Molecular techniques used in the search for genetic determinants to improve meat quality

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Jon Meadus
Keyword(s):  
Gene Mapping ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Pedigree Information ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Genetic Trait ◽  
Microsatellite Mapping

An objective of the red meat industry is to improve the eating qualities of their product. This article focuses on some of the newer techniques used in identifying the genetic factors controlling the eating qualities of red meat animals. Identifying genes in an animal can be achieved either directly, or by linking with genetic markers. Linking a trait with genetic markers has become much easier with the recent development of microsatellite DNA-based genomic maps. The ultimate goal of most molecular biologists is to identify the DNA sequence that defines a unique genetic variant. If the actual sequence mutation is known, animals can be conclusively genotyped without pedigree information. Using microsatellite mapping, genetic variants can be defined in a range of DNA of approximately 100 to 1000 kilobases, which can include more the 50 to 100 genes. Current methods available for identifying specific genetic mutations can analyze approximately 0.4 to 2 kilobases per reaction, but a gene can be more than 60 kilobases long. To conclude, gene mapping can fix a genetic trait quickly, which is useful in controlled breeding programs, but the next step of identifying the genetic variants is very difficult. However, if a trait is defined biochemically, alternative molecular techniques can be applied to a few candidate genes, which might be a riskier approach, but it can give the best result of a simple genetic test. These tests can then be applied to identify and design meat animals according to specific food markets. Key words: Meat quality, gene mapping, genetic testing

scholarly journals Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry: A Review on Its Application to the Red Meat Industry with an Australian Context

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Robert S. Barlow ◽  
Adam G. Fitzgerald ◽  
Joanne M. Hughes ◽  
Kate E. McMillan ◽  
Sean C. Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Australian Context ◽  
Processing Plants

The red meat supply chain is a complex network transferring product from producers to consumers in a safe and secure way. There can be times when fragmentation can arise within the supply chain, which could be exploited. This risk needs reduction so that meat products enter the market with the desired attributes. Rapid Evaporative Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (REIMS) is a novel ambient mass spectrometry technique originally developed for rapid and accurate classification of biological tissue which is now being considered for use in a range of additional applications. It has subsequently shown promise for a range of food provenance, quality and safety applications with its ability to conduct ex vivo and in situ analysis. These are regarded as critical characteristics for technologies which can enable real-time decision making in meat processing plants and more broadly throughout the sector. This review presents an overview of the REIMS technology, and its application to the areas of provenance, quality and safety to the red meat industry, particularly in an Australian context.

Collusion-enhancing effects of the own- and cross-price demand elasticities in merging multiproduct food industries: The case of chicken and red meat in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Panagiotou
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Demand Elasticities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Price Demand

The recent wave of megamergers sweeping the US food industry has raised significant concerns regarding “conglomerate” market power. Beef processors have been merging with pork and/or poultry processors (and vice versa). Concurrently, consumers have changed their attitude toward diet and health. The poultry industry has been more responsive to the changes in consumers’ lifestyles than the red meat industry by providing products which address health concerns. As a consequence, consumers exhibit stronger preference for chicken and are more willing to substitute chicken for red meat. The objective of this study is to examine the sustainability of collusion between multiproduct meat processing firms, under different values of the own-price demand flexibility of chicken as well as cross-price elasticities of demand between the markets of chicken and red meat. The findings indicate that the less (more) responsive demand for chicken gets to changes in its own price (price of red meat), the easier it gets for firms to sustain collusion.

Genetic epidemiology: Overview

2020 ◽  
pp. 327-342
Author(s):  
Frühling Rijsdijk ◽  
Paul F. O’Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Gene Mapping ◽  
Genetic Epidemiology ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Behavioural Genetics ◽  
Human Disorders ◽  
Behavioural Phenotypes ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
Study Designs

This chapter demonstrates the principles behind some of the major genetic study designs used in psychiatry research. The first part focuses on behavioural genetic designs, while the second part describes designs for ‘gene mapping’. Behavioural genetics examines the genetic basis of behavioural phenotypes, including both disorders and ‘normal’ dimensional traits. The theoretical basis is derived from population genetics, including properties such as segregation ratios, random mating, genetic variance, and genetic correlation between relatives. The second part of the chapter deals with gene mapping designs, in which specific genetic variants or genomic regions associated with a disorder or trait are identified. A brief outline of the most popular current approaches to the analysis of the genetics of complex human disorders is also provided.

