INFLUENCE OF STARTING RATION ENERGY–PROTEIN RATIO AND FAT CONTENT ON FINISH GRADE OF EARLY AND LATE MARKETED BROILER TOM TURKEYS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. MORAN Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Vegetable Tallow ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Commercial Source ◽  
Total Fat

Commercial source broiler-type male poults were offered starting rations having energy (kcal metabolizable energy/kg)–protein (% crude) ratios either above (100) or below (90) the optimum (95). In each case, total fat comprised a high (28%) or moderate (14%) amount of dietary ME. All rations contained 30% protein from constant proportions of soybean meal, corn and corn gluten meal while energy and fat were varied with animal–vegetable tallow, starch, glucose monohydrate, and purified cellulose. Common corn–soybean meal rations were fed from 2 wk of age to slaughter at 12 and 16 wk. Statistical analysis revealed an interaction between E/P ratio and fat level for both body weight and feed conversion at 2 wk. Poults fed a diet with above optimal E/P ratio grew more rapidly when 28 rather than 14% of the ME was supplied as fat while the converse occurred when the ratio was below the optimal. The higher E/P ratio and greater percentage of dietary fat favored increased weight gains. Feed conversion was unaltered by the level of fat per se; however, rations having a greater energy concentration were utilized more efficiently than those with the lower energy (E/P ratio). Starting treatments did not influence performance after 6 wk of age. Effects of starting diets on finish were detected at 16 but not 12 wk of age. A statistically significant improvement in back finish occurred when 28% rather than 14% of the ME was provided by fat regardless of energy–protein relationship. No differences attributable to ratio or its interaction with dietary fat were apparent. Treatment effects on breast grades paralleled those on back finish but were not statistically significant.

scholarly journals Energetic values and performace of broilers feeding sorghum and soybean meal based diets supplemented with B-glucanase and B-xylanase

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 959
Author(s):  
Evandro De Abreu Fernandes ◽  
Maria Inês Homsi Brandeburgo ◽  
Carolina Magalhães Caires Carvalho ◽  
Fernanda Heloisa Litz ◽  
João Paulo Rodrigues Bueno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Enzymatic Complex ◽  
Metabolic Test

Grains, brans, and vegetable meals may contain non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), which increases viscosity in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and interfere with the digestion and absorption of nutrients. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and determine the metabolizable energy of a sorghum-based broiler diet with and without the supplementation of an enzymatic complex. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with 1200 chickens, using sorghum-based feed with and without the addition of 50 g of enzyme-CCE complex (?-glucanase and ?-xylanase), and with two levels of metabolizable energy (ME kg-1): ME; ME + CCE; reduced ME (-50 kcal kg-1); and reduced ME + CCE. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance and the means were compared using a Tukey’s test at the 5% significance level. At 42 and 47 days of age, the living weight of the birds fed with the reduced ME was low, while birds fed with reduced ME + CCE had the same weight as those fed with other energy diets (ME and ME + CCE). Feed conversion was poorest at 47 days of age for the birds on reduced ME diet. In the metabolic test (with fattening diets) to determine AME and AMEn, the reduced ME diet had the lowest result, confirming the effect of the addition of enzymes. The addition of CCE to sorghum-based diets provides enough enzymatic activity to increase the metabolizable energy of the diet (50 kcal of AME) and influence the growth performance of broilers at the slaughtering age.

RAPESEED MEAL AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR SOYBEAN MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING GILTS AND OF SOWS FOR UP TO THREE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. BOWLAND ◽  
R. T. HARDIN
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Reproductive Cycles ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

