scholarly journals RUMEN FERMENTATION AND DIGESTIBILITY IN STEERS AS INFLUENCED BY LEVEL OF INTAKE AND MONENSIN

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-860
Author(s):  
G. M. J. HORTON ◽  
M. J. FARMER ◽  
K. A. BASSENDOWSKI ◽  
G. M. STEACY
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Four Levels

The effects of level of feed intake and monensin on rumen fermentation and digestibility in steers were evaluated. The four levels of feed intake were 30, 50, 70 and 90 g of dry matter per kilogram body weight raised to the 0.75 power (g/kg0.75). Monensin was included at 0 and 33 mg/kg diet. The diet contained 60% rolled barley and 36.5% alfalfa pellets. Organic matter digestibility decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of intake when the control diet was fed but was not affected by intake when monensin was included in the feed. Crude protein digestibility was consistently higher (P < 0.05) in monensin than control-fed steers at all four intake levels and decreased with increasing feed consumption in steers fed both control and monensin diets. Rumen fluid pH and ammonia and plasma urea nitrogen were not affected by monensin, and decreased (P < 0.05) as feed intake increased. Both higher feed intake and monensin caused an increase in the molar proportion of ruminal propionic acid and a decrease in the proportion of acetic acid. Key words: Intake monensin, digestibility, PUN, VFA, cattle

Substitution of sorghum grain for molasses increases the liveweight gain of steers given molasses-based diets

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. PEIRIS ◽  
R. ELLIOTT ◽  
B. W. NORTON
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Sorghum grain was included in a basal diet of molasses (molasses 505, urea 21, sunflower meal 191, pangola grass hay 250, minerals 31 g/kg as fed) at rates of 0, 202, 391 and 707 g/kg, generating diets in which grain replaced 0 (diet A), 33 (diet B), 66 (diet C) and 100% (diet D) of the molasses and hay. The four diets were fed to groups of four Hereford steers (293–334 kg liveweight) over a 96-day period. One half of each treatment group was implanted with a growth promotant (zeranol), and all were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir at the end of the trial. The inclusion of 33% grain increased voluntary feed consumption, digestible dry matter (DM) intake (from 57·6 to 82·0 g digestible DM/kg0·75 per day and significantly increased liveweight gain from 592 to 900 g/day. Zeranol implantation also increased liveweight gain but not feed intake. Steers given only grain (diet D) had the highest liveweight gains (1127 g/day). The addition of grain to molasses diets decreased urinary N excretion and increased ammonia and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in rumen fluid. Molar proportions of propionic acid in total VFA increased from 0·15 to 0·20, and butyric acid decreased from 0·36 to 0·29 when 33% of the molasses was replaced by sorghum grain. The fat content (depth at sacral position) of the carcasses of steers given grain only (diet D) was significantly greater (14 mm) than that of steers given the basal diet of molasses (4 mm), and carcass fat contents were intermediate (10 and 11 mm) for steers given diets B and C respectively. It was concluded that the inclusion of small amounts of grain in molasses-based diets increased cattle growth principally by increasing digestible energy intake without decreasing molasses intake, thus improving the efficiency of utilization of molasses in molasses-based diets.

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FORMALDEHYDE-TREATED RAPESEED MEAL FOR DAIRY CALVES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
J. A. McKIRDY
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Daily Gain

Treatment of oilseed meals with formaldehyde (FA) and glutaraldehyde (GA) significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the solubility of protein in 0.02 N NaOH and the production of NH3 in the artificial rumen. Ten Holstein and Holstein × Brown Swiss calves of both sexes were fed two test rations containing either 26% untreated or formaldehyde-treated (5.6 g FA per 100 g protein) rapeseed meal (FA-treated RSM) for 14 weeks. Plasma urea nitrogen (N) and rumen NH3 levels were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the FA-treated RSM calves compared with the control calves during the first 8 weeks of the growth trial. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in dry matter consumption, daily gain, or feed efficiency was observed. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) (mmoles/100 ml) concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in rumen fluid from the control calves compared with those receiving treated RSM. Molar percentages of the VFA’s were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the two groups. In the N balance and digestibility trial, dry matter consumption did not differ significantly (P > 0.05); however, the FA-treated RSM resulted in decreased (P < 0.05) dry matter and crude protein digestibility. Calves receiving the treated RSM had reduced (P < 0.01) urinary N excretion; however, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on N consumption and retention.

