socioeconomic Group ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Mortality Risks ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Left Behind

Background: Goal 3.2 from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) calls for reductions in national averages of Under-5 Mortality. However, it is well known that within countries these reductions can coexist with left behind populations that have mortality rates higher than national averages. To measure inequality in under-5 mortality and to identify left behind populations, mortality rates are often disaggregated by socioeconomic status within countries. While socioeconomic disparities are important, this approach does not quantify within group variability since births from the same socioeconomic group may have different mortality risks. This is the case because mortality risk depends on several risk factors and their interactions and births from the same socioeconomic group may have different risk factor combinations. Therefore mortality risk can be highly variable within socioeconomic groups. We develop a comprehensive approach using information from multiple risk factors simultaneously to measure inequality in mortality and to identify left behind populations. Methods: We use Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data on 1,691,039 births from 182 different surveys from 67 low and middle income countries, 51 of which had at least two surveys. We estimate mortality risk for each child in the data using a Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression model. We include commonly used risk factors for monitoring inequality in early life mortality for the SDG as well as their interactions. We quantify variability in mortality risk within and between socioeconomic groups and describe the highest risk sub-populations. Findings: For all countries there is more variability in mortality within socioe- conomic groups than between them. Within countries, socioeconomic membership usually explains less than 20% of the total variation in mortality risk. In contrast, country of birth explains 19% of the total variance in mortality risk. Targeting the 20% highest risk children based on our model better identifies under-5 deaths than targeting the 20% poorest. For all surveys, we report efficiency gains from 26% in Mali to 578% in Guyana. High risk births tend to be births from mothers who are in the lowest socioeconomic group, live in rural areas and/or have already experienced a prior death of a child. Interpretation: While important, differences in under-5 mortality across socioeconomic groups do not explain most of overall inequality in mortality risk because births from the same socioeconomic groups have different mortality risks. Similarly, policy makers can reach the highest risk children by targeting births based on several risk factors (socioeconomic status, residing in rural areas, having a previous death of a child and more) instead of using a single risk factor such as socioeconomic status. We suggest that researchers and policy makers monitor inequality in under-5 mortality us- ing multiple risk factors simultaneously, quantifying inequality as a function of several risk factors to identify left behind populations in need of policy interventions and to help monitor progress toward the SDG.

scholarly journals Ticket Inspectors in Action: Body-worn Camera Analysis of Aggressive and Non-aggressive Passenger Encounters

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Bank Friis ◽  
Lasse Suonperä Liebst ◽  
Richard Philpot ◽  
Marie Rosenkrantz Lindegaard
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Workplace Aggression ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Occupational Hazard ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Face ◽  
Interactional Analysis ◽  
The Individual

AbstractObjective: Workplace aggression is a harmful occupational hazard, which has been associated with individual and organizational level risk factors. By comparison, little is known about the face-to-face interactional dynamics that shape employee victimizations. To address this gap, we provide an interactional analysis of how ticket inspector actions are asso-ciated with the risk of passenger aggression. Method: Data was a video sample of 123 ticket fining events from public buses recorded by occupational body-worn cameras. We systemati-cally coded the inspector and passenger actions in each fining event. The individual and inter-actional risk factors associated with passenger aggression were estimated with a logistic re-gression model. Results: Our empirical analysis suggests that aggressive fining events unfold as “character contests,” in which the actions of the inspectors are associated with the aggres-sive outcome. Conclusions: These findings are in line with situational approaches to violence highlighting that aggressive incidents often develop as an interplay between victim and of-fender actions. We propose focusing on the behavioral actions of employees for prevention measures of workplace aggression.

scholarly journals Sinonasal Melioidosis in a Returned Traveller Presenting with Nasal Cellulitis and Sinusitis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Sin Mei Lim ◽  
Sam Flatman ◽  
Markus C. Dahm
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Burkholderia Pseudomallei ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Incision And Drainage ◽  
Nasal Vestibule ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
The Face