An experiment with 32 crossbred gilts averaging 10 kg at allotment was designed to evaluate prepress-solvent extracted rapeseed meal (RSM) of Brassica campestris origin as a partial replacement for soybean meal (SBM) in diets of sows during growth or growth and reproduction when the sows were retained for three reproductive cycles. Four treatments were involved: (1) sows fed SBM throughout; (2) gilts fed 6% RSM to 90 kg and SBM for the remainder of the experiment; (3) gilts fed 6% RSM to immediately prior to first mating and SBM for the remainder of the experiment; (4) sows fed 6% RSM throughout. A second experiment with 16 mature Yorkshire sows evaluated the same RSM for one reproductive cycle only as a partial replacement for SBM when introduced into the diet immediately prior to breeding. During the growing period to 90 kg, daily feed intake, gain, and feed conversion did not differ significantly for gilts fed 0 or 6% dietary rapeseed meal, daily gain averaging 0.68 kg. Digestible energy, metabolizable energy, digestible nitrogen, and nitrogen retention coefficients were not influenced by level of dietary RSM or by period (15 or 45 kg) at which digestibility studies were conducted. Gestation length, litter size, and weight at birth and weaning were not influenced by dietary treatment in either experiment. Thyroid weights and ratio of thyroid weight to body weight of representative 2-wk-old female pigs did not differ significantly between treatments. In the first experiment, there was an average disposal of 23% of the sows per reproductive cycle because of failure to breed, failure to conceive, and other causes but these removals did not appear to be associated with treatment. The overall results suggest that up to 6% RSM of the type fed is not detrimental to sow performance when the RSM is fed during growth, throughout growth and reproduction, or when introduced suddenly at the time of breeding.

scholarly journals Xylanase and β-glucanase in maize- and soybean meal-based diets for broilers

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 3259-3274
Author(s):  
Thiago Ferreira Diana ◽  
◽  
Luiz Fernando Teixeira Albino ◽  
Horácio Santiago Rostagno ◽  
Bruno Figueiredo de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding different xylanase and ?-glucanase enzyme blends to maize- and soybean meal-based diets on performance and energy metabolizability in broilers. Two experiments were carried out with broilers of the COBB 500 strain. In the first experiment, 1960 chicks were assigned to a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement, totaling seven treatments, namely, T1- Positive control (PC); T2 - Negative control 1 (NC1; PC minus 200 kcal kg-1 ME); T3 - NC1 + Blend A; T4 - NC1 + Blend B; T5 - Negative control 2 (NC2; PC minus 167 kcal kg-1 ME and 5% amino acids); T6 - NC2 + Blend A; and T7 - NC2 + Blend B. Fourteen replicates were used per treatment and 20 birds per experimental unit. The parameters evaluated at 21 and 42 days of age were weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion (FC). At 42 days, production efficiency index (PEI), viability and the yields of cuts were also calculated. Birds that received diets with a reduced nutritional value showed a reduction in WG and PEI and worsened FC as compared those of PC treatment (p < 0.05). However, the birds that consumed the NC2 diet with Blend B exhibited a similar WG to those in PC group (p > 0.05) from 1 to 21 days of life. For the yield of thigh + drumstick, the factors were statistically similar (p > 0.05) to those observed in the PC birds. In the second experiment, 432 fourteen-day-old chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments, with eight replicates per treatment and six birds per experimental unit. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) values were determined. Overall, the NC2 diet with Blend B provided the highest AME and AMEn values; however, NC1 with the same enzyme blend was the treatment which provided the lowest values. The addition of xylanase and ?-glucanase enzyme blends to maize- and soybean meal-based diets improves WG at 21 days as well as PEI in broilers; however, it does not influence the yield of cuts. Enzymes (Blend B) improve the energy metabolization of broiler diets with reduced energy and amino acid levels.

Effect of dietary lard on performance, fatty acid composition and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in growing-finishing female and entire male pigs

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Lopez-Bote ◽  
M. Sanz ◽  
B. Isabel ◽  
P. Perez de Ayala ◽  
A. Flores
Keyword(s):  
White Male ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Key Words Pig ◽  
Finishing Pig ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Entire Male

The effect of increasing the energy concentration of growing-finishing pig diets through inclusion of lard on performance, carcass and meat composition and lipid susceptibility to peroxidation was studied. A total of 720 Landrace × Large White male and female pigs (equal number of entire males and females) were used. Experimental diets were formulated to have a low (3000 kcal ME kg−1) or high (3200 kcal ME kg−1) energy level, but in all cases to have a constant lysine:ME ratio. This was achieved using a low (6.8 g kg−1) and a high (49.3 g kg−1) level of dietary lard inclusion. Gilts had lower daily gain (P < 0.0001) and worse feed conversion efficiency (P < 0.0001) than entire males. Susceptibility to oxidation was not affected by sex. Fat concentration in pig diets equilibrated in metabolizable energy and protein did not modify average gain, but reduced feed intake (P < 0.02), improved the gain:feed ratio (P < 0.0001), increased dressing percentage (P < 0.02) and produced higher carcass weight (P < 0.01). Carcass backfat and lean percentage were not affected by dietary treatment. A reduction in the proportion of (n-3) fatty acids in phospholipids (P < 0.03), a higher (n-6):(n-3) ratio (P < 0.01) and a lower susceptibility of muscle homogenates to oxidation was found in animals receiving higher levels of dietary lard (P < 0.01). Key words: Pig, boar, diet, lard, lipid oxidation

