EFFECTS OF VOLATILE FATTY ACID TREATMENT ON THE PROTECTION OF PROTEIN IN THE RUMEN

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. ATWAL ◽  
L. P. MILLIGAN ◽  
B. A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Size Of Particles ◽  
Supplemental Protein ◽  
Lower Digestive Tract

The increase of ammonia in rumen fluid in response to a single dose of protein supplement was used to assess microbial degradation of proteins in the rumen of sheep and cattle held without feed for about 16 h. The administration of 300 g of soybean meal and promine (50:50) pellets (9.4-mm diam) via the rumen fistula of sheep resulted in a rectilinear increase in ammonia concentration in rumen fluid over a 5-h period. The rates of increase of rumen ammonia from isonitrogenous amounts of untreated and 20% volatile fatty acid (VFA)-treated protein pellets were 9.4 and 1.5 mM/h, respectively. The decrease in the rate of protein degradation was proportional to the amount of VFA incorporated and the size of particles in the supplement. When a protein supplement containing common feed ingredients (soybean meal, herring meal and ground barley) was treated with 15% VFA and fed in meal form or as pellets to sheep and cows, the rumen ammonia was maintained for about 10 h at a lower concentration than that after feeding untreated preparations. Treatment of proteins with VFA may be useful in protecting proteins from microbial degradation in the rumen and allowing provision of supplemental protein to the lower digestive tract.

A note on the nutritive value ofUlva lactucafor ruminants

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Arieli ◽  
D. Sklan ◽  
G. Kissil
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Ram Lambs

An experiment was designed to test the value of Ulva lactuca, produced from an integrated mariculture project, using six Finn-Merino crossbred ram lambs. Diets consisted of concentrate with vetch hay for the control, with additional Ulva for the treatment diet. Measurements of digestibility of energy, volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen fluid, effective degradability of nitrogen in the rumen, rumen ammonia concentration and excretion of nitrogen in urine all indicated that Ulva could be categorized as a low-energy high-nitrogen foodstuff.

Duodenal flow of nitrogen following protozoal inoculation of fauna-free sheep fed a diet supplemented with casein or soybean meal

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 793-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivan ◽  
M. Hidiroglou ◽  
H. V. Petit
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Mixed Population ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Insoluble Protein ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Supplemental Protein ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

Fauna-free sheep, equipped with a rumen cannula and a duodenal re-entrant cannula, were fed a corn silage diet supplemented with casein (CA diet) or soybean meal (SBM diet). Eighteen days later the sheep were inoculated via the rumen cannula with a mixed population of ciliate protozoa. Rumen fluid and duodenal digesta were sampled for 4 d before the inoculation and for 13 d following the inoculation. A stable protozoal population was established within 8 d. Protozoa increased (P < 0.05) the digestion of organic matter in the stomach of sheep fed both the CA and the SBM diet, but the effects of supplemental protein and protein × protozoa interaction were not significant (P > 0.05). The stomach digestion of acid detergent fibre was not affected (P > 0.05) by protozoa or by the source of supplementary protein, but the protein × protozoa interaction was significant (P < 0.05). The disappearance of nitrogen from the stomach was lower (P < 0.01) for the SBM diet than for the CA diet and was increased (P < 0.05) for both diets in the presence of protozoa, but the effect of protein × protozoa interaction was not significant (P > 0.05). The ruminal presence of protozoa decreased the flow from the stomach of individual amino acids (from P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) and of nonammonia nitrogen (P < 0.05). However, the decreases were greater (from P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) for the CA diet than for the SBM diet, but the effects of protein × protozoa interaction were not significant (P > 0.05). The ruminal presence of protozoa increased (P < 0.05) the flow from the stomach of ammonia-N for SBM diet but not for CA diet. The effects of protein and of protein × protozoa interaction were not significant (P > 0.05). It was concluded that although ruminal protozoa do not metabolize casein, their effect of decreasing amino acid flow from the stomach can be greater for diets containing casein (soluble protein) as protein supplement than for those containing soybean meal (insoluble protein). Key words: Duodenal flow, nitrogen, protozoa, casein, soybean meal, sheep

