scholarly journals Methodological Issues in Assessing the Impact of Prenatal Drug Exposure

2015 ◽  
Vol 9s2 ◽  
pp. SART.S23544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolien Konijnenberg
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Prenatal Drug Exposure ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Research Guidelines ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Drug Dependent ◽  
The Impact

Prenatal drug exposure is a common public health concern that can result in perinatal complications, birth defects, and developmental disorders. The growing literature regarding the effects of prenatal exposure to specific drugs such as tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, and heroin is often conflicting and constantly changing. This review discusses several reasons why the effects of prenatal drug exposure are so difficult to determine, including variations in dose, timing, duration of exposure, polydrug use, unreliable measures of drug exposure, latent or “sleeper” effects, genetic factors, and socioenvironmental influences. In addition to providing research guidelines, this review also aims to help clinicians and policy makers to identify the strengths and weaknesses in studies investigating the effects of prenatal drug exposure. This knowledge may be used to make better informed decisions regarding the appropriate treatment for pregnant, drug-dependent women and their children.

THE IMPACT OF PRENATAL DRUG EXPOSURE ON THE NEONATE

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol L. Wagner ◽  
Lakshmi D. Katikaneni ◽  
Toby H. Cox ◽  
Rita M. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Prenatal Drug Exposure ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Behavioral and Gene Regulatory Responses to Developmental Drug Exposures in Zebrafish

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra M. Mech ◽  
Munise Merteroglu ◽  
Ian M. Sealy ◽  
Muy-Teck Teh ◽  
Richard J. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Prenatal Drug Exposure ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Acute And Chronic Exposure ◽  
The Impact

Developmental consequences of prenatal drug exposure have been reported in many human cohorts and animal studies. The long-lasting impact on the offspring—including motor and cognitive impairments, cranial and cardiac anomalies and increased prevalence of ADHD—is a socioeconomic burden worldwide. Identifying the molecular changes leading to developmental consequences could help ameliorate the deficits and limit the impact. In this study, we have used zebrafish, a well-established behavioral and genetic model with conserved drug response and reward pathways, to identify changes in behavior and cellular pathways in response to developmental exposure to amphetamine, nicotine or oxycodone. In the presence of the drug, exposed animals showed altered behavior, consistent with effects seen in mammalian systems, including impaired locomotion and altered habituation to acoustic startle. Differences in responses seen following acute and chronic exposure suggest adaptation to the presence of the drug. Transcriptomic analysis of exposed larvae revealed differential expression of numerous genes and alterations in many pathways, including those related to cell death, immunity and circadian rhythm regulation. Differential expression of circadian rhythm genes did not correlate with behavioral changes in the larvae, however, two of the circadian genes, arntl2 and per2, were also differentially expressed at later stages of development, suggesting a long-lasting impact of developmental exposures on circadian gene expression. The immediate-early genes, egr1, egr4, fosab, and junbb, which are associated with synaptic plasticity, were downregulated by all three drugs and in situ hybridization showed that the expression for all four genes was reduced across all neuroanatomical regions, including brain regions implicated in reward processing, addiction and other psychiatric conditions. We anticipate that these early changes in gene expression in response to drug exposure are likely to contribute to the consequences of prenatal exposure and their discovery might pave the way to therapeutic intervention to ameliorate the long-lasting deficits.

scholarly journals A science impact framework to measure impact beyond journal metrics

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244407
Author(s):  
Mary D. Ari ◽  
John Iskander ◽  
John Araujo ◽  
Christine Casey ◽  
John Kools ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Research Guidelines ◽  
Ultimate Outcome ◽  
Guidelines And Recommendations ◽  
Impact Framework ◽  
The Impact

