Chronically altered body protein levels following lateral hypothalamic lesions in rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (4) ◽  
pp. R738-R743 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Hirvonen ◽  
R. E. Keesey
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Irreversible Reduction ◽  
Body Weights

Rats maintaining reduced body weights after lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH; LH rats) are characterized by smaller body protein masses. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether this reduced protein mass is actively defended. In the first, it was found that LH rats induced to overeat and restore body weight to the level of nonlesioned controls markedly increased their body fat without significantly increasing body protein. That is, LH rats at normal body weights were notably obese. In the second experiment, body protein losses produced by food restriction in LH rats were both relatively small and proportionally the same as those seen in similarly restricted nonlesioned controls. These observations demonstrate that LH rats retain the capacity for preserving body protein when challenged by either under- or overnutrition. The apparently irreversible reduction in the body protein mass thus appears to be the result of a specific lean tissue downregulation induced by LH damage.

The effect of energy supply on the contribution of lean tissue to total body protein mass in pigs slaughtered at 100 kg

1997 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Quiniou ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Large White ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractThe effect of energy supply between 45 and 100 kg body weight (BW) on the contribution of lean tissue (muscle plus intermuscular adipose tissue) to total protein mass was studied in Large White castrated males (cLW), crossbred Piétrain × Large White castrated males (cPPx) and boars (bPPx). The pigs were allocated to four energy levels (0·70, 0·80, 0·90 or 1·00 ad libitum) and kept in metabolism cages in experiment 1 or given food ad libitum and kept in individual pens in experiment 2. Daily protein supplies were calculated to be non-limiting for growth and identical for all pigs in experiment 1. Temperature was 23°C in both experiments. The pigs were slaughtered at 100 kg BW and physically dissected; the body tissues were chemically analysed. Taking into account housing conditions, the food intake of pigs in experiment 2 corresponded to 1·20 of ad libitum intake of pigs in experiment 1; data of both experiments were combined. The energy supply and the type of pig influenced significantly the protein content of empty BW (eBW) (170 g/kg on average), of lean (184g/kg on average) and non-lean compartment (eBW minus lean, 152 g/kg on average), the proportion of total protein deposited in lean (604 g/kg of total protein, on average) but not the protein content in fat-free eBW (209 g/kg on average). The fat-free eBW can be predicted as 4·8 times the body protein mass.

Effects of variable caloric restriction on utilization of ingested energy in rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (5) ◽  
pp. R549-R559 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Hill ◽  
A. Latiff ◽  
M. DiGirolamo
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Absolute Reduction ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Body weight reductions were produced in five groups of male Wistar rats (325 g) by starvation or by variable degrees of underfeeding. The resulting body weights were maintained, by adjusting daily food intake, at constant levels for at least 18 days. We found that 1) energy conservation (i.e., a reduction in the amount of energy required for maintenance) developed in proportion to reduction in body weight, 2) energy conservation increased even while reduced body weights were maintained at constant levels, 3) reduction in the energy required for maintenance was largely due to reduced resting metabolic rate, 4) a maximal ability to conserve energy seemed to occur in severely food-restricted rats, and 5) the magnitude of energy conservation appeared to be proportional to the absolute reduction in body weight and was unrelated (in the long run) to rapidity of weight loss. This study confirms that precise mechanisms of energy conservation are set in motion by food restriction and attempts to identify some components of this adaptive response.

Effect of Insulin and Cortisone on Weight Gain, Protein and Fat Content of Rats

1958 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. X. Hausberger ◽  
B. C. Hausberger
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Male Wister rats weighing 240 ± 2 gm show an average protein and fat content of 41.6 gm, and 13.1 gm. During a period of normal growth, the body weight increases within 14 days to 311 gm, the protein content to 57 gm, and the fat content to 21.7 gm. Several groups of rats were subjected to experimental procedures for 14 days, after having reached a body weight of 240 gm. Administration of protamine zine insulin (12 u/day) greatly enhanced weight gain, and deposition of excess fat, without affecting accumulation of body protein. Cortisone (5 mg/day) produced variable results. Diminished gain of body weight and total body protein occurred in 60% of the animals while accumulation of body fat was normal. Some rats lost weight and body protein but comparatively less fat than animals losing fat due to food restriction. Weight loss was most frequently observed in rats with visible infections. Simultaneous administration of insulin (12 u/day) did not alter the cortisone effect on body protein but markedly increased accumulation of body fat. One hundred twenty units per day accelerated gain of body fat still more. Values were observed comparable to those found in rats receiving insulin only. The amount of total body fat closely paralleled the amount of adipose tissue the composition of which was not significantly altered by any of the hormonal manipulations.

PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKS FED TWO DIETARY PROTEIN LEVELS (18 AND 22%), TWO NEEPAWA WHEATS (14.5 AND 21.0% PROTEIN), AND SIX L-LYSINE LEVELS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-773
Author(s):  
E. E. GARDINER ◽  
S. DUBETZ
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Maximal Growth ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Supplemental Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Day-old male broiler chicks were fed 14.5 and 21.0% protein Neepawa wheats as ingredients in broiler diets to 4 wk of age. Two levels of dietary protein (18 and 22%) and six levels of added L-lysine HCl (L-lysine) (0.0, 0.06, 0.12, 0.18, 0.24, and 0.30%) were used with each wheat. The desired dietary protein contents were obtained by varying the proportions of the wheats and soybean meal. Body weights and feed-to-gain ratios were significantly affected by the three variables. Within the 18% protein diets, the diet containing 14.5% protein wheat and supplemented with at least 0.18% L-lysine gave maximal growth and most efficient feed conversion. Maximal growth was not obtained on any of the 18% protein diets with 21.0% protein wheat, regardless of L-lysine supplementation. With the 22% protein diets, L-lysine supplementation up to 0.24% of the diet improved the body weight and feed conversions of the chicks when the diet contained 21.0% protein wheat, and generally the results were not different from those obtained when the diet contained the 14.5% protein wheat. L-lysine supplementation of the 22% protein diet containing the 14.5% protein wheat did not significantly affect growth or feed conversion. High-protein wheat supplemented with adequate L-lysine can be fed to chicks and thereby substantially reduce the amount of supplemental protein required.

scholarly journals Lysine requirements for maintenance and utilization efficiency of Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) at different body weights

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Silva Marchão ◽  
Felipe Barbosa Ribeiro ◽  
Jefferson Costa de Siqueira ◽  
Marcos Antonio Delmondes Bomfim ◽  
Janayra Cardoso Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Colossoma Macropomum ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Abstract BackgroundLysine is an essential amino acid and, generally, the first limiting in diets for tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), main native fish produced in continental aquaculture from South America. However, there is a lack of information on their amino acids requirements, especially for maintenance and efficiency of utilization of lysine.ResultsDiets with increasing levels of digestible lysine significantly increased final weight and the weight gain of tambaqui, for all studied ages. Feed intake decreased significantly only for fish weighing 121 g (p < 0.05), and was not affected for other ages. However, digestible lysine consumption significantly increased in all body weights groups evaluated (p < 0.05). In addition, digestible lysine consumption provided sufficient intervals to obtain of values negative, near zero and positive of retention body protein and lysine, allowing estimation of maintenance requirements without extrapolation. The maintenance lysine requirement was determined at the intersection of the point to maintain body protein retention equal to zero, and the efficiency of lysine utilization was the slope of the line between the digestible lysine consumption and its retention, for different tambaqui body weights (121, 235 and 596 g). Linear responses (p < 0.05) were observed between protein retention and body lysine in function on the consumption of digestible lysine for all evaluated body weights, and the parallelism test showed influences of body weight on the values of the maintenance requirement and efficiency of utilization for lysine, with an increase in the maintenance requirement as the fish grow. However, the efficiency of using lysine decreases with the increase in fish body weight.ConclusionsThe requirement of tambaqui for maintenance lysine and efficiency utilization are directly related to the body weight. The requirement for digestible lysine for tambaqui maintenance was 82.03 mg kg-0.7 day-1 for body weights 121 to 235 g and utilization efficiency of 55%. For weight of 596 g, the requirement of maintenance was 106.85 mg kg-0.7 day-1 and 40% of utilization efficiency of lysine.

scholarly journals National Toxicology Program Experience With Dietary Restriction: Does the Manner in Which Reduced Body Weight Is Achieved Affect Tumor Incidence?

