EFFECT OF GAMMA RADIATION ON THE UTILIZATION OF WHEAT STRAW BY RUMEN MICROORGANISMS

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. I. Pritchard ◽  
W. J. Pigden ◽  
D. J. Minson
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Acid ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Feeding Value

The effects of gamma radiation from Cobalt-60 upon the feeding value of wheat straw were determined by in vitro fermentations with rumen microorganisms. Exposure of the straw to dosages of 1 × 107 rads caused a slight increase in dry matter digestion whereas exposures of 1 × 108 rads or more caused a marked increase. The solubility of straw was also increased with dosages of 1 × 108 rads or more. However, increases in the volatile acid production from the fermentations were found only up to dosages of 2.5 × 108 rads, suggesting that above this level of radiation the carbohydrates are disintegrated to such a degree that they are no longer suitable substrates for rumen microorganisms. These findings confirm the presence of nutrients entrapped in wheat straw which can be made available to the rumen microorganisms, but the levels of gamma irradiation necessary for their release are well above what is practical for commercial operations.

Degradation and Anticarboxylesterase Activity of Disulfoton and Phorate after 60Co Gamma Irradiation

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-811
Author(s):  
D L Grant ◽  
C R Sherwood ◽  
K A Mccully
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Organophosphorus Pesticides ◽  
Beef Liver ◽  
Oxygen Analog ◽  
60Co Gamma ◽  
Dose Levels

Abstract Disulfoton and phorate were subjected to gamma radiation from 60Co at dose levels of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 Mrad. The inhibition of beef liver carboxylesterases by disulfoton and phorate in vitro was greater with increasing doses of radiation. The degradation of these organophosphorus pesticides was monitored by GLC with electron capture and phosphorus detectors, by TLC with detection by Brilliant green, and by enzyme inhibition with 5-bromoindoxyl acetate as substrate. The pesticides were degraded to the greatest extent in hexane or acetone solution. Less decomposition occurred at low temperatures. The sulfoxide and oxygen analog were present in most irradiated samples. The sulfone, oxygen analog sulfone, and oxygen analog sulfoxide were present in some of the disulfoton and phorate samples which were irradiated with 4 Mrad.

effect of treating wheat straw with sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide alone or in combination with hydrogen peroxide on the in Vitro dry matter digestibility

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 119-119
Author(s):  
A. S. Chaudhry ◽  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Farm Scale

That alkali treatments can improve the nutritional quality of poor quality roughages has long been established (Sundstol and Owen, 1984). However, their effectiveness is limited by their potential hazards to the animals and mankind. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) has recently emerged as a possible substitute (Gould, 1985) but its farm scale application is limited by the need for high amounts of chemicals and water. Lack of any information regarding its effectiveness over NaOH alone is another factor which requires further investigation. The present study was, therefore, planned to assess the effectiveness of pH-regulated (11.5±0.2) H2O2 (AHP) in improving the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of wheat straw (WS, Avalon) under different laboratory conditions. The possibility of using CaO on its own or to regulate pH for AHP was also tested.

Studies on the production of volatile fatty acids from grass by rumen liquor in an artificial rumen: I. The volatile acid production from fresh grass

1957 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. John ◽  
G. Barnett ◽  
R. L. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
Measurable Amount

1. A study has been made over two growing seasons of the volatile fatty acid production from ley grass obtained from a single area of one field, under the action of rumen liquor in vitro.2. The acida estimated were acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric and caproic. On only one occasion did the last named appear in measurable amount.3. The main acid produced in early stages of the year is acetic acid, but as the season advances propionic acid becomes the acid of major production.4. In parallel cellulose runs it was found that propionic acid was invariably produced in greater amount than any other acid.5. An attempt has been made to eliminate, by using cellulose as a standard, the effects of using different rumen liquor samples.6. The dried samples, corresponding to the fresh material, were invariably found to yield acetic acid in greater proportion than propionic acid. The average percentages of acids obtained from the dried grass were similar to those found by other workers. It is suggested that the variations between the fresh and dried grass results are due to changes in carbohydrate content resultant upon storage of the latter.

