PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKS FED TWO DIETARY PROTEIN LEVELS (18 AND 22%), TWO NEEPAWA WHEATS (14.5 AND 21.0% PROTEIN), AND SIX L-LYSINE LEVELS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-773
Author(s):  
E. E. GARDINER ◽  
S. DUBETZ
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Maximal Growth ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Supplemental Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Day-old male broiler chicks were fed 14.5 and 21.0% protein Neepawa wheats as ingredients in broiler diets to 4 wk of age. Two levels of dietary protein (18 and 22%) and six levels of added L-lysine HCl (L-lysine) (0.0, 0.06, 0.12, 0.18, 0.24, and 0.30%) were used with each wheat. The desired dietary protein contents were obtained by varying the proportions of the wheats and soybean meal. Body weights and feed-to-gain ratios were significantly affected by the three variables. Within the 18% protein diets, the diet containing 14.5% protein wheat and supplemented with at least 0.18% L-lysine gave maximal growth and most efficient feed conversion. Maximal growth was not obtained on any of the 18% protein diets with 21.0% protein wheat, regardless of L-lysine supplementation. With the 22% protein diets, L-lysine supplementation up to 0.24% of the diet improved the body weight and feed conversions of the chicks when the diet contained 21.0% protein wheat, and generally the results were not different from those obtained when the diet contained the 14.5% protein wheat. L-lysine supplementation of the 22% protein diet containing the 14.5% protein wheat did not significantly affect growth or feed conversion. High-protein wheat supplemented with adequate L-lysine can be fed to chicks and thereby substantially reduce the amount of supplemental protein required.

Effect of flame roasting of dietary grains on the performance of leghorn hens

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M.G. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Body Weights

Two experiments examined the effect on the performance of Leghorn hens given diets containing flame-roasted grains from 140 to 490 d of age. In exp. 1, the inclusion of barley, corn and wheat roasted at 121, 119 and 149 °C, respectively, had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on productive performance. Experiment 2 contained a factorial arrangement of treatments that involved two sources of dietary barley (non-roasted or flame-roasted at 154 °C), two methods of milling (hammer or roller) and two dietary protein levels (15 or 18%). Hens given the diets that contained roasted barley had lower (P < 0.01–0.001) 490-d body weights, egg production, early egg weight (196 d) and number of extra large sized eggs, and higher (P < 0.05–0.01) feed conversion, monetary returns, interior egg quality and number of medium sized and grades B and C eggs than those fed the non-roasted barley control diet. Mortality, the number of large-sized eggs and egg weights, feed conversion and the occurrence of blood spots were higher (P < 0.05–0.001) while the number of medium-sized eggs was lower (P < 0.05–0.001) when the hens were fed roller compared with hammer-milled grains. Hens given the 18% protein-containing diets had higher (P < 0.05–0.01) 490 d body weight, egg production, monetary returns and numbers of small sized and grades B and C eggs, but lower (P < 0.05) mortality than those receiving the diets that contained 15% protein. Key words: Flame roasting, dietary grains, Leghorn hens

COMPARISON OF WHEAT CULTIVARS IN DIETS OF DIFFERENT PROTEIN CONTENTS WITH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL L-LYSINE FOR BROILER CHICKS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. GARDINER ◽  
HUGH McKENZIE ◽  
S. DUBETZ
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Other ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Protein Diets

Four experiments were conducted to compare wheat cultivars of wide genetic base in chick diets of different protein contents with and without supplemental L-lysine. In the first experiment, 24 wheat cultivars were compared with corn. The 28-day body weights of chicks fed a 22.0%-protein Neepawa wheat were significantly lower than those fed the other grains. In the second experiment, body weights were significantly higher, and feed-to-gain ratios and mortality significantly lower for chicks fed 22% protein diets than for those fed the 18% diets. In the next two experiments, chicks fed 18 or 22% protein diets supplemented with 0.3% L-lysine had significantly higher body weights and lower feed-to-gain ratios than those fed diets without supplemental L-lysine. In each of the last three experiments, differences among cultivars were significant as were the cultivar × dietary protein level and cultivar × L-lysine interactions. Correlation coefficients between grain protein levels and chick body weights in all diets of different protein content and different L-lysine supplementation revealed that a large proportion of the difference among chick body weights was probably due to the various lysine levels of the diets that resulted from the different proportions of grain and soybean meal in the diets.