We illustrate a case involving a 51-year-old man who presented to a tertiary hospital with sepsis secondary to an abscess of the nasal vestibule and pustular eruptions of the nasal mucosa. Associated cellulitis extended across the face to the eye, and mucosal thickening of the sinuses was seen on computed tomography. The patient underwent incision and drainage and endoscopic sinus surgery. Blood cultures and swabs were positive for a gram-negative bacillus,Burkholderia pseudomallei. He had multiple risk factors including travel to an endemic area. The patient received extended antibiotic therapy in keeping with published national guidelines. Melioidosis is caused byBurkholderia pseudomallei, found in the soil in Northern Australia and Asia. It is transmitted via cutaneous or inhaled routes, leading to pneumonia, skin or soft tissue abscesses, and genitourinary infections. Risk factors include diabetes, chronic lung disease, and alcohol abuse. It can exist as a latent, active, or reactivated infection. A high mortality rate has been identified in patients with sepsis. Melioidosis is endemic in tropical Northern Australia and northeastern Thailand where it is the most common cause of severe community-acquired sepsis. There is one other report of melioidosis in the literature involving orbital cellulitis and sinusitis.

scholarly journals Comportamento suicida: uma revisão narrativa da literatura / Revisiting suicidal behaviour: a narrative review of literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Alexandre Daher Gonçalves Monteiro dos Reis ◽  
Gustavo Yamin Fernandes ◽  
Fernando Augusto Nakazato Hokama ◽  
Felipe Zocatelli Yamamoto ◽  
Guilherme Cavazzani Vaccarezza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Lethal Outcome ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Screening Strategies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Introdução: O comportamento suicida não abrange apenas o desfecho letal, mas um conjunto de eventos, com tendência teórica a escalonamento, denominado espectro suicida. Portanto, pode-se considerar a tentativa como parte da mesma afecção que o suicídio consumado. Encontra-se entre as principais etiologias de óbito entre adolescentes e adultos jovens, mas também acomete consideravelmente a população geriátrica. Além disso, nosso país figura no topo do ranking de números absolutos de ocorrências, com indícios de inclinação a aumento. Objetivo/Metodologia: O presente trabalho propôs revisão da literatura acerca do tema, utilizando a base de dados “PUBMED” e considerando artigos brasileiros e internacionais da última década. O cerne bibliográfico foi estruturado a partir de pesquisa via palavras-chave, com subsequente seleção da amostra obtida e ampliação, considerando referências utilizadas nos artigos- -base. O substrato final reuniu 47 artigos, abordando as características da enfermidade e dos impactados por ela, bem como estratégias populacionais de controle. Resultados: Múltiplos fatores de risco podem, e geralmente têm, envolvimento síncrono, mas o maior relevo pertence a tentativas de suicídio prévias e transtornos psiquiátricos. Determinadas características do indivíduo também contribuem na elaboração de perfil de risco. Já o método adotado pode tanto sofrer influência de determinado grupo epidemiológico quanto influenciar o curso de evolução mórbida. Classicamente, as tentativas contam com supremacia feminina, em oposição ao desfecho letal, fenômeno dominado por homens idosos. Ambos, empreendidos, amiúde, no próprio domicílio do paciente. Diferentes metodologias de predição do transtorno já foram empregadas, não se obtendo resultados plenamente satisfatórios, contudo. Até um quarto dos pacientes não exterioriza a intenção suicida ao seu médico, reforçando a relevância de estratégias preventivas e de rastreio. Conclusão: Infelizmente, no Brasil, os sub-registros compõem empecilho adicional às iniciativas de prevenção primária e secundária. Destarte, enquanto as dimensões adversas não forem apequenadas, faz-se pertinente a constante rememoração do tema e de sua magnitude.Descritores: Suicídio, Tentativa de suicídio, Ideação suicida, Prevenção do comportamento autodestrutivo, Fatores de riscoABSTRACTIntroduction: Suicidal behavior not only refers to the lethal outcome, but a set of events, with a theoretical tendency to progression, called the Suicidal Spectrum. Therefore, the attempt can be considered as part of the same condition as the consummate suicide. It is a major etiology for the death of adolescents and young adults, but also affects the geriatric population considerably. In addition, our country is at the top of the ranking of absolute numbers of occurrences, with indications of a tendency to increase. Aim/Methods: The present article proposes a literary review about the matter, using PUBMED’s platform and taking into consideration local and international publications from the past tem years. The bibliography core was built through a keyword guided research, followed by result’s filtration and expansion, using original article’s references and related manuscripts. The final compilation gathered 47 papers, addressing disease’s and patient’s characteristics, as well as potential populational policies. Results: Multiple risk factors can, and are often, involved concomitantly, with special attention given to previous suicide attempts and psychiatric disorders. Features of the individual also contribute to outline risk profiles. The means adopted can both be influenced by epidemiological characteristics and influence the course of morbid evolution. Classicaly, while attempts have a stronger association with women, self-induced deaths are more seen among men, seniors, above all. Regardless of the tenor of the action, the site of preference seems to be the own’s patient home. Different approaches to the issue have already been attempted, never achieving outright success, however. Up to a quarter of patients do not externalize suicidal intent to their physician, reinforcing the relevance of preventive and screening strategies. Conclusion: Unfortunately, in Brazil, sub-registries settle additional impediment to primary and secondary prevention strategies planning. Therefore, while the issue’s proportions remain unrestrained, the subject must be often revisited.Keywords: Suicide, Suicide attempt, Suicidal ideation, Prevention of self-injurious behavior, Risk factors

