scholarly journals EFFECTS OF POPULATION DENSITY ON ENERGY UTILIZATION, INTESTINAL DISACCHARIDASES, AND ADRENAL FUNCTION IN HENS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Y. LEI ◽  
M. P. STEFANOVIC ◽  
S. J. SLINGER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Bird Density ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Adrenal Corticosterone

Two experiments were carried out with laying hens to determine the effect of overcrowding stress on reproductive performance and on certain other parameters that might be expected to be affected and thus be useful indices of this type of stress. The first experiment consisted of eight treatments in a factorial arrangement with four bird densities of one, two, three, or four birds in 30.5 × 45.7-cm (12 × 18″) cages and two levels of dietary energy. The second experiment involved three bird densities of one, three, and five birds in 30.5 × 45.7-cm cages fed a single diet. There were four replicate cages per treatment in both experiments. Feed consumption, weight gain, and egg production were not significantly affected by the population densities employed in experiment 1. In experiment 2, increasing bird density significantly reduced egg production, and hens maintained at five per cage suffered a net loss of body weight. In neither experiment was energy utilization affected by crowding since the dietary metabolizable energy values remained constant. In both experiments mucosal maltase and sucrase activities were significantly increased with increasing bird density when birds were fed diets of relatively normal starch content. Plasma-free fatty acids, total fatty acids, and triglyceride levels were not significantly affected by population density, nor were the oleic–linoleic–arachidonic acid levels expressed as percentages of total fatty acids. It would thus appear that lipid metabolism remained relatively normal in hens subjected to overcrowding stress. The levels of peripheral plasma corticosterone and adrenal corticosterone increased in a linear fashion in both experiments with increasing bird density. It would appear that plasma and adrenal corticosterone levels might be useful indices of overcrowding stress in hens.

scholarly journals The Value of Dried Fish Silage for Pullet and The layer Hen

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
A. D. Ologhobo ◽  
A. M. Balogun
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Dried Fish ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Two experiments were conducted with golden Hubbard pullet chicks to investigate the replacement effects of locally prepared fish silage for imported fish meal in pullet and layers' rations. Acidic and neutral fish silage preparations concentrated with either maize or cassava plus groundnut meal and wheat offals, were fed as a substitute for fish meal. Results with pullets showed good feed consumption for all dietary treatments but feed efficiency was decreased (P<0.05) for neutral cassava, acidic maize and acidic cassava fish silage treatments. Pullet mortality was between 0.18 and 4.17%, being significantly (P<0.05) highest in the acidic fish silage diets. Lipid retention, metabolizable energy (ME) and efficiency of energy utilization (ME%) were similar across all treatments except for neutral maize fish silage, in which ME was slightly high and lipid retention low. Egg production and egg size significantly (P<0.05) decreased among groups of birds fed acidic maize acidic cassava and neutral cassava fish silage diets. Similarly, the efficiency of feed conversion to eggs decreased (P<0.05) in all fish silage substituted diets.

Navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) as a protein source in layer diets

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (51) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK Connor ◽  
AR Neill ◽  
HW Burton
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Navy Bean ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Methionine Supplementation

The effects of raw versus steamed navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) meal, in diets with and without methionine supplementation, on egg production, egg weight, body weight, pancreas weight, mortality, feed consumption and conversion, and energy and nitrogen utilization were determined with laying hens. As the level of raw navy bean meal in the diet increased, egg mass production and body weight gain decreased. Declines in production were largely overcome by steaming the bean meal. Methionine supplementation of both raw and steamed meal diets had no effect on performance. Changes in dietary metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention are discussed in relation to bird performance.

Effect of methionine and lysine supplementation of diets for laying hens, on production and feed intake

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 739 ◽  
Author(s):  
MW McDonald ◽  
IJ Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Multiple Regression Equation ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Egg Weight

Six diets containing five levels of methionine and two of lysme were each fed to 12 Leghorn and 12 Australorp pullets for a period of 16 weeks Body weight changes, egg production, egg weight and feed intake were measured Although responses to the diets did not differ significantly In univariate analyses, multrvarrate analysis lndicated a srgnificant interaction between breeds and diets. Increased methionine produced small, significant Increases In egg weight, although responses were inconsistent at different levels Body weight gains were not significantly different between diets. Egg production and feed consumption were significantly affected by diet?, but the pattern of response was also inconsistent. A discriminate function analysis showed a consistent response to increased methionine, which indicated that the basal diet was deficient and that the pullets required a total of 0 275% methionine in their diet Lysine supplementation produced a 'significant decrease In feed intake but had no significant effect on any other variable.A multiple regression equation relating metabolizable energy intake to the variables measured in the experiment was calculated and compared with others reported In the literature This was used to predict the requirements of the pullets for a number of essential amino acids.