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 119-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph K. Haseman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
And Control

The increasing body weights and the associated increased tumor incidences observed in recent long-term rodent bioassays may adversely affect study sensitivity for detecting rodent carcinogenicity. For example, increasing body weights may result in reduced survival and fewer animals at risk for tumor development. Moreover, the increased control tumor incidences observed in the more recent studies make it more difficult to establish firm baseline values and to use historical control data in the overall evaluation of experimental results. Finally, if dosed animals are significantly lighter than controls within a given study, then it may be more difficult to detect carcinogenic effects for those tumor sites sensitive to body weight changes. One approach to deal with this problem is food restriction, and the recently completed NTP Dietary Restriction Study confirmed that reducing food intake can reduce background tumor rates in control animals. There was also a slight increase in survival (approximately 2 wk on average) in the food restricted animals. However, the experimental protocol that restricted food consumption in both dosed and control groups appeared to have reduced sensitivity for detecting carcinogenic effects relative to the standard NTP protocol. One important, but often overlooked, issue when considering dietary restriction is that tumor incidence profiles may differ for animals of equivalent body weight, depending upon how the reduced body weights were achieved. An evaluation of data from NTP long-term rodent studies and from the NTP Dietary Restriction Study indicates that food restricted animals show a significant reduction in a number of site-specific tumors relative to equivalently sized ad libitum-fed animals. These results suggest that a dietary restriction strategy that focuses on achieving similar body weights in dosed and control groups may produce false positive outcomes if substantially more food restriction is required for control groups than for dosed animals (e.g., if control animals must receive a moderate (15—20%) degree of food restriction to achieve body weights equivalent to those observed in ad libitum-fed dosed animals). Results from the NTP Dietary Restriction Study also demonstrate that a moderate (15—20%) food restriction protocol applied equally to dosed and control animals may produce false negative outcomes if the resulting body weights are substantially different in dosed and control groups. Alternative strategies for reducing body weights are briefly discussed, but at present it is unclear which strategy or combination of strategies will ultimately prove to be most effective for dealing with the problem of increasing body weights.

L-Ascorbic Acid Addition to Chitosan Reduces Body Weight in Overweight Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Y. Jung ◽  
Sung C. Jun ◽  
Un J. Chang ◽  
Hyung J. Suh
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Body Weights

Previously, we have found that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan enhanced the reduction in body weight gain in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet. We hypothesized that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan would accelerate the reduction of body weight in humans, similar to the animal model. Overweight subjects administered chitosan with or without L-ascorbic acid for 8 weeks, were assigned to three groups: Control group (N = 26, placebo, vehicle only), Chito group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan), and Chito-vita group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan plus 2 g/day L-ascorbic acid). The body weights and body mass index (BMI) of the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the Control group. The BMI of the Chito-vita group decreased significantly compared to the Chito group (Chito: -1.0 kg/m2 vs. Chito-vita: -1.6 kg/m2, p < 0.05). The results showed that the chitosan enhanced reduction of body weight and BMI was accentuated by the addition of L-ascorbic acid. The fat mass, percentage body fat, body circumference, and skinfold thickness in the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased more than the Control group; however, these parameters were not significantly different between the three groups. Chitosan combined with L-ascorbic acid may be useful for controlling body weight.

Roux-en-Y Gastrointestinal Bypass Promotes Activation of TGR5 and Peptide YY

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1262-1267
Author(s):  
Haojun Yang ◽  
Hanyang Liu ◽  
YuWen Jiao ◽  
Jun Qian
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
L Cells ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Gastrointestinal Bypass ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Background: G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) is involved in a number of metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the role of TGR5 after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP). Methods: Wild type and TGR5 knockout mice (tgr5-/-) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish the obesity model. GBP was performed. The changes in body weight and food intake were measured. The levels of TGR5 and peptide YY (PYY) were evaluated by RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Moreover, the L-cells were separated from wild type and tgr5-/- mice. The levels of PYY in L-cells were evaluated by ELISA. Results: The body weights were significantly decreased after GBP in wild type mice (p<0.05), but not tgr5-/- mice (p>0.05). Food intake was reduced after GBP in wild type mice, but also not significantly affected in tgr5-/- mice (p>0.05). The levels of PYY were significantly increased after GBP compared with the sham group (p<0.05); however, in tgr5-/- mice the expression of PYY was not significantly affected (p>0.05). After INT-777 stimulation in L-cells obtained from murine intestines, the levels of PYY were significantly increased in L-cells tgr5+/+ (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our study suggests that GBP up-regulated the expression of TGR5 in murine intestines, and increased the levels of PYY, which further reduced food intake and decreased the body weight.