The use of the in vitro fermentation technique to estimate the digestible energy content of some Egyptian forages: III. The effect of periodical renewal of medium on volatile fatty acid production and cellulose digestion in vitro as criteria of energy content

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-436
Author(s):  
K. El-Shazly ◽  
M. A. Naga ◽  
M. A. Abaza ◽  
A. R. Abou Akkada
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Digestible Energy

SUMMARYEleven forages of known digestible energy/kg dry matter (Naga & el-Shazly, 1963) were used in in vitro fermentation experiments. Direct determinations of digestible energy (D.E./kg D.M.) using the bomb calorimeter were also included, and the values were corrected for gas losses.In vitro fermentations were interrupted every 12, 8 and 6 h, the medium was renewed and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and cellulose digestion were estimated. Volatile fatty acid production from legumes was high early in the fermentation periods and became lower in later periods. Non-legumes behaved in an opposite manner.Significant negative correlation coefficients between VFA production and D.E./kg D.M. were found for legumes at later intervals of fermentation, while correlation coefficients for non-legumes lost their significance at later periods of fermentation.Digestible energy/kg dry matter could best be predicted for legumes from the volatile fatty acids produced in the second 12 h fermentation period or from the sum of the VFA produced in second, third and fourth 6 h periods of fermentation.

EFFECTS OF THIAMINE INHIBITORS ON CELLULOSE DIGESTION AND VOLATILE FATTY ACID PRODUCTION IN ARTIFICIAL RUMEN FERMENTATIONS

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Milligan ◽  
J. M. Asplund ◽  
A. R. Robblee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Structural Analogues

The effect of the inclusion of thiamine inhibitors in a rumen fermentation medium on cellulose digestion and volatile fatty acid production by rumen microorganisms in vitro was studied. The addition of the structural analogues oxythiamine and neopyrithiamine to the fermentation medium at concentrations up to 4000 μM and 2000 μM, respectively, did not influence cellulose digestion or volatile fatty acid production. The addition of thiopental and hexetidine to the fermentation medium affected both cellulose digestion and volatile fatty acid production. Some inhibition of cellulose digestion and of volatile fatty acid production occurred with concentrations of thiopental and hexetidine in the fermentation medium as low as 720 μM and 15 μM respectively.

FEEDING VALUE FOR BEEF STEERS OF CORN SILAGE AS AFFECTED BY HARVEST DATES AND FROST

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. CALDER ◽  
J. E. LANGILLE ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Whole Plants

An experiment was conducted in 3 consecutive yr with corn grown each year on a field from which silage was made of corn harvested at different dates before and after freezing. Yields of green and dry weight were recorded at each harvest. Individual whole plants and plant parts were evaluated for dry matter (DM), total nitrogen, total available carbohydrates and in vitro digestibility of DM. Animal gains, feed consumption and carcass grades were determined by feeding the silages to yearling Hereford steers and DM digestibility determined with sheep. The total yield and contribution of the ear increased from the first to the second harvesting date. The in vivo digestibility of DM of the silages declined between the second and final harvests in all years as did animal gain in years 1 and 3. The in vitro digestibility appeared to underestimate the effect of frost on the in vivo digestibility of silage made with corn. When the silages were fed to steers, they consumed more dry matter per day from that harvested on the intermediate date than from either the early or late date. Higher carcass grades occurred when the steers were fed corn harvested at the intermediate dates. The results of these experiments show clearly that corn which has been heavily frozen will loose dry matter and feeding value if left standing in the field for a period of time; however, corn harvested soon after freezing is not as seriously affected.

PELLETED AND UNPELLETED ALL-CONCENTRATE RATIONS FOR FATTENING BEEF CATTLE

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-141
Author(s):  
W. K. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Feeding Value

A feeding trial and digestibility study were conducted with pelleted whole barley and dry rolled barley, in all-concentrate rations, for fattening steers. Steers receiving pelleted whole barley gained 0.2 lb more per day than those receiving dry rolled barley, and required less feed per 100 lb gain (757 vs. 791 lb, respectively).The chromic oxide technique was used in the digestibility study, and no significant (P > 0.05) differences in apparent dry matter or energy digestibility were observed between the dry rolled and pelleted whole barley. Apparent digestible energy values for dry rolled and pelleted whole barley were 1.440 and 1.413 Mcal per lb, respectively.Rumen pH, at various times after feeding, was slightly lower in steers receiving pelleted whole barley than in steers receiving dry rolled barley. The lowest average pH values (6.0 and 6.3 for steers receiving the pelleted and dry rolled barley, respectively) were observed at 3 hours after feeding. In vitro microbial activity of rumen contents, as measured by change in gas pressure, was affected very little by the barley preparation prior to feeding.A second steer feeding trial was conducted with whole pelleted and dry rolled barley and oats. When the barley and oats were pelleted small increases in average weight gains were observed. Average feed per 100 lb gain was approximately 9.7% less for pelleted barley and 11.8% less for pelleted oats than for these grains when fed in the dry rolled form. The oats and barley used in this trial showed average bushel weights of 39 and 49 lb, respectively, and the feeding value of oats was 91.4% of the value of barley on the basis of average daily gains, and 94.9% on the basis of feed required per 100 lb gain.

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