Measuring the impact of public health science or research is important especially when it comes to health outcomes. Achieving the desired health outcomes take time and may be influenced by several contributors, making attribution of credit to any one entity or effort problematic. Here we offer a science impact framework (SIF) for tracing and linking public health science to events and/or actions with recognized impact beyond journal metrics. The SIF was modeled on the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) Degrees of Impact Thermometer, but differs in that SIF is not incremental, not chronological, and has expanded scope. The SIF recognizes five domains of influence: disseminating science, creating awareness, catalyzing action, effecting change and shaping the future (scope differs from IOM). For public health, the goal is to achieve one or more specific health outcomes. What is unique about this framework is that the focus is not just on the projected impact or outcome but rather the effects that are occurring in real time with the recognition that the measurement field is complex, and it takes time for the ultimate outcome to occur. The SIF is flexible and can be tailored to measure the impact of any scientific effort: from complex initiatives to individual publications. The SIF may be used to measure impact prospectively of an ongoing or new body of work (e.g., research, guidelines and recommendations, or technology) and retrospectively of completed and disseminated work, through linking of events using indicators that are known and have been used for measuring impact. Additionally, linking events offers an approach to both tell our story and also acknowledge other players in the chain of events. The value added by science can easily be relayed to the scientific community, policy makers and the public.

scholarly journals MODELLING THE SPREAD OF TUBERCULOSIS, INCLUDING DRUG RESISTANCE AND HIV: A CASE STUDY IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S WESTERN PROVINCE

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMMA G. THOMAS ◽  
HANNAH E. BARRINGTON ◽  
KAMALINI M. LOKUGE ◽  
GEOFFRY N. MERCER
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Western Province ◽  
Short Course ◽  
Directly Observed Treatment ◽  
The Impact

AbstractHigh tuberculosis (TB) prevalence in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a serious public health concern. The epidemic in this region is exacerbated by the presence of drug-resistant TB strains as well as HIV infection. This presents a public health threat not only locally but also to Australia due to the high potential for cross-border transmission between PNG’s Western Province and the Australian Torres Strait Islands. We present two mathematical models of TB in the Western Province: a simple model of the underlying TB dynamics, and a detailed model which accounts for the additional effects of HIV and drug resistance. The detailed model is used to make quantitative predictions about the impact of expanding the TB case detection rate under the Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course treatment regimen. This paper provides a framework for future investigation into the economic costs and public health benefits of potential TB interventions in this region, with the eventual aim of providing recommendations to guide policy makers in both PNG and Australia.

Effects of Prenatal Drug Exposure on Birth Outcomes and Early Child Development

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merith Cosden ◽  
Stacey Peerson ◽  
Katherine Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Birth Outcome ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Prenatal Drug Exposure ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Prenatal Substance Exposure ◽  
Substance Exposure ◽  
Development Data ◽  
The Impact

Public attention has been drawn to the needs of children who have been exposed to drugs, alcohol, and tobacco in utero. Despite initial concerns that prenatal substance exposure could have global and permanent effects, current research suggests that many of these children do not have significant birth outcomes. Developmental outcomes are also mixed. This paper presents a review of the literature on the impact of prenatal drug exposure on infants and young children. In addition, birth outcome and development data are presented on 80 children who were exposed to multiple substances in utero and who were with their mothers in a treatment facility. Both intra-uterine and extra-uterine factors related to children's outcomes are discussed.

scholarly journals The Impact of Public Health Events on COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy on Chinese Social Media: National Infoveillance Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zizheng Zhang ◽  
Guanrui Feng ◽  
Jiahong Xu ◽  
Yimin Zhang ◽  
Jinhui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Health Events ◽  
Model Training ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