The effect of crop maturity on the nutritional value of maize silage for lactating dairy cows. 1. Energy and nitrogen utilization

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
D. J. Humphries ◽  
R. H. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Crop Maturity

AbstractFour multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with simple cannulas in the proximal duodenum and the rumen were offered four diets in a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design to evaluate the effect on energy and nitrogen balance of crop maturity of maize when offered as ensiled food with grass silage and a concentrate. Forage maize (cv. Hudson) was ensiled at target dry matter (DM) contents of 230, 280, 330 and 380 g per kg fresh weight (FW). The mean values for volatile corrected DM (VCDM) and starch content of the maize forages as given were 226, 278, 319 and 357 g/kg FW and 180, 263, 327 and 401 g/kg VCDM respectively. Grass silage (GS) containing 247 g VCDM per kg FW was produced from the primary growth of a perennial ryegrass sward. The diets comprised 8·7 kg DM concentrate per day with one of four forage treatments offered ad libitum, in a 3 : 1 DM ratio of maize silage with GS, designated T23, T28, T33 and T38. Each period was of 6 weeks with energy and nitrogen balances conducted in respiration chambers over 6 days in either week 5 or 6. There were no significant effects of maturity on DM intake. Changes in milk yield and composition were not significant but milk protein yield increased significantly (P < 0·05) with maize maturity up to T33 and was linearly related (P < 0·05) to changes in maize silage starch and neutraland acid-detergent fibre (NDF, ADF) content. Total starch intake increased significantly (P < 0·01) with maturity but apparent digestibility of starch was significantly (P < 0·05) reduced only with the most mature maize silage (T38). NDF and ADF intake and amounts digested were not significantly different despite a numerical decline with stage of maturity. Total nitrogen intake and apparent digestibility were not significantly different although there were significant differences (P < 0·05) in the amount of nitrogen excreted as urine, which was greatest on T23 and least on T33, and milk which was least on T23 and greatest on T33. Mean gross energy (GE) intake increased by 17 MJ/day from T23 to T33 but the differences were non-significant. Faecal energy output on T23 was significantly lower (P < 0·05) than the other treatments whilst urine energy on T23 was significantly higher (P < 0·05) compared with T33. Methane energy losses were not significantly different. There were no significant differences between treatments in either GE digestibility or metabolizability, digestible or metabolizable energy (ME) intakes or in the partition of ME to heat, tissue or milk. The calculated ME concentrations of the maize silages were not significantly different with an overall mean of 12·3 MJ/kg VCDM estimated at maintenance intake, or 0·63 MJ/MJ GE. Changes in maize silage composition resulted in a doubling of the ratio of digested starch to digested NDF (0·66, 0·94, 1·10 and 1·21) for treatments T23 to T38 respectively. Despite this large change in digested nutrients no differences in the efficiency of energy utilization were detected.

Possible contribution of protozoa to differences in rumen metabolism between cattle breeds

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC O'Kelly ◽  
WG Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Rumen Temperature ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Body Tissues