scholarly journals Campylobacteriosis in Urban versus Rural Areas: A Case-Case Study Integrated with Molecular Typing to Validate Risk Factors and to Attribute Sources of Infection

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e83731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Lévesque ◽  
Eric Fournier ◽  
Nathalie Carrier ◽  
Eric Frost ◽  
Robert D. Arbeit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Urban Versus

scholarly journals Epidemiologi ved korsryggsmerter

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dag Magnar Soldal
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Radicular Pain ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Spinal Disc ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Spinal Disc Herniation

<p>Artikkelen belyser lave korsryggsmerter med eller uten utstråling. Livstidsprevalensen for lave ryggsmerter er høy, sannsynligvis opp mot 80%. På grunn av fravær fra arbeid, bruk av helsetjenester og produksjonstap fører rygglidelser til store kostnader for den enkelte og samfunnet. I 2004 var over 44000 personer uføretrygdet i<br />Norge på grunn av rygglidelser, og rygglidelser er en av de viktigste enkeltårsaker til uføretrygd. Rygglidelser finnes i alle aldersgrupper, og er like hyppig hos unge og eldre. Vi finner spesifikke årsaker til lave ryggsmerter i mindre enn 15% av tilfellene. Hos 1-5% finner en malign sykdom, betennelsesaktig revmatisk sykdom, frakturer<br />eller skader. Hyppigste spesifikke årsak er skiveprolaps med nerverotsaffeksjon eller spinal stenose. Årsaken til uspesifikke rygglidelser mener vi i dag er multifaktorielle. Påvirkning av psykiske, sosiale og kulturelle faktorer kan føre til at tilstanden blir langvarig og tilbakevendende selv om mulige primære biologiske årsaker etter hvert har mindre betydning. En del faktorer som røyking, betydelig overvekt, mye løfting, vridning, ensformig arbeid, helkroppsvibrasjon, samt mistrivsel i jobbsituasjonen er vist å henge sammen med økt rapportering av symptomer. For samtlige av disse faktorene er assosiasjonene varierende og ikke sterke. Prognosen ved akutte ryggsmerter er vanligvis god. Studier viser at etter en måned var reduksjon i smerte og arbeidsuførhet på 58%, og at hele 82% var kommet tilbake i jobb. Etter ett år er mindre enn 5% sykmeldte. Likevel opplever opptil 20% betydelig funksjonsbegrensning pga. ryggsmerter etter ett år. Prognosen er noe dårligere hos pasienter med utstråling av smerter til beina. En rekke andre og ikke-ryggrelaterte faktorer som lav utdanning og lav sosioøkonomisk status karakteriserer personer med rygglidelser som faller ut av arbeidslivet</p><p>Low back pain (LBP) is a major reason for disability in Norway, and LBP therefore has great impact on both the individual person suffering from LBP and for the society. The lifetime prevalence for LBP is high, about 80%, but the prognosis is good for individual episodes. After the first attack 50% is well in one week and 90%<br />in 8 weeks. Only in about 15% we know the reason for LBP, with radicular pain from spinal disc herniation as the major cause. Unspecific LBP has multiple risk factors for disability such as psychological factors, low education and lifestyle factors</p>