scholarly journals The Effect of a Silage Inoculant on Silage Quality, Aerobic Stability, and Meat Production on Farm Scale

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Acosta Aragón ◽  
J. Jatkauskas ◽  
V. Vrotniakiene
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactobacillus Brevis ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Aerobic Stability

The effect of inoculation on nutrient content, fermentation, aerobic stability, and beef cattle performance for whole-plant corn silage treated with a commercial product (blend of homo- and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria, BSM, blend of Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus brevis, DSM numbers 3530, 19457, and 23231, resp.), was compared to a control treatment with no silage additives (CT). The material had a DM of 323 g/kg, crude protein, and water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations of 87.9 and 110.5 g/kg DM, respectively. BSM increased the fermentation rate with a significantly deeper pH (P<0.01), a significant increase in the total organic acids concentration (P<0.05), more lactic acid (P<0.01), and numerically more acetic acid compared to CT. BSM significantly decreased the concentrations of butyric acid (P<0.01), ethanol, and ammonia-N compared to the CT. BSM-treated silage decreased DM by 3.0 % (P<0.01) and had a higher digestible energy and a higher metabolizable energy concentration by 2.3 (P<0.01) and 1.00 % (P<0.05), respectively, compared to untreated silage. Aerobic stability improved by more than 2 days in BSM silage. The DM intake of silage treated with BSM increased by 6.14 %, and improved weight gain and the feed conversion by 8.0 (P<0.01) and 3.4%.

scholarly journals DRIED BEE MEAL AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR GROWING TURKEYS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 965-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. SALMON ◽  
T. I. SZABO
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Dried bee meal, produced from bees killed after the honey-producing season, has been assessed as a high protein feedstuff in diets of growing turkeys from 6 to 41 days of age. Although higher in crude protein and differing in amino acid composition, dried bee meal was similar to soybean meal in total amino acids and true metabolizable energy. Diets containing 150 and 300 g dried bee meal/kg linearly decreased liveweight gained by poults. Efficiency of feed conversion was slightly improved when the diet contained 150 g bee meal/kg, but was depressed by 300 kg bee meal/kg. The adverse effects may be related to nonprotein nitrogen in bee meal or to toxicity of dried bee venom.

The nutrition of meat-type ducks. 2. The effects of variation in the energy and protein contents of diets on biological performance and carcass characteristics

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
AP Siregar ◽  
RB Cumming ◽  
DJ Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Biological Performance ◽  
Good Agreement

In three experiments, ducklings aged 2 or 3 weeks were grown to 8 weeks of age on diets containing from 12 to 25 % crude protein, and from 11 .6 to 15.2 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg 'as fed'. Generally the highest growth rates and best feed conversions were observed on diets with the highest energy content. A dietary protein content of about 12% was adequate for maximum growth, best feed conversion, and the highest protein efficiency ratio. Where comparison could be made, males grew faster than females. ME contents of the diet determined by total collection of excreta or its estimation using Cr2O3 were in good agreement. ME values for the diets declined as ducklings aged, as did nitrogen balance. Carcass protein decreased and carcass fat increased as the energy (kJ) to protein (%) ratio increased. Dressing percentage tended to increase with increasing dietary energy. Females had higher dressing percentages than males. It would appear that, for best growth rate and feed conversion, a low protein of 12-13 % and a high energy diet of about 14.0 MJ ME/kg, corresponding to an energy to protein ratio of about 1000, are adequate for ducks grown from 2 to 8 weeks. For maximum carcass lean, and minimum fat content, a low energy (kJ) to protein (%) ratio of about 600 is desirable. This corresponds to dietary concentrations of about 15 MJ/ME kg of diet and 24% crude protein.