Marsupial Gene Mapping and the Evolution of Mammalian Sex-Chromosome Form and Function

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAM Graves ◽  
AH Sinclair ◽  
JA Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Gene Mapping ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Gene Associations ◽  
Autosome Translocation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gene Maps

Comparisons between the gene maps of distantly related mammalian species can provide information about the evolution of genome arrangement and function in mammals. Marsupial gene mapping is now being vigorously pursued, using newly developed cell and molecular techniques to complement classic breeding studies of model species. Gene associations and localisations established by all these techniques are tabulated, and the beginnings of gene maps, based on in situ hybridisation, are presented for a macropodid and a dasyurid species. The significance of marsupial gene mapping is apparent even from these limited data, which show that large autosomal regions have been conserved between marsupials and eutherians. However, an ancient X-autosome translocation is revealed, which either removed most of the human X short-arm markers (including the putative sex determining factor) to autosomes or added this region to a smaller ancestral X. The implications of these findings to theories of mammalian sex chromosome evolution and function are discussed, and a hypothesis proposed for a gradual differentiation of the mammalian X and Y chromosome, accompanied by progressive spreading of X chromosome inactivation.

scholarly journals Informational-Statistical Aspects of Genetic Diversity in Tsigai and Tsurcana Ecotypes from Romania

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Gheorghe HRINCĂ
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Sheep Breeds ◽  
Allelic Distribution ◽  
Biochemical Genetic ◽  
Genetic Structures ◽  
Genetic Diversity Level

The main objective of this paper is to measure the relationships between the ecotypes belonging to the Tigai and Tsurcana breeds of Romania and to quantify the genetic diversity within them from the informational statistics point of view, depending on the relief forms of the biotope in which they live, using the genetic variants of some selective genetic markers. The researches were carried out on ecotypes of the most ubiquitous sheep breeds in Romania, Tsigai and Tsurcana whose biotopes are circumscribed by more relief forms: plain, hilly, sub-mountainous and mountainous. The sheep were electrophoretically typified at the determinant loci of haemoglobin and transferrin. Using the allelic frequencies of the haemoglobin and transferrin systems that have been processed by concepts of informational statistics, the differentiation / similarity degree among ecotypes within the two breeds was quantified by the genetic distance (D) and the informational correlation coefficient (Rx,y), as well as the diversity level (d) of the genetic structures of these ecotypes on the basis of informational energy (e). Also, the heterozygosity degree (Ht) at the Hb and Tf loci was calculated in relation to the genetic diversity level. The paper analyzes the causes of genetic similarities and differentiations among the ecotypes of these two breeds at the level of the two biochemical-genetic loci: allelic distribution of haemoglobin and transferrin, altitude of relief forms, habitat conditions etc. The benefits of such studies are also presented for the improvement, breeding and conservation of the ecotypes of these two sheep breeds from Romania.

Evidence Of Possible Linkage Between Von Willebrand’S Disease (VWD) And 2 Polymorphic Genetic Markers

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
E S Barrow ◽  
H M Reisner ◽  
K K Namboodiri ◽  
R C Elston ◽  
J B Graham
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Pedigree Information ◽  
Chromosome 6 ◽  
Lod Score ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Normal Laboratory

VWD shows great variability within and between families. In some kindred the affected persons show decreased amounts of an apparently normal VIIIR:Ag. In others, abnormal electrophoretic mobility of VIIIR:Ag has been associated with a defect in the degree of polymerization. Within kindred, expressivity may be so variable that some transmitters have normal laboratory findings. Detection of linkage between VWD and a clearly defined antigenic or biochemical marker might provide the means to make unambiguous diagnoses and to distinguish between the effects of the multiple genes involved in synthesis of VIIIR:Ag.We have examined 4 VWD kindred, using 23 genetic markers. Individuals were classified for VWD using clinical and laboratory data, pedigree information and 2 statistical procedures: D I based on 3 measures of F VIII activity, and D II which also included bleeding time and a subjective index of symptoms. Using D I, a LOD score of 0.66 at a recombination frequency (θ) of 0.20 was found with GPT (glucose pyruvic transaminase). Using D II a LOD score of 0.50 at a θ of 0.25 was found. Most of the evidence of a VWD- GPT linkage was provided by a single kindred. Using D II, evidence suggesting a second linkage was observed between VWD and GLO (glyoxylase) with a LOD score of 1.03 at a 0 of 0.20, all 4 families contributing.The LOD scores reported are suggestive of linkage and warrant further study. Since GLO relates to Chromosome 6 while the chromosomal location of GPT is not known and since GPT and GLO are unlinked, VWD may be genetically heterogeneous, 2 or more loci being involved.Studies to clarify the relationship of VWD to Chromosome 6 are underway using markers known to be linked to GLO.

