scholarly journals EFFECTS OF COLD ENVIRONMENTS ON THE ENERGY EXCHANGES OF YOUNG BEEF CATTLE

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. F. WEBSTER ◽  
J. CHLUMECKY ◽  
B. A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cold Climates ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
External Insulation ◽  
Energy Exchanges ◽  
Tissue Insulation

Groups of four heifers were kept over winter at 20 C (controls) or outdoors with (sheltered) or without (exposed) shelter. Weather conditions were severe. Mean January temperature was −28 C. All animals received the same amount of grain. Calves in the control, sheltered and exposed groups ate on average 9.0, 11.3 and 10.9 g hay/kg body weight per day and gained, over winter, 156, 158 and 140 kg, respectively. Growth of new hair was similar in all groups. However, total hair cover in the cattle kept outside was, in February, twice that of the controls. This increase was attributed to reduced hair shedding. Tissue insulation increased throughout in all groups. External insulation was markedly reduced by exposure of the animals to wind. The influence of coat depth on external insulation was small. Still air critical temperature for the controls fell from 7 to −2 C during the experiment. The effect of acclimatization was to reduce critical temperature to −18 C in the sheltered group during February.The results are discussed with respect to the nature and extent of environmental control required for beef production in cold climates.

Thin sows: 2. Observations on the energy and nitrogen exchanges of thin and normal sows in environmental temperatures of 20 and 5 °C

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. DeB. Hovell ◽  
J. G. Gordon ◽  
R. M. MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
External Insulation ◽  
Energy Equilibrium ◽  
Tissue Insulation ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Energy ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

SummaryThe experimental animals were sows which had been made thin by underfeeding for several parities (thin sows), and siblings which had received adequate energy (standard sows).The energy metabolism of three thin anoestrous and three non-pregnant standard sows were measured at 20 and 5 °C. There were no differences between the two groups of sows. The fall in temperature increased the average maintenance requirement by 60% from 476 to 753 kJ/kg0·75/day (1192–1922 kJ/kg0·56/day).The tissue insulation of the thin sows was 28% lower than that of the standard sows, although this difference was not statistically significant. The thin sows compensated by having a better external insulation. The average total body conductance was 306 kJ/m2/°C/day.The standard sows were in positive nitrogen balance (+ 4·2 g/day, 95% confidence limits 1·5 to 7·0 gN) and the thin sows in negative nitrogen balance (– 4·4 g/day, 95% confidence limits – 2·1 to – 6·8 g N) at energy equilibrium. It is suggested that this difference might be explained if the total nitrogen requirement of the two groups of sows was similar, but that their requirement for energy was related to their body surface area.There were no differences between the two groups of sows in their digestive efficiency, but the digestibilities of both energy and nitrogen were reduced at 5 °C.It is concluded that the primary cause of the ‘thin sow syndrome’ is underfeeding, particularly in cold environments. Other features of the syndrome are probably a consequence of undernutrition and depletion of the body energy reserves.

The Permeability and Structure of the Cuticle of the Aquatic Larva of Sialis Lutaria

1955 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Heavy Water ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Permeability Constant ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Terrestrial Insects ◽  
Aquatic Larva

1. The permeability to water of the cuticle of Sialis larvae has been measured, using heavy water as tracer. The penetration was slow, the permeability constant being only 1.8 x 10-2 cm./hr. at 20° C. There was no obvious difference between the rate of water influx and outflux. The rate at which water penetrated into the tissues from the blood was much greater than through the cuticle. The Q10 for diffusion through the body surface was high, lying between 3.0 and 3.8. The osmotic uptake of water was calculated to be about 1% of the body weight per day at 10° C. 2. Drinking of water did not occur in normal larvae, but in larvae with the blood volume reduced, osmotic uptake of water through the gut did take place and the gut wall was much more permeable to water than the cuticle. A similar intake of water probably occurred during moulting. 3. The permeability of the cuticle to chloride was measured and also found to be of a low order (P = 1.04 x 10-4 cm./hr. at 17° C.). Sodium diffused out of the larva at the same rate as the chloride. 4. Histological examination of the cuticle showed that in the abdomen it was thin and consisted of a 7µ. thick endocuticle and a 1 µ epicuticle. Over the thorax it was thicker, and a polyphenol layer was present as the outer layer of the epicuticle. There was indirect evidence of the presence of a wax layer. 5. Wax was extracted from the cuticle, and the thickness of the layer from which it was derived was estimated by means of a monolayer technique. In the cuticle of the abdomen and gills the thickness averaged 0.1 µ. 6. The permeability to water of the cuticle was compared with that of terrestrial insects and was found to be much greater. This difference was not due to the thickness of the wax layer but probably to some physical properties of the wax. The cuticle of Sialis larvae showed no ‘critical temperature’ or sudden change in the permeability properties with temperature over the range of temperatures studied.