scholarly journals Performance of broiler chickens at pre starter and starter phases using diets with different metabolizable energy values of ingredients, at different ages

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1846-1851
Author(s):  
José Luiz Schneiders ◽  
Ricardo Vianna Nunes ◽  
Thaís Lorana Savoldi ◽  
Liliane Borsatti ◽  
Rodrigo André Schöne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACT: The experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of broilers in 1-7 and 8-21 days of age, using metabolizable energy values of corn, soybean meal and soybean oil previously determined for each phase in another metabolism trial. Two trails were conducted, divided into phases according to ages: pre-starter (1-7 days) and starter (8-21 days). At each trial were used 924 broiler chicken randomly distributed into 42 experimental units in a completely randomized design with six treatments and seven replications. Treatments consisted of five diets using the values of apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance of corn, soybean meal and soybean oil determined in different metabolism trials, and one diet with the metabolizable energy values of these same ingredients, published on the literature. At the end of each stage, the animals and feed leftover were weighted to determine feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Diets with higher soybean oil inclusion, showed superior performance at different stages. At pre-starter only feed conversion ratio was significant (P<0.05). In the initial phase, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) for feed conversion ratio, daily and average weight gain.

scholarly journals Effect of Protein Sources with Different Rumen Degradability in a Diet on the Efficiency of Utilization of Metabolizable Energy by Calves

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-335
Author(s):  
J. Sekine ◽  
H. E. M. Kamel ◽  
M. Hishinuma ◽  
A. N. M. A. Fadel El-Seed ◽  
S. Morita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Balance Trials

Abstract. To evaluate the effect of dietary protein of diverse rumen degradability on the efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) utilization by calves at the growth and maintenance levels of feeding. A total of 54 energy balance trials were conducted using 18 Holstein castrated male calves given four diets containing soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), heated soybean meal (HSBM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) as a main source of protein. The trials were carried out at the ages of 13 weeks for the growth (G) level of feeding and 15 weeks for maintenance (M) followed by the 24-h measurement of fasting (F) heat production after 3-day fasting. The dg values were 0.657, 0.543, 0.463 and 0.413 for SBM, CSM, HSBM and CGM, respectively. The regression analyses of energy retention (ER, kJ/W0.75) on the intake of ME (IME, kJ/W0.75) above the maintenance level revealed no significant differences among diets and gave a following pooled equation: ER = 0.56(±0.04)IME – 311, r = 0.897 (P<0.01). The below M level resulted in the following two distinct equations for the diet with a higher dg of protein source and that of a lower dg: ER = 0.77(±0.02)IME – 403, r = 0.994 (P<0.01) for SBM + CSM. ER = 0.60(±0.03)IME – 350, r = 0.982 (P<0.01) for HSBM + CGM. We concluded that ME utilization for maintenance may be influenced by the protein sources of different dg, but not for growth.

scholarly journals Using Linear Equations Approach to Formulate Balanced and Least-Cost Ration for Dairy Cattl

2021 ◽  
Vol 910 (1) ◽  
pp. 012089
Author(s):  
Sary Mahir Ailia Shaawi ◽  
Noor Ezat Jalil Astefan
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Mathematical Formulas ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The main objective of this study was to find an effective way to use linear equations for the purpose of creating a balanced ration at the lowest possible cost for dairy cattle by using linear equations and solving these equations through the Solver tool provided by MS-Excel. Samples of barley, corn, wheat bran, soybean meal and wheat straw were collected from the local markets and the necessary chemical analyzes were performed for them. after that the mathematical formulas of the linear equations were developed according to the specified constraints for crude protein ratio, value of metabolizable energy and the percentage of each calcium and phosphorus, which meets the needs of a medium-production dairy cow (15 kg) and weighting (650 kg). then the data was entered into Microsoft Excel and the equations were solved by Solver tool. The results showed a superior ability of linear equations to solve the problems consisting of several variables where the feed was formed by mixing barley, Corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, wheat hay, calcium phosphate and salt in proportions ( 5, 17.91, 50, 10.76, 13.66, 1.64 and 1) respectively, The cost of the feed mixture was (268.6 $/ton), which is the lowest possible cost for a ration that meets the required needs, linear programming will provide the animal breeders efficiency with the highest production by reducing the costs and balancing of the ration through the steps described in the search.

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