scholarly journals PSYCHOSOCIAL REFLECTIONS OF A QUARANTINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-119
Author(s):  
Romano Deluque Júnior ◽  
Cesar Augusto Marton ◽  
Mariane Moreira Ramiro do Carmo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
Mental Comorbidities ◽  
The Face ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
The Individual

The present study aims to develop a theoretical discussion essay, to discuss the emotional impacts arising from the current scenario of social distance due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, an attempt is made to investigate the elements present in the aforementioned scenario that may pre-say possible indicators of mental suffering. Given the temporary restriction of freedom, the quarantine state also ends, by suppressing the individual's autonomy, at the same time that it confers on him, a deep feeling of impotence in the face of his condition. Socioeconomic status; access to information technologies and social networks; the availability of medical and hygiene supplies; the capacity of health systems; the individual psychic resources related to resilience; as well as the pre-existence of mental comorbidities are just some of the predictors or risk factors for severe mental suffering due to this quarantine.

Chest pain, breathlessness, and fatigue

2020 ◽  
pp. 3276-3284
Author(s):  
Jeremy Dwight
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Chest Pain ◽  
Past Medical History ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
The Face ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Individual

The symptoms of chest pain, breathlessness, and fatigue present a frequent diagnostic challenge in the outpatient and acute medical departments, as well as the emergency department. They have a broad differential diagnosis that includes several life-threatening pathologies. The cardiovascular history routinely includes assessment of risk factors and those aspects of the patient’s past medical history that make cardiovascular disease more likely. The presence of numerous risk factors may, on occasion, prompt the physician to proceed to further investigation even in the face of a relatively unconvincing history. Most diagnoses are made on the basis of patient history, and the physician is always compelled to return to the initial history and examination to put the findings of any investigations into context and to plan therapy appropriate for the individual patient.

A comparison of approaches for estimating combined population attributable risks (PARs) for multiple risk factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yibing Ruan ◽  
Stephen D. Walter ◽  
Christine M. Friedenreich ◽  
Darren R. Brenner ◽  
_ _
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Joint Distributions ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Multiple Risk ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Population Attributable Risks

AbstractObjectivesThe methods to estimate the population attributable risk (PAR) of a single risk factor or the combined PAR of multiple risk factors have been extensively studied and well developed. Ideally, the estimation of combined PAR of multiple risk factors should be based on large cohort studies, which account for both the joint distributions of risk exposures and for their interactions. However, because such individual-level data are often lacking, many studies estimate the combined PAR using a comparative risk assessment framework. It involves estimating PAR of each risk factor based on its prevalence and relative risk, and then combining the individual PARs using an approach that relies on two key assumptions: that the distributions of exposures to the risk factors are independent and that the relative risks are multiplicative. While such assumptions rarely hold true in practice, no studies have investigated the magnitude of bias incurred if the assumptions are violated.MethodsUsing simulation-based models, we compared the combined PARs obtained with this approach to the more accurate estimates of PARs that are available when the joint distributions of exposures and risks can be established.ResultsWe show that the assumptions of exposure independence and risk multiplicativity are sufficient but not necessary for the combined PAR to be unbiased. In the simplest situation of two risk factors, the bias of this approach is a function of the strength of association and the magnitude of risk interaction, for any values of exposure prevalence and their associated risks. In some cases, the combined PAR can be strongly under- or over-estimated, even if the two assumptions are only slightly violated.ConclusionsWe encourage researchers to quantify likely biases in their use of the M–S method, and here, we provided level plots and R code to assist.

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