Brahman (B) and Hereford (H) cattle were used to study protozoal population density of ruminal fluid (RF) in relation to some aspects of rumen and body metabolism. Steers were fed restricted intakes of lucerne hay (HQ) or low-quality hay (LQ) in each of eight experiments. In the 8 h period following the once-daily feeding of HQ the number of entodiniomorphs declined by 50%, while the number of holotrichs increased by 60% before reducing to pre-feeding levels. There were no significant rises and falls in the numbers of protozoa of steers fed LQ once daily nor in those fed either HQ or LQ at hourly intervals. The numbers of entodiniomorphs, dasytrichs, total protozoa, pH and bacterial content of RF were higher and rumen temperature lower in B than in H. Urinary allantoin excretion used as an index of the total microbial population in the rumen distinguished between diets but not between breeds. The concentrations of propionic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acids in RF and of glucose in plasma were higher in B than in H. The concentrations of all classes of long-chain fatty acids contained in the protozoa and bacteria of RF and of cholesterol and essential fatty acids in plasma were higher in B than in H. The amount of dry matter disappearing from nylon bags in the rumen of steers fed HQ did not differ between breeds, but was higher in B than in H fed LQ. Elevation of pH to peak values in RF with an accompanying disappearance of protozoa and volatile fatty acids during fasting from either HQ or LQ occurred more rapidly in B than in H. The plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids were higher in B than in H during fasting. It is proposed that at the same level of intake of either HQ or LQ: (1) the higher protozoal population density in RF of B contributes to quantitative breed differences in the end products of digestion, (2) that B achieve and maintain a higher body weight because more metabolizable energy and essential nutrients are supplied from the rumen to their body tissues, and (3) after the same period of feed deprivation B have fasted for a longer period of time because the residual feed in their rumens is fermented at a more rapid rate.

The laying performance of hens fed Uniwhite lupin seed and supplementary DL-methionine

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (80) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
RJ Hughes ◽  
KS Orange
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Laying Performance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Factorial Treatments

Hens, aged 34 weeks, were fed diets containing 0, 10 or 20 per cent lupin seed (cv. Uniwhite) and sufficient DL-methionine to raise the level to either 1.23 or 2 per cent of the protein. (1.23 per cent was the proportion of methionine in the control diet containing wheat, barley and meat-meal but no lupin seed.) The hens were fed for 24 weeks and each diet had the same metabolizable energy to nutrient ratio for each of the following: crude protein, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and supplementary vitamins and trace elements. Egg number, egg weight, graded quality of eggs and mortality were recorded daily. Feed consumption was recorded midway and at the end of the experiment. An average peak rate of lay of 76 per cent was reached at 34 weeks and held until hens were 39 weeks of age. At the end of the study (hens aged 58 weeks), the average rate of lay was 57 per cent. Feed consumption increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increased proportions of lupin seed in the diet. There was a significant difference in mean egg weight (58.1 v 58.6 g) between factorial treatments containing methionine at 1.23 and 2 per cent of the protein. There were no significant differences between factorial treatments in any other of the measurements analyzed, namely, hen-day egg production, consumption of metabolizable energy or of protein, or the metabolizable energy or protein required per kg of egg. Uniwhite lupin seed supplemented with methionine was included in a laying diet at 10 and 20 per cent without a subsequent loss of laying performance.

Effect of feeding different levels of fatty acids or calcium soaps of fatty acids on digestion and metabolizable energy in sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sklan ◽  
Lily Nagar ◽  
A. Arieli
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

ABSTRACTSheep were given diets containing 0, 30, 50 or 90 g/kg added free fatty acids from palm oil or from calcium soaps prepared from the same fatty acids in a three period switch-over design. Addition of free fatty acids to the diet enhanced metabolizable energy (ME) intake when added at 30 and 50 g/kg but not at 90 g/kg. On feeding 90 g/kg free fatty acids, rumen volatile fatty acid levels decreased and acid-detergent fibre and protein digestion was reduced. Calcium soaps of fatty acids enhanced ME intake at all levels added and had no effect on rumen fermentation. Addition of both free fatty acids and calcium soaps of fatty acids enhanced apparent digestibility of total fatty acids and of all fatty acids except stearic acid. The ME of free fatty acids added at 30 g/kg was 35·56 MJ/g and of calcium soaps of palm oil was approximately 33·05 MJ/g.

Nutritional value of triticale for different classes of White Leghorn chickens

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Zombade ◽  
J. S. Chawla ◽  
J. S. Ichhponani
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Food Conversion