Corn or soybean hull incorporation into haylage-based backgrounding beef cattle diets: Effect on growth and efficiency during the backgrounding and finishing periods

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Swanson ◽  
M. Ko ◽  
C. J. Mader
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Soybean Hulls ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Soybean Hull ◽  
Daily Gain

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of corn or soybean hull incorporation into haylage-based diets on backgrounding calf performance and subsequent feedlot performance. Crossbred steers [n = 48, initial body weight (BW) = 303 ± 3.4 kg] were individually fed dietary treatments consisting of: (1) haylage [17.5% crude protein, dry matter (DM) basis; control], (2) haylage + 20% (DM basis) cracked corn, and (3) haylage + 20% (DM basis) soybean hulls during a 112-d backgrounding period. After the backgrounding period, all steers were adapted to a common high moisture corn-based finishing diet and fed until an ultrasound estimated backfat thickness of 7 mm was obtained. During the backgrounding period, steers fed cracked corn or soybean hulls had greater (P < 0.01) average daily gain, dry matter intake and gain:feed and lower (P = 0.05) plasma urea N as compared with controls. However, when finished on a common high-concentrate diet, steers previously fed cracked corn had greater (P < 0.08) average daily gain, final body weight, and longissimus muscle area than those fed soybean hulls, suggesting that source of supplemental energy during the backgrounding period may influence subsequent feedlot performance. Key words: Beef cattle, backgrounding, energy supplementation

Multiple regression analyses of midwinter fattening of the white-throated sparrow

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2405-2411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Blem ◽  
Michael H. Shelor
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Zonotrichia Albicollis ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Extreme High Temperature

Midwinter lipid depots of the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) at Richmond, Virginia, are correlated with a suite of environmental and morphological variables. Lipid reserves allow this species to survive even the most extreme winter conditions for several hours. Variables having the greatest individual correlations with lipid reserve are average temperature of the 20 days prior to capture, fat class, body weight, and long-term (32-year) average temperature of the date of capture. A comprehensive multiple regression model based on analyses of all possible independent variables accounts for 87% of the variation in lipid reserves. The most important independent variables in this model are body weight, mean temperature of the 20 days preceding collection, fat class, extreme high temperature of the day of capture, long-term average temperature, relative humidity, chill factor, wet-bulb temperatures of the day before and the day of capture, wing length, and precipitation. The "best" equation using only measurements of environment as independent variables included time of collection in hours after sunrise and hours before sunset, Eastern Standard Time, temperature of the 20 days prior to capture, and mean wind velocity of the day before capture. Models computed solely from temperature measurements included dry-bulb temperatures of the day of capture and the day before capture, low extreme temperatures of the day of capture, wet-bulb temperatures of the day before capture, and the 20-day average dry-bulb temperature of the period prior to collection. Fattening in response to weather conditions appears to be a form of "fine-tuning" of energy reserves superimposed on a more stable, intrinsic cycle of winter fattening.

Development of the laser remote caliper as a method to estimate surface area and body weight in beef cattle

SURG Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-72
Author(s):  
Sarah Core ◽  
Stephen Miller ◽  
Matthew Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
P Value ◽  
Side View ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Area And Volume

Linear measurements combined with surface area and volume calculations were used to develop formulas to estimate body weight (BW) in beef cattle. These measurements were evaluated directly or estimated using a laser remote caliper (LRC) and digital imaging software. Seventy-two dry, late gestation beef cows aged 3-13 years were measured and weighed Six measurements for each cow were taken; the cattle were weighed, a body condition score (BCS) was assigned, heart girth (HG), hip width (HW), and hip height (HH) were measured directly and 3 digital pictures were taken. The digital pictures portrayed three different views; side view (restrained), rear view (restrained), and side view (free-stall). Body length, HW, HH, surface area and volume were indirectly calculated from the digital images. For each view a complete (C-) formula (direct and indirect measures) and remote (R-) formula (only indirect measures) to estimate BW was developed. The R-squared values 0.7459, 0.7937, 0.8078, 0.5016, 0.611, 0.5553 were attained for C-side view free-stall, C-side view (restrained), C-rear view (restrained), R-side view free-stall, R-side view (restrained), and R-rear view (restrained). The accuracy of these formulas was 81% on average. BCS, HG and HW were the most significant factors when developing a formula for BW (p-value < 0.001). Side view (restrained) image measurements were most accurate in estimating BW. These measurements were highly correlated with the direct measurements and digital linear body measurements were not distorted (due to poor posture/positioning) as seen with the other views. The results or this study show that linear measurements collected by digital imaging methods can be a useful tool for estimating BW.