Substitution of sorghum grain for molasses increases the liveweight gain of steers given molasses-based diets

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. PEIRIS ◽  
R. ELLIOTT ◽  
B. W. NORTON
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Sorghum grain was included in a basal diet of molasses (molasses 505, urea 21, sunflower meal 191, pangola grass hay 250, minerals 31 g/kg as fed) at rates of 0, 202, 391 and 707 g/kg, generating diets in which grain replaced 0 (diet A), 33 (diet B), 66 (diet C) and 100% (diet D) of the molasses and hay. The four diets were fed to groups of four Hereford steers (293–334 kg liveweight) over a 96-day period. One half of each treatment group was implanted with a growth promotant (zeranol), and all were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir at the end of the trial. The inclusion of 33% grain increased voluntary feed consumption, digestible dry matter (DM) intake (from 57·6 to 82·0 g digestible DM/kg0·75 per day and significantly increased liveweight gain from 592 to 900 g/day. Zeranol implantation also increased liveweight gain but not feed intake. Steers given only grain (diet D) had the highest liveweight gains (1127 g/day). The addition of grain to molasses diets decreased urinary N excretion and increased ammonia and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in rumen fluid. Molar proportions of propionic acid in total VFA increased from 0·15 to 0·20, and butyric acid decreased from 0·36 to 0·29 when 33% of the molasses was replaced by sorghum grain. The fat content (depth at sacral position) of the carcasses of steers given grain only (diet D) was significantly greater (14 mm) than that of steers given the basal diet of molasses (4 mm), and carcass fat contents were intermediate (10 and 11 mm) for steers given diets B and C respectively. It was concluded that the inclusion of small amounts of grain in molasses-based diets increased cattle growth principally by increasing digestible energy intake without decreasing molasses intake, thus improving the efficiency of utilization of molasses in molasses-based diets.

In vitro ruminal methane suppression by lauric acid as influenced by dietary calcium

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Machmüller ◽  
C. R. Soliva ◽  
M. Kreuzer
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fatty Acid Pattern ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Fiber Fermentation

The effect of Ca supplementation on the methane-suppressing effect of lauric acid was investigated in an experiment based on a 2 × 2-factorial arrangement using the in vitro system Rusitec. Additional Ca was supplemented at 1 g kg-1 diet in the form of compounds of relatively low solubility in rumen fluid. Lauric acid (C12:0), the predominant effective medium-chain fatty acid in coconut oil, was added at a level of 50 g kg-1. Adding C12:0 did not affect bacterial count, but eliminated ciliate protozoa from fermenters. Ammonia concentration in fermentation mixture declined and volatile fatty acid pattern changed with C12:0. The apparent degradation rate of total organic matter was not altered by C12:0, but fiber fermentation was depressed (P < 0.001). Effects of Ca on microbial counts and fermentation characteristics remained low. Without additional Ca, C12:0 reduced the average daily methane release (mmol g-1 organic matter degraded) by 76%. In comparison, C12:0 only reduced methane production by 47% when additional Ca was included in the diet (interaction of C12:0 and Ca, P < 0.05). The present results suggest that the dietary content of soap-forming Ca has to be kept low in order to achieve a high methane-suppressing effect of lauric acid. Key words: Methane, lauric acid, lipids, calcium, Rusitec, ruminants

An initial investigation on rumen fermentation pattern and methane emission of sheep offered diets containing urea or nitrate as the nitrogen source

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Li ◽  
J. Davis ◽  
J. Nolan ◽  
R. Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Enteric Methane ◽  
Fermentation Pattern