SUMMARYThree varieties of triticale (TL-238, TL-257 and TL-319) bred by the Plant Breeding Department of Punjab Agricultural University were studied for nutrient composition and metabolizable energy (ME) content for egg-type chicks. A feeding trial was also conducted to study the suitability of triticale as a replacement for maize in conventional high- and low-cereal diets for different classes of egg-type chickens.The crude protein contents of TL-238, TL-257 and TL-319 were respectively 13·4,14·4 and 2·1%. Corresponding values for starch content were 51·5, 49·2 and 54·3%, respectively. ME in triticale varieties closely followed the trend of starch content. Accordingly TL-319 was higher in ME (13·58 MJ/kg D.M.) than TL-238 and TL-257 (12·91 and 12·49 MJ/kg D.M. respectively). There were no significant differences in body-weight gain or in food conversion of chicks fed diets containing different varieties of triticale. The substitution of triticale for maize in a conventional high-cereal diet improved growth and food conversion of starter chicks. In a low-cereal diet, however, triticale had an adverse effect on the growth rate and food conversion of starter chicks. At the end of 18 weeks of age, the differences in body-weight gain, food conversion and efficiency of protein utilization by chicks on all the treatments were not significantly different (P > 0·05). Results of the production phase showed that egg production, egg mass, food conversion and energetic efficiency were significantly (P < 0·05) improved by feeding triticale.

scholarly journals Feeding a definite concentration of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids to laying hens

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 1393
Author(s):  
E. E. NASSEF ◽  
A. A. BAKR ◽  
A. S. SALAMA
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Epa And Dha

The experiment designed to study the influences of nutritional eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids (FA) on performance, egg yolk fat characteristics and FA profile in laying hens. From 30 to 36 weeks of age, 180 laying hens were allotted randomly to 2 dietary treatments, each of 6 replicates (15 birds for each replicate). The control diet was supplied with soy oil while the experimental diet was supplied with EPA and DHA to create 2 different ratio of n-6 to n-3 FA (18.8:1 and 5:1, respectively). The egg production % was recorded daily. The eggs were weighed to estimate egg mass. Also, feed consumption was recorded daily and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was estimated. The FA profile of egg yolk was determined in the last week of the experiment. The dietary EPA and DHA resulted in significantly higher egg production (76.89 versus 67.23%), weightier egg mass (42.46 versus 37. 72 g) and lower FCR (2.49 versus 2.72) than the control. Also, supplying the dietary EPA and DHA was reflected in increasing of total polyunsaturated and n-3 FA in the eggs. Moreover, reducing the ratio of n-6 to n-3 FA to 5:1 decreased egg triglycerides, total cholesterol and cholesterol associated with low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein. In conclusion, supplying EPA and DHA in the diet of laying hens positively influences performance, egg yolk FA profile and cholesterol. Practically, EPA and DHA could be used in laying hen diets to improve their performance and enhance public health of egg consumers.

PSIV-B-26 Effect of different intakes of sulfur amino acids on the productive response and egg quality of commercial laying hens

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
Elías Salvador Tasayco ◽  
Julio Narvaez Reyes ◽  
Lorenzo Rios Junchaya ◽  
Luis Lujan Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acids ◽  
Gross Margin

Abstract Modern laying hens have improved their productive response and persistence of egg production. However, in terms of productivity, egg quality and profitability, there are still several issues that need to be reevaluated and improved, among them the level and consumption of digestible sulfur amino acids (AASD). The objective is to determine the effect of different AASD consumptions on the productive response and egg quality of commercial laying hens. METHODS: 160 laying hens of the LOHMANN Brown genetic line, 90 weeks old, of uniform weight and size, were used. The laying hens were distributed in the study area, following the protocol of a Random Block Design (DBA). 4 AASD intakes (g / hen / day) were established as treatments: T-1 (730.11 mg), T-2 (677.20 mg), T-3 (607.09 mg) and T-4 (676.88 mg). Each of the treatments had 5 repetitions, giving a total of 20 experimental units. The variables of egg production, egg weight and mass, feed consumption, feed conversion index, energy efficiency, Haugh unit of the egg, shell color and percentage, egg yolk color and index, margin and economic reward were evaluated. RESULTS: The results showed that the different AASD consumptions did not significantly affect (P &gt; 0.05) the productive response and egg quality of the hens and affected the margin and economic retribution. AASD intakes in the range of 607 to 730 mg / hen / day did not affect the productive response and egg quality. The metabolizable energy level of the diet influences the economic response to different intakes of digestible sulfur amino acids. The consumption of 676.88 mg / hen / day of AASD with a level of 2725 Kcal of metabolizable energy / Kg of feed achieved the highest gross margin and best economic return in 90-week-old LOHMANN Brown laying hens.

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