The effects of implant strategy on finished body weight of beef cattle

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 1791-1800 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Guiroy ◽  
L. O. Tedeschi ◽  
D. G. Fox ◽  
J. P. Hutcheson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle

Regulation of metabolic rate in Svalbard and Norwegian reindeer

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (5) ◽  
pp. R837-R841 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Nilssen ◽  
J. A. Sundsfjord ◽  
A. S. Blix
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Winter Food ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature

Food intake, body weight, serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (FT4), and metabolic rate were measured at intervals in Svalbard (SR) and Norwegian (NR) reindeer. From summer to winter food intake decreased 57 (SR) and 55% (NR), while body weight decreased 8.6 (SR) and 3.8% (NR). In SR T3 and FT4 changed seasonally, whereas this was only evident for T3 in NR. Resting (standing) metabolic rate (RMR) in winter was 1.55 (SR) and 2.05 W X kg-1 (NR), lower critical temperature (TLC) being -50 (SR) and -30 degrees C (NR). RMR in summer was 2.15 (SR) and 2.95 W X kg-1 (NR), TLC being -15 (SR) and 0 degrees C (NR). Seasonal changes in T3 and FT4 did not coincide with changes in food intake or RMR in either SR or NR. RMR did, however, correlate with food intake. This indicates that seasonal changes in RMR are due to the thermic effects of feeding and represent no physiological adaptation aimed at conservation of energy during winter.

Corrigendum - Comparative breed studies of beef cattle. II. Changes in size and shape

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
NM Tulloh ◽  
JS Maritz
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Growth Study ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Functional Forms ◽  
Experimental Group

A comparative growth study of changes in shape was made of Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, and beef Shorthorn cattle. In addition to recording body weight, 10 surface body measurements were made, at regular time intervals, on every animal in the experimental group. Changes and differences in shape were studied by examining the functional forms of the relationships between surface body measurements and body weight for every animal. The breed and sex differences presented in this paper have also been composed with a re-analysis of the limited data available from the literature, and in general the results are similar.

scholarly journals Use of barley or corn silage when fed with barley, corn, or a blend of barley and corn on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan A Johnson ◽  
Brittney D Sutherland ◽  
John J McKinnon ◽  
Tim A McAllister ◽  
Gregory B Penner
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Liver Abscesses ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the source of silage, cereal grain, and their interaction on growth performance, digestibility, and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle. Using a completely randomized design within an 89-d finishing study, 288 steers were randomly assigned to 1 of 24 pens (12 steers/pen) with average steer body weight (BW) within a pen of 464 kg ± 1.7 kg (mean ± SD). Diets were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with corn silage (CS) or barley silage (BS) included at 8% (dry matter [DM] basis). Within each silage source, diets contained dry-rolled barley grain (BG; 86% of DM), dry-rolled corn grain (CG; 85% of DM), or an equal blend of BG and CG (BCG; 85% of DM). Total tract digestibility of nutrients was estimated from fecal samples using near-infrared spectroscopy. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit using the Mixed Model of SAS with the fixed effects of silage, grain, and the two-way interaction. Carcass and fecal kernel data were analyzed using GLIMMIX utilizing the same model. There were no interactions detected between silage and grain source. Feeding CG increased (P &lt; 0.01) DM intake by 0.8 and 0.6 kg/d relative to BG and BCG, respectively. Gain-to-feed ratio was greater (P = 0.04) for BG (0.172 kg/kg) than CG (0.162 kg/kg) but did not differ from BCG (0.165 kg/kg). Furthermore, average daily gain (2.07 kg/d) and final body weight did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.25). Hot carcass weight (HCW) was 6.2 kg greater (372.2 vs. 366.0 kg; P &lt; 0.01) and dressing percentage was 0.57 percentage units greater (59.53 vs. 58.96 %; P = 0.04) for steers fed CS than BS, respectively. There was no effect of dietary treatment on the severity of liver abscesses (P ≥ 0.20) with 72.0% of carcasses having clear livers, 24.4% with minor liver abscesses, and 3.6% with severe liver abscesses. Digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and starch were greater for BG (P &lt; 0.01) than CG or BCG. As expected, grain source affected the appearance of grain kernels in the feces (P ≤ 0.04). Feeding CS silage increased the appearance of fractured corn kernels (P = 0.04), while feeding BS increased fiber appearance in the feces (P = 0.02). Current results indicate that when dry rolled, feeding BG resulted in improved performance and digestibility compared with CG and BCG. Even at low inclusion levels (8% of DM), CS resulted in improved carcass characteristics relative to BS.

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