The development of the digestive system of the young; animal. VII. The total and partial apparent digestibility of a pelletted diet by lambs and adult sheep

1965 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Walker ◽  
M. K. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Young Animal ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Adult Sheep

1. Fifteen male Merino lambs suckling the ewe and four adult Merino wethers were fed the same pelletted diet. The lambs had free access to milk from the ewe and were creep-fed the pelletted diet. Feed intake by each lamb was measured daily.2. The digestibility of the dry matter of the pelletted diet was determined in a conventional total collection trial with the adult wethers. Dry-matter and crude-protein digestibility "was determined in the lambs on faeces taken at, or just before, slaughter by the lignin-ratio method.

COMPARATIVE VALUE OF SOYBEAN, RAPESEED, AND FORMALDEHYDE-TREATED RAPESEED MEALS IN UREA-CONTAINING CALF RATIONS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Molar Percent

Twenty-four Holstein calves were fed three experimental rations containing either 14% soybean meal, 20% rapeseed meal, or 20% formaldehyde-treated (0.7 g formaldehyde/100 g protein) rapeseed meal from 8 to 22 wk of age. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in feed consumption, dry matter intake, liveweight gain, and feed conversion among the three groups. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in rumen ammonia levels in calves receiving the treated rapeseed meal compared with the untreated rapeseed meal rations. Plasma urea levels and rumen fluid volatile fatty acids (mmol/100 ml and molar percent) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among treatments. There were no significant differences in the digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen, acid detergent fiber, and gross energy among treatments, although treating the rapeseed meal with formaldehyde tended to reduce dry matter, nitrogen, fiber, and energy digestibility.

scholarly journals Effect of the composition of starter diet fed in the rearing phase on the performance and certain physiological parameters of Holstein calves

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 367-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szandra Tóth ◽  
Melinda Kovács ◽  
Brigitta Bóta ◽  
Judit Szabó-Fodor ◽  
Gábor Bakos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Rumen Microbiota

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of calf starters of different starch and fibre content on the growth, blood and rumen parameters of Holstein female calves during the pre-weaning period. A total of 60 calves were divided into two groups. Group A/B was fed according to a two-phase calf nutrition system: the calves received calf starter “A” (28.5% starch content, 16% neutral detergent fibre (NDF), 9.2% acid detergent fibre (ADF)) in days 7–45 and then calf starter “B” (14.2% starch content, 32.4% NDF, 14.3% ADF) in days 46–70. Calves of group B received calf starter “B” throughout the experimental period. The calves were weaned between 52 and 61 days of life. The data on body weight, weight gain, starter feed intake, blood metabolites and rumen fermentation parameters were collected individually. In the first phase of experiment, the starter feed consumption of A/B group was higher than that of B group (P &lt; 0.05), but it did not manifest in differences in body weight at weaning time. At some of the sampling times, the different composition of starter diets significantly (P &lt; 0.05) influenced the plasma urea, albumin, glucose and triglyceride concentrations. The consumption of diet with different starch and NDF content had no significant effect either on the composition of the rumen microbiota or on the ruminal concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia. In some cases significant correlations (–0.83 and –0.93; 0.82 and 0.90) were found between the composition of rumen microbiota and ruminal VFA concentration. Feeding a diet of higher starch content (28.5 vs 14.2%) in the first 45 days of life did not affect rumen fermentation, rumen microbiota and the most important blood metabolites, apart from a few exceptions. The production parameters of calves, including total feed intake and body weight gain, were similar in the experiment.

Seasonal production of Andropogen Gayanus: II. Seasonal changes in digestibility and feed intake

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Haggar ◽  
M. B. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Andropogon Gayanus ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARYTwenty-seven sheep feeding trials were carried out on freshly cut Andropogon gayanus, fed daily during three wet seasons, 1966–8.In each year, dry-matter voluntary intake and digestibility were highest during the first part of the growing season and declined with advancing maturity of the herbage. However, at the time of ear emergence in early October, there were small increases in voluntary intake of dry-matter and crude protein digestibility, although further decreases followed after mid-October.Determinations of in vitro digestibility indicated that elongating stems during early October were at least as digestible as leaves.Seasonal changes in crude protein digestibility were much greater than changes in dry-matter digestibility; seasonal changes in feed intake were intermediate. Voluntary feed intake was related to dry-matter digestibility.Voluntary feed intake and digestible crude protein were both closely related to the crude protein content of the forage. It was concluded that crude protein is a useful criterion for predicting nutritive value.