Chronically altered body protein levels following lateral hypothalamic lesions in rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (4) ◽  
pp. R738-R743 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Hirvonen ◽  
R. E. Keesey
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Irreversible Reduction ◽  
Body Weights

Rats maintaining reduced body weights after lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH; LH rats) are characterized by smaller body protein masses. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether this reduced protein mass is actively defended. In the first, it was found that LH rats induced to overeat and restore body weight to the level of nonlesioned controls markedly increased their body fat without significantly increasing body protein. That is, LH rats at normal body weights were notably obese. In the second experiment, body protein losses produced by food restriction in LH rats were both relatively small and proportionally the same as those seen in similarly restricted nonlesioned controls. These observations demonstrate that LH rats retain the capacity for preserving body protein when challenged by either under- or overnutrition. The apparently irreversible reduction in the body protein mass thus appears to be the result of a specific lean tissue downregulation induced by LH damage.

scholarly journals Dietary evaluation of starter broiler chicks fed cooked cocoyam tuber meal (xanthosoma sagitifolium) as energy source in place of maize

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
B. C. Anyaegbu ◽  
D. N. Onunkwo ◽  
G. Igwe ◽  
J. Nathaniel ◽  
C. M. Nkwo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion

Considering the inherent attributes of tannia cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagitifolium) its appropriate utilization may enhance performance of starter broiler chicks. This study was therefore carried out to determine the dietary evaluation of starter broiler chicks fed cooked cocoyam tuber meal as energy source in place of maize. The cooked cocoyam tuber meal was used to replace maize at various levels of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% respectively for diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 to determine the best replacement level that would give optimal performance in starter broiler chicks' diets. Result of the proximate composition of cooked cocoyam tuber meal showed that it contained 13.11% moisture, 2.60% ash, 1.85% ether extract, 3.90% crude protein, 9.45% crude fibre, 70.13% nitrogen free extract and 3004.37 Kcal/kgME. 150 day old Anak broiler chicks were used for the experiment. They were divided into 5 treatment groups of 30 broiler chicks each. Each treatment group was subdivided into 3 replicates of 10 broiler chicks each and kept in deep litter. Each starter diet was fed to a group of 30 starter broilers for 4 weeks using completely randomized design. They were given feed and water adlibitum. Parameters measured include initial body weight, final body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and economics of production. In the starter broiler feeding trial, the starter broilers on 25% cooked cocoyam meal compared favourably with the control (P> 0.05) in terms of feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio and significantly (P > 0.05) performed between than those on 100% CCYM. The cost of production (N/Kg broiler) was however cheapest for diet 2 (25% CCYM) N395 versus control diet (N494.28). It was therefore concluded that cooked cocoyam tuber meal (Xanthosoma sagitifolium) could be used in the diets of starter broiler chicks' up to 25% without affecting the body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio as indicated in this study.

scholarly journals Evaluation of lighting programs, diet density, and short term use of mash as compared to crumbled starter to reduce incidence of sudden death syndrome in broiler chicks to 35 d of age

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sudden Death ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
High Density ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Lower Body Weight ◽  
M 12

Restricted lighting is used commercially to regulate early growth and limit losses associated with sudden death syndrome (SDS), ascites and leg problems. Standard lighting programs may not be suited for broilers marketed at 35 d of age, and promote injury (scratching, i.e., cellulitis) by creating peak feeding periods. This study evaluates four lighting programs, three phases of mash or crumble starter feeding and two diet densities on performance and mortality of broilers marketed at 35 d of age. Two trials each utilized 7200 male broiler (Cobb × Cobb) chicks randomly housed in six (2.75 × 4.90 m) floor pens in each of eight rearing rooms. Four lighting programs were replicated in each trial and consisted of: (a) 23C (23L:1D 0–35 d); (b) 16C (23L:1D 0–3 d, 16L:8D 4–35 d); (c) DDI (delayed decreasing increasing) (23L:1D 0–3 d; 20L:4D 4–6 d, 16L:8D 7–10 d; 8L:16D 11–15 d; 12L:12D 16–20 d; 16L:8 D 21–28 d; and 20L:4 D 29–35 d); and (d) IL (intermittent lighting, provided in four cycles of 6 h d-1 the same total daily hours of light as the DDI program). Two diet densities were applied for the starter and grower diets; high (ME 3170/3200 kcal; CP 251/210 g) or low (ME 3100/3060 kcal; CP 235/195 g kg-1 starter/grower diet, respectively). The two starter types were fed as combinations of mash (M) or crumble (C): (1) M 0–12 d followed by C 12–21 d; (2) C 0–12 d followed by M 12–21 d; and 3) C 0–21 d. The respective grower/finisher density diets were fed in a pelleted form. By 35 d of age the body weight (BW) of broilers maintained under the DDI lighting program was significantly lower than BW of broilers held under the other lighting programs (16Ca > ILab > 23Cb). Overall (0–35 d) feed conversion (corrected for mortality, but not market weight at 35 d) was highest for broilers reared under the 23Ca > ILab > DDIb > 16Cc lighting programs, respectively. SDS (%) mortality was highest for IL (1.68a) = 23C (1.53a) ≥ 16C (1.02ab) ≥ DDI (0.80b) lighting programs. There were no significant differences in 35 d BW or feed conversion of broilers fed mash or crumble starter. Feeding mash diets did lower 21 d BW, but this decrease in early growth did not significantly reduce overall mortality. Broilers fed the low as compared to the high density diets weighed less at 21 d, but weighed significantly more at 35 d, and had a higher (P < 0.05) 0–35 d feed conversion. Low as compared to high density diets did reduce SDS mortality significantly (0.72 vs. 1.81%, respectively). Lighting programs that do provide variable extended dark periods will alleviate broiler mortality as compared to constant (23 or 16 h) or intermittent lighting programs. However, these broilers had a significantly lower body weight when marketed at 35 or less days of age. Key words: Lighting, broilers, mash, diet density, sudden death, ascites

Effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin E, zinc, and chromium supplementation on growth performance and hematological characteristics of broiler chickens

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazim Ali ◽  
Mohammad Akram ◽  
Ahmad Fahim ◽  
Balvir Singh ◽  
Mohammad Imran
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Wood Shavings

The study investigated the effect of supplementation of Vitamin E, Zn and Cr on growth performance and hematological characteristics of broiler chickens. The 240 day old Cobb 400 chicks were randomly distributed in eight groups consisting of 30 chicks in each. These chicks were kept on deep litter houses comprising of wood shavings. The supplementation of Vitamin E, zinc and chromium either individually or in combination improved the feed conversion ratio and body weight gain in broiler chicks. The body weight of broiler chickens at different age from day old to the 6th week were significantly different among treatments. The highest body weight was recorded in T8 groups. Heamoglobin, red blood corpuscles and white blood cells levels increased whereas heterophil: lymphocyte ratio statistically decreased with vitamin E, zinc or chromium supplemented groups either individually or in combinations.

EFFECTS OF AGE AT PHOTOPERIOD CHANGE AND DIETARY PROTEIN ON PERFORMANCES OF FOUR DWARF MATERNAL MEAT PARENT GENOTYPES AND THEIR BROILER CHICKEN PROGENY

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. PROUDFOOT ◽  
H. W. HULAN ◽  
K. B. McRAE
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Female Body ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Male Mortality ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Normal Males ◽  
Hatching Eggs ◽  
Dietary Treatments

A factorial experiment was conducted with 3030 chickens of four maternal dwarf genotypes mated with normal males to estimate the effects of age at a photoperiod change from 8 to 12 h (daily) at 140 or 154 days, and two levels of dietary protein (15 or 17%) on general performance, incidence of Fatty Liver Syndrome and monetary returns. Three of the four maternal genotypes performed similarly for most traits measured but one genotype exhibited better feed efficency of egg production, produced more eggs and, although the eggs were smaller resulted in the highest monetary returns. Delaying the increase in photoperiod change retarded sexual maturity and reduced egg weight at 203 days and egg specific gravity at 406 days. The 17% protein diet improved egg production (including hatching eggs), feed efficiency of egg production, egg weights; and female body weights at 154 and 446 days of age were also heavier. Dietary protein levels had no effect on mortality (P > 0.05). Mean monetary returns from the sale of table eggs, hatching eggs and salvage meat in excess of the costs of day-old breeder stock and feed, averaged $1.07 more per bird fed the 17% diet. The progeny test revealed significant differences among genotypes for male mortality, male and female body weights, and feed conversion; however, monetary returns over feed and chick cost were similar. The time of change in photoperiod and dietary treatments had no significant effect on the overall performance of broiler progeny but there was a genotype × parental diet interaction for 43 day female body weights. Key words: Dwarfs, meat breeders, hens, broilers, photoperiods, diets

scholarly journals Maize particle size with the addition of wheat on zootechnical parameters in chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Arce-Menocal ◽  
Ernesto Ávila-González ◽  
Carlos López-Coello ◽  
Arturo Cortes-Cueva ◽  
José Herrera-Camacho
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Mortality Percentage