BACKGROUND The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to every country worldwide. A call for global vaccination for COVID-19 plays a pivotal role in the fight against this virus. With the development of COVID-19 vaccines, public willingness to get vaccinated has become an important public health concern, considering the vaccine hesitancy observed worldwide. Social media is powerful in monitoring public attitudes and assess the dissemination, which would provide valuable information for policy makers. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the responses of vaccine positivity on social media when major public events (major outbreaks) or major adverse events related to vaccination (COVID-19 or other similar vaccines) were reported. METHODS A total of 340,783 vaccine-related posts were captured with the poster’s information on Weibo, the largest social platform in China. After data cleaning, 156,223 posts were included in the subsequent analysis. Using pandas and SnowNLP Python libraries, posts were classified into 2 categories, positive and negative. After model training and sentiment analysis, the proportion of positive posts was computed to measure the public positivity toward the COVID-19 vaccine. RESULTS The positivity toward COVID-19 vaccines in China tends to fluctuate over time in the range of 45.7% to 77.0% and is intuitively correlated with public health events. In terms of gender, males were more positive (70.0% of the time) than females. In terms of region, when regional epidemics arose, not only the region with the epidemic and surrounding regions but also the whole country showed more positive attitudes to varying degrees. When the epidemic subsided temporarily, positivity decreased with varying degrees in each region. CONCLUSIONS In China, public positivity toward COVID-19 vaccines fluctuates over time and a regional epidemic or news on social media may cause significant variations in willingness to accept a vaccine. Furthermore, public attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination vary from gender and region. It is crucial for policy makers to adjust their policies through the use of positive incentives with prompt responses to pandemic-related news to promote vaccination acceptance.

Markets for Purchased Farm Inputs

2005 ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
E. Serova ◽  
O. Shick
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Farm Inputs

Russian policy makers argue that agriculture suffers from decapitalization due to financial constraints faced by producers. This view is the basis for the national agricultural policy, which emphasizes reimbursement of input costs and substitutes government and quasi-government organizations for missing market institutions. The article evaluates the availability of purchased farm inputs, the efficiency of their use, the main problems in the emergence of market institutions, and the impact of government policies. The analysis focuses on five groups of purchased inputs: farm machinery, fertilizers, fuel, seeds, and animal feed. The information sources include official statistics and data from two original surveys.

Managing Service Quality, Food Quality, Price Fairness and Customer Retention: A Holistic Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Ammar Ahmed ◽  
Rafat Naseer ◽  
Muhammad Asadullah ◽  
Hadia Khan
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Customer Retention ◽  
Price Fairness ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Restaurant Management ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Research Propositions ◽  
The Impact

In this competitive environment, organizations strive to satisfy their customer by providing best quality service at affordable and fair prices with a view to enhance their revenues. To achieve the objective of revenue maximization, organizations strive to identify the factors that help them in retaining their customers. Drawing from the signalling theory of marketing, the current study proposes a novel conceptual model representing the impact of service quality with food quality and price fairness on customer retention in restaurant sector of Pakistan. The paper underlines an important arena of knowledge for academicians as well as organizational scientists on the subject. On the basis of literature available on the variables understudy, the present study forwards eight research propositions worthy of urgent scholarly attention. The conceptualized model of the present article can also be viewed significant in unleashing further avenues for the restaurant management entities, policy makers and future researchers in the domain of managing in the service sector businesses.

Materialism and Green Purchase Intention: A Study of Urban Vietnamese Consumers

2017 ◽  
pp. 89-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mai Nguyen Thi Tuyet ◽  
Hung Nguyen Vu ◽  
Linh Nguyen Hoang ◽  
Minh Nguyen Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Subjective Norm ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Tpb Model ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Impact

This study focuses on examining the impact of three components of materialism on green purchase intention for urban consumers in Vietnam, an emerging economy. An extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is applied as the conceptual framework for this study. The hypotheses are empirically tested using survey data obtained from consumers in Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. The regression results show support for most of our hypotheses. The findings indicate that two out of three facets of materialism are significant predictors of green purchase intention. Specifically, success is found to be negatively related to purchase intention, while happiness is related positively to the intention. All three antecedents in the TPB model, including attitude towards green purchase, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control are also found to have positive impacts on purchase intention. The research findings are discussed and implications for managers and policy makers are provided.

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