Body Composition Modifications Due to the “Search, Rescue and Survival Training” in Male Military Firefighter Cadets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Ramos de Barros ◽  
Verônica Pinto Salerno ◽  
Thalita Ponce ◽  
Míriam Raquel Meira Mainenti
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Fat Percentage

ABSTRACT Introduction To train and prepare cadets for a career as firefighters in Rio de Janeiro, the second-year students of the Officers Training Course are submitted to a Search, Rescue, and Survival Training (SRST) course, which is characterized by long periods of high physical exertion and sleep restriction during a 9-day instruction module, and food restriction during a 7-day survival module. The present study investigated changes in the body composition of 39 male cadets submitted to SRST during training and 4 weeks of recovery with no restrictions in food consumption. Materials and Methods Each cadet was evaluated by anthropometric measurements at six time points: pre-SRST; after the first module; after the second module; and after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of recovery. Measurements included body girths and skinfolds, to estimate trunk (chest and waist) and limbs (arm and thigh) dimensions, as well as body composition. Repeated measures ANOVA and Friedman test were applied (depending on each data distribution). Results Statistically significant decreases in body weight (76.2; 69.8-87.2 to 63.9; 58.9-73.5 kg) and fat free mass (FFM, 69.2; 63.7-77.2 to 60.1; 56.2-68.0 kg) were observed following the second module of SRST. Following a single week of recovery, the FFM returned to pre-SRST values. Body weight returned to pre-training levels in 2 weeks. Body fat percentage and mass also significantly decreased during SRST (9.0; 7.7-12.3 to 6.5; 5.1-9.3% and 6.9; 5.6-10.0 to 6.9; 5.6-10.0 kg, respectively), which showed a slower and more gradual recovery that reached pre-SRST values after 4 weeks. The girths of arm, thigh, chest and waist significantly decreased due to SRST. The girths of the limbs (arm and thigh) returned to pre-training values after one month of recovery, while the girths of the trunk (chest and waist) did not return to pre-SRST values during the study period. Conclusions The findings suggest that men who experience periods of high energy demands and sleep restriction followed by a period of food restriction will endure unavoidable physical consequences that can be mostly reversed by a 1-month recovery.

Seasonal changes in pancreatic B-cell function in euthermic yellow-bellied marmots

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (2) ◽  
pp. R159-R165 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Florant ◽  
A. K. Lawrence ◽  
K. Williams ◽  
W. A. Bauman
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pancreatic B Cell ◽  
Peripheral Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
System Input

Fasting plasma insulin (PI) and glucose (PG) concentrations were measured throughout the body weight cycle of marmots. Animals gained weight during summer, and in late fall body weight peaked, after which they ceased feeding. Each month euthermic animals were injected intra-arterially with either dextrose (500 mg/kg) or porcine insulin (0.1 U/kg), and blood samples were collected over the subsequent 2 h. During weight gain fasting PI concentration and pancreatic B-cell response to injected dextrose increased markedly. Maximal insulin release to a dextrose challenge was measured during peak body weight or when body weight initially began to decline. The PG concentration after exogenous insulin administration was slight (less than 10%) in the fall but increased approximately 25% in the spring after marmots lost weight. Basal PG levels were not significantly different throughout the year. Basal fasting PI concentrations were significantly higher during the fall (P less than 0.01). It is suggested that in the fall, when marmots are obese, hyperinsulinemia and peripheral insulin resistance appear. Furthermore, in two animals with an increase in body weight of approximately 30% or less over the summer, peripheral resistance was demonstrable, albeit not as marked as in animals that appropriately doubled their body weights when given food ad libitum. Thus we hypothesize that factors other than adiposity, i.e., food intake, central nervous system input to the pancreatic B-cell, and/or changes in B-cell sensitivity to PG, may contribute to the observed peripheral insulin resistance and may be involved in body weight regulation.

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