The effects of dietary nitrate and of urea on rumen fermentation pattern and enteric methane production were investigated using 4-month-old ewe lambs. Ten lambs were allocated into two groups (n = 5) and each group was offered one of two isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing either 1.5% urea (T1) or 3% calcium nitrate (T2). Methane production was estimated using open-circuit respiration chambers after 6 weeks of feeding. No difference in nitrogen (N) balance, apparent digestibility of N or microbial N outflow existed between treatments (P > 0.05). Animals offered the T2 diet lost less energy through methane than did those fed the T1 diet (P < 0.05). Total volatile fatty acid concentration, molar proportion of propionate, and the molar ratio of acetate to propionate in rumen fluid were not affected by dietary N source. Compared with urea inclusion, nitrate inclusion caused a significantly higher acetate and lower butyrate percentage in rumen volatile fatty acid. Nitrate supplementation tended to lower methane production by ~7.7 L/day relative to urea supplementation (P = 0.06). Methane yield (L/kg DM intake) was reduced (P < 0.05) by 35.4% when 1.5% urea was replaced by 3% calcium nitrate in the diet. Emission intensity (L methane/kg liveweight gain) was ~17.3% lower in the nitrate-supplemented sheep when compared with urea-fed sheep; however, the reduction was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). This study confirms that the presence of nitrate in the diet inhibits enteric methane production. As no clinical symptoms of nitrite toxicity were observed and sheep receiving nitrate-supplemented diet had similar growth to those consuming urea-supplemented diet, it is concluded that 3% calcium nitrate can replace 1.5% urea as a means of meeting ruminal N requirements and of reducing enteric methane emissions from sheep, provided animals are acclimated to nitrate gradually.

scholarly journals Associations between residual feed intake and apparent nutrient digestibility, in vitro methane-producing activity, and volatile fatty acid concentrations in growing beef cattle1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 3550-3561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn R Johnson ◽  
Gordon E Carstens ◽  
Wimberly K Krueger ◽  
Phillip A Lancaster ◽  
Erin G Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Stepwise Regression ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between residual feed intake (RFI) and DM and nutrient digestibility, in vitro methane production, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in growing beef cattle. Residual feed intake was measured in growing Santa Gertrudis steers (Study 1; n = 57; initial BW = 291.1 ± 33.8 kg) and Brangus heifers (Study 2; n = 468; initial BW = 271.4 ± 26.1 kg) fed a high-roughage-based diet (ME = 2.1 Mcal/kg DM) for 70 d in a Calan-gate feeding barn. Animals were ranked by RFI based on performance and feed intake measured from day 0 to 70 (Study 1) or day 56 (Study 2) of the trial, and 20 animals with the lowest and highest RFI were identified for subsequent collections of fecal and feed refusal samples for DM and nutrient digestibility analysis. In Study 2, rumen fluid and feces were collected for in vitro methane-producing activity (MPA) and VFA analysis in trials 2, 3, and 4. Residual feed intake classification did not affect BW or BW gain (P &gt; 0.05), but low-RFI steers and heifers both consumed 19% less (P &lt; 0.01) DMI compared with high-RFI animals. Steers with low RFI tended (P &lt; 0.1) to have higher DM digestibility (DMD) compared with high-RFI steers (70.3 vs. 66.5 ± 1.6% DM). Heifers with low RFI had 4% higher DMD (76.3 vs. 73.3 ± 1.0% DM) and 4 to 5% higher (P &lt; 0.01) CP, NDF, and ADF digestibility compared with heifers with high RFI. Low-RFI heifers emitted 14% less (P &lt; 0.01) methane (% GE intake; GEI) calculated according to Blaxter and Clapperton (1965) as modified by Wilkerson et al. (1995), and tended (P = 0.09) to have a higher rumen acetate:propionate ratio than heifers with high RFI (GEI = 5.58 vs. 6.51 ± 0.08%; A:P ratio = 5.02 vs. 4.82 ± 0.14%). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that apparent nutrient digestibilities (DMD and NDF digestibility) for Study 1 and Study 2 accounted for an additional 8 and 6%, respectively, of the variation in intake unaccounted for by ADG and mid-test BW0.75. When DMD, NDF digestibility, and total ruminal VFA were added to the base model for Study 2, trials 2, 3, and 4, the R2 increased from 0.33 to 0.47, explaining an additional 15% of the variation in DMI unrelated to growth and body size. On the basis of the results of these studies, differences in observed phenotypic RFI in growing beef animals may be a result of inter-animal variation in apparent nutrient digestibility and ruminal VFA concentrations.

scholarly journals Methane formation in faunated and ciliate-free cattle and its relationship with rumen volatile fatty acid proportions