Prenatal undernutrition increases fat deposition and collagen content within skeletal muscle in the porcine fetus

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 37-37
Author(s):  
J. Karunaratne ◽  
C. Ashton ◽  
N.C. Stickland
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Collagen I ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Fat Deposits

Connective tissue content of skeletal muscle plays a key role in meat quality. Previous pilot studies carried out in our lab have indicated that the smallest littermate may have a higher proportion of connective tissue in skeletal muscle (Clelland A., 2001). Connective tissue provides a structure to the muscle belly and is composed of ground substance, fibres and connective tissue cells. A proportion of these three elements of the connective tissue comprise of collagen I and fat deposits. This is an important concept to the meat industry as an increased amount of these components can increase meat toughness and intramuscular fat respectively, both having an impact on the resultant meat quality. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between undernutrition, collagen and fat content using a naturally occurring model. In the pig, it can be argued that differing levels of nutrition received, in utero, are a major cause of intra-litter variation. Therefore the smallest and largest littermates were chosen and content of collagen I and fat deposition were analysed in the M. semitendinosus of both.

Frequency of meat quality classes in fatteners from the mass population

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Halina Sieczkowska ◽  
Agata Nurzyńska ◽  
Krystian Tarczyński ◽  
Andrzej Zybert ◽  
Elżbieta Krzęcio-Nieczyporuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Pork Meat ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Meat Content ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Exudative Meat

The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequencies of meat quality classes in pigs from the mass population. The study was carried out in the spring/summer season on 220 fatteners. The rearing and pre-slaughter handling conditions were the same for all animals. Slaughter and carcass handling were carried out according to the procedures used at the meat plant. The research material was similar in terms of hot carcass weight (85.27 ±3.06 kg) and lean meat content (58.02 ±2.76%). The results have shown that significant issues for the pork meat industry are acid meat (AM, with low suitability for processing) and exudative meat. The percentage of AM meat was as high as 25%, while 68% was exudative meat within the category of meat assessed as RFN (red, firm, normal). For accurate and detailed conclusions, studies must be conducted in fatteners of known origin (genotype).

HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING TECHNIQUE AS A STATE OF ART TECHNOLOGY IN MEAT SCIENCE

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Hasan Ibrahim Kozan ◽  
Cemalettin Sariçoban ◽  
Hasan Ali Akyürek ◽  
Ahmet Ünver
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Meat Safety ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Day By Day

Nowadays, the concern of meat consumption, safety and quality has been popular due to some health risks such coronary heart disease, stroke and diabetes caused by the content as saturated fat, cholesterol content and carcinogenic compounds, for consumers. The importance of the need of new non-destructive and fast meat analyze methods are increasing day by day.  For this, researchers have developed some methods to objectively measure the meat quality and meat safety as well as illness sources. Hyperspectral imaging technique is one of the most popular technology which combines imaging and spectroscopic technology. This technique is a non-destructive, real-time and easy-to-use detection tool for meat quality and safety assessment. It is possible to determine chemical structure and related physical properties of meat.It is clear that hyperspectral imaging technology can be automated for manufacturing in meat industry and all of data’s obtained from the hyperspectral images which represents the chemical quality parameters of meats in the process can be saved to database. 

Quality Assessment of Genetic Markers Used for Therapy Stratification

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 2077-2084 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.M. Ambros ◽  
J. Benard ◽  
M. Boavida ◽  
N. Bown ◽  
H. Caron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Therapeutic Decisions ◽  
Therapy Stratification

Purpose: Therapy stratification based on genetic markers is becoming increasingly important, which makes commitment to the highest possible reliability of the involved markers mandatory. In neuroblastic tumors, amplification of the MYCN gene is an unequivocal marker that indicates aggressive tumor behavior and is consequently used for therapy stratification. To guarantee reliable and standardized quality of genetic features, a quality-assessment study was initiated by the European Neuroblastoma Quality Assessment (ENQUA; connected to International Society of Pediatric Oncology) Group. Materials and Methods: One hundred thirty-seven coded specimens from 17 tumors were analyzed in 11 European national/regional reference laboratories using molecular techniques, in situ hybridization, and flow and image cytometry. Tumor samples with divergent results were re-evaluated. Results: Three hundred fifty-two investigations were performed, which resulted in 23 divergent findings, 17 of which were judged as errors after re-evaluation. MYCN analyses determined by Southern blot and in situ hybridization led to 3.7% and 4% of errors, respectively. Tumor cell content was not indicated in 32% of the samples, and 11% of seemingly correct MYCN results were based on the investigation of normal cells (eg, Schwann cells). Thirty-eight investigations were considered nonassessable. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the importance of revealing the difficulties and limitations for each technique and problems in interpreting results, which are crucial for therapeutic decisions. Moreover, it led to the formulation of guidelines that are applicable to all kinds of tumors and that contain the standardization of techniques, including the exact determination of the tumor cell content. Finally, the group has developed a common terminology for molecular-genetic results.

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