T. An experiment was performed to compare in the meal diets different particle sizes of corn, with and without the addition of whole wheat, on the performance of chicken broilers. 2 800 broilers, four particle sizes was compared; T1) 1175 µm, T2) 740 µm, T3) 541 µm, and T4) 398 µm, with and without the addition of whole wheat (5, 10 and 15%). Body weight (kg), feed consumption (kg), feed conversion ratio (kg/kg), and mortality percentage were evaluated at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 45 days. The gizzard total weight and relative weight was recorded at end of the study. The data recorded in each variable was analyzed by general lineal model for factorial design 4 x 2. At 45 days of age, T2 showed the highest body weight (p < 0.01), maintaining a similar conversion feed rate than T3 and T4, without effects (p > 0.05) in mortality rate; while the size of the gizzard was lower (p < 0.01) as the particle size decreased. The diets with the addition of whole wheat, showed higher body weights (p < 0.01), in relation to diets without addition, non significative effect (p > 0.05), was observed in the other parameters evaluated. A significative effect (p < 0.01) of the interaction of particle size 740 µm with the addition of the whole wheat was observed on the body weight at the end of the study, suggesting that this can be alternative for obtain best performance and save money by feed. 

EFFECTS OF THREE PROTEIN LEVELS WITH AND WITHOUT ADDED FAT ON THE PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAVY VEAL CALVES

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. STILES ◽  
D. G. GRIEVE ◽  
W. A. GILLIS
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Protein Diets

Twenty-four Holstein bull calves were fed high concentrate rations containing 12, 15 or 18% crude protein (as fed basis), with or without 4% added tallow, from 12 wk of age (avg wt 85 kg) to 200 kg liveweight. Seven calves were removed from trial during the course of the experiment due to salmonellosis (1), bloat (3) and calcium or magnesum deficiency (3). Dietary protein level had no effect (P < 0.05) on average daily gains, feed intake, or feed efficiency. Average daily gains were 1.02, 0.95 and 0.93 kg for 12, 15 and 18% protein diets, respectively. Calves fed 4% added tallow were more efficient in feed conversion than those fed no added tallow (adjusted mean difference of 0.43 ±.29 kg feed per kg gain, P < 0.05). Increasing levels of dietary protein produced a significant linear increase in protein content (P < 0.05) of meat samples. The addition of 4% dietary tallow increased the water, protein and fat content of bone samples and depressed ash. Taste panel ratings for flavor, tenderness and overall satisfaction were higher for calves that received no added tallow in their rations. Feed cost per kg gain was lowest for the ration containing 12% protein and 0% added fat. It was concluded that a 12% crude protein high-grain ration fed to calves from 12 wk to 200 kg resulted in performance comparable to 15 and 18% protein rations and that the only benefit from added fat was an improvement in feed efficiency.

scholarly journals Effects of Essential Oils for Broiler Chicks with Delayed Feeding after Hatching 2. Morphological Development of Small Intestine

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 1347
Author(s):  
Senay Sarıca ◽  
Menderes Suicmez ◽  
Muzaffer Corduk
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
The Body ◽  
Red Pepper ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Oregano Essential Oil ◽  
Body Weights

The study investigated the effects of oregano- or red pepper-essential oil at delayed feeding (0, 24 and 48 h post-hatching) on performance and morphological development of small intestine segments. Female broilers were fed one of 3 rations including a control ration with no essential oil (CONT), the rations added with either oregano essential oil (OEO) or red pepper essential oil (RPEO) at 250 mg/kg to CONT. A total of 18 chicks from each treatment were used to measure the morphological parameters of the small intestine segments on the 14th day. Prolongation of accessing time to ration significantly decreased the body weights of broilers at 3rd, 7th and 14th d, feed intake (FI) from 4 to 7 d and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers at the period of 4-7 d. Access to ration for 48 h post-hatching significantly decreased the body weight gains at the period of 4-7 and 7-14 d, FI from 7 to 14 d and improved FCR of broilers at the period of 7-14 d. OEO250 ration significantly increased villus height (VH) and villus surface area (VSA) of jejunum (J) and ileum (I) of broilers fed immediately and the IVH and IVSA of broiler accessed to ration for 48 h post-hatching. VH of duodenum (D), IVH and IVSA of broilers fed for 24 h post-hatching were significantly increased by RPEO250 ration. OEO250 and RPEO250 rations significantly reduced crypt depth (CD) of D and J of broiler accessed to ration for immediate and DCD of broiler fed for 24 h post-hatching. OEO250 and RPEO250 rations significantly increased IVH and IVSA and reduced DCD, JCD and ICD of broilers. In conclusion, OEO250 and RPEO250 rations affected positively VH and VSA of I and reduced CDs of small intestine segments of broilers accessed to ration at different times.

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