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
J. Margaret Eadie ◽  
L. A. Bruce ◽  
W. J. Shand
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Methane Formation ◽  
Residual Standard Deviation ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

1. Twelve steers fitted with rumen cannulas were used in three separate experiments to investigate the effects of the presence or absence of rumen ciliate protozoa on methane production. The diet consisted of 850 g barley and 150 g protein supplement/kg, and was given in three feeds daily at a restricted level of 61 g/kg live weight0.75. Animals were defaunated initially by allowingad lib. consumption of this diet and were then maintained ciliate-free by isolation or were faunated by inoculation with a mixed ciliate suspension. Samples of rumen fluid were taken routinely for the assessment of microbial populations and for volatile fatty acid (VFA) analysis and energy and nitrogen balances and digestibility measurements were made at intervals while animals were confined in respiration chambers.2. In each experiment the rumen VFA proportions changed from a high-propionate pattern under ciliate-free conditions to a low-propionate, high-butyrate pattern in the presence of ciliates: differences between treatments were highly significant (P < 0.001). There were also marked differences between treatments in CH, production but a reliable comparison was possible only in Expt 3, in which CH4was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the presence of a rumen ciliate population. In Expt 3 the increased loss of energy as CH4in the faunated animals amounted to 44 MJ/100 MJ energy intake.3. Stoichiometric estimates of CH4production derived from the observed VFA proportions showed good agreement with CH4production as measured in respiration chambers. On average, the stoichiometric CH4values overestimated CH4production by a factor of 1.08.4. Highly significant linear relationships (P < 0.001) were observed between the molar proportion of each major VFA and the quantity of CH4produced: the proportion of propionic acid was inversely related to CH4and showed the lowest residual standard deviation of all the relationships examined.5. The losses of energy in faeces and urine did not differ between treatments hence the increased loss of energy as CH4in the faunated animals resulted in a significant reduction in the metabolizability of the diet from 0.73 to 0.69 (P < 0.05). No significant differences were detected between treatments in heat production, apparent digestibility coefficients or N balance.6. It is suggested that the rumen ciliates, by modifying the rumen VFA proportions, are directly responsible for the increased CH4production in faunated animals.

scholarly journals Evaluation of models to predict the stoichiometry of volatile fatty acid profiles in rumen fluid of lactating Holstein cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 3063-3080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Morvay ◽  
A. Bannink ◽  
J. France ◽  
E. Kebreab ◽  
J. Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SUPPLEMENTAL DIETARY COPPER ON COPPER CONCENTRATION OF PIG BLOOD, SELECTED TISSUES AND DIGESTIVE TRACT CONTENTS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. DROULISCOS ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND ◽  
J. I. ELLIOT
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Dietary Copper ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Supplemental Protein

Twenty-four pigs received barley-based diets with either fishmeal or soybean meal as supplemental protein and either 0 or 250 ppm supplemental Cu. Supplemental Cu increased rate of gain for fishmeal-supplemented pigs but not for soybean meal-supplemented pigs.Cu concentration of intestinal tissue (wet basis) from the duodenum, two sections of jejunum, the ileum and colon averaged 17 ppm and of intestinal contents averaged 28 ppm when either protein supplement without Cu was fed. Addition of Cu to the diets increased concentration of Cu in both intestinal tissue (average 104 ppm) and contents (average 253 ppm), but source of protein did not influence the increase. The liver (wet basis) averaged 29 ppm Cu for unsupplemented pigs fed either protein supplement, 166 ppm for Cu-supplemented pigs fed soybean meal and 329 ppm for Cu-supplemented pigs fed fish-meal. Cu levels in portal blood plasma averaged 21 μg/100 ml and were not significantly influenced by dietary treatment, sex or weight. Cu in systemic blood plasma averaged 110 μg/100 ml. Unsaturated fatty acids were increased in the backfat of pigs receiving the fishmeal-supplemented diet with Cu.Weight at slaughter (50, 70 or 90 kg) influenced Cu concentration only in contents of the colon and in the liver. Gilts did not differ from barrows in Cu concentration in tissues or intestinal contents. The results suggest that the intestinal mucosa has a major influence on the control of systemic Cu levels.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document