A note on the effect of monensin and amicloral in steer diets

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. J. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Carcass Parameters ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTThe effects of feeding monensin and amicloral at 33 and 1500 mg/kg of diet, respectively, were investigated in two experiments using 330-kg steers. Monensin and amicloral, either alone or in combination, increased the digestibility of organic matter and crude fibre compared with a control diet (P< 0·001). Crude protein digestibility was increased by monensin (P< 0·001). Use of monensin and amicloral, alone or in combination, increased molar proportions of propionic acid by 22% on average (P> 0·05), and monensin decreased butyric acid by 37% (P< 0·05).Ruminal ammonia concentrations were lower in steers fed monensin (P< 0·05). Steers fed monensin consumed 6 % less feed, gained 9 % more weight (P< 0·05) and utilized feed 14% more efficiently (P< 0·05) than control animals. Amicloral, either alone or with monensin, lowered feed intake by 11 % (P< 0·05), had no effect on average daily gain and improved feed efficiency by about 12% (P< 0·05). There were no treatment effects on any of the carcass parameters.

Digestibility Studies on Venezuela Grass (Paspalum fasciculatum) and Plantain Pseudostalks (Musa paradisiaca)

1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
J. A. Arroyo ◽  
L. Rivera Brenes
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Musa Paradisiaca ◽  
Gross Energy

A study was undertaken to determine the digestibility of Venezuela grass (Paspalum fasciculatum) and plantain pseudostalks (Musa paradisiaca). Two groups of four cows were fed separately with the two roughages. It was found that plantain pseudostalks were lower in dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy than Venezuela grass. Based on feed consumption and dry-matter intake, plantain pseudostalks were more palatable than Venezuela grass. The protein digestibility of Venezuela grass was higher than that of plantain pseudostalks. The reverse held for the energy digestibility.

Morning vs. evening feed delivery for lactating dairy cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nikkhah ◽  
C. J. Furedi ◽  
A. D. Kennedy ◽  
S. L. Scott ◽  
K. M. Wittenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Delivery Time ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

Nikkhah, A., Furedi, C. J., Kennedy, A. D., Scott, S. L., Wittenberg, K. M. Crow, G. H. and Plaizier, J. C. 2011. Morning vs. evening feed delivery for lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 113–122. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of changing feed delivery time from morning (0900) to evening (2100) on feed intake, diurnal feed intake patterns, digestion, rumen fermentation, milk production and composition, as well as on several blood metabolites. Eight (four ruminally cannulated) lactating Holstein cows, consisting of four primiparous and four multiparous cows, were used in the study. The change in the time of feed delivery increased the proportion of feed consumed within 3 h of feed delivery in all cows (54.7 vs. 46.3±4.1%, means±SE, P=0.05), but increased daily dry matter intake only in primiparous cows (18.5 vs. 20.4±0.7 kg d−1, P=0.05). Average daily concentrations of blood glucose, lactate, urea and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) as well as rumen pH and concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) were not affected by feed delivery time. However, rumen pH was lower (P<0.05), at 5 and 6 h after feed delivery, while total rumen VFA and acetate were higher (P<0.05) only at 6 h after feed delivery in cows fed in the evening. Also, compared with feed delivery at 0900, feeding cows at 2100 resulted in lower (P<0.05) blood glucose and urea at 2 h after feed delivery, and increased BHBA (P<0.05) at 4 and 6 h after feed delivery. Cows fed at 2100 tended to produce more milk fat than those fed at 0900 (1.11 vs. 0.97±0.07 kg d−1, P=0.08). Milk yield and milk protein were not affected by the time of feed delivery. Changing the feed delivery time from morning to evening increased apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and neutral detergent fibre. The results of this study suggest that changing time of feed delivery from 0900 to 2100 increases feed consumption within 3 h after this delivery and rumen fermentation within 6 h after this delivery, changes diurnal patterns of glucose, urea and BHBA in peripheral blood, tends to increase milk fat, and increases nutrient digestibilities.

Supplementary grain and sodium propionate increase the liveweight gain and glucose entry rates of steers given molasses diets

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. PEIRIS ◽  
R. ELLIOTT ◽  
B. W. NORTON
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Sorghum Grain

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplements of sorghum grain (1·1 kg/day), sodium propionate (65 g/day) and intra-abomasal glucose infusion (200 g/day) on the liveweight gain (LWG), glucose metabolism and nitrogen utilization of Hereford steers (four per group) given molasses-based diets ad libitum (molasses 589, urea 18, sunflower meal 194, pangola grass hay 187, minerals 12 g/kg as fed). There was no significant effect of treatment on voluntary feed consumption (97–106 g dry matter (DM)/kg0·75 per day) or DM digestibility (0·564–0·579). The LWG of steers given grain supplements (899 g/day) and sodium propionate (943 g/day) were significantly (P<0·05) higher than those of steers given the basal diet (741 g/day) and basal diet plus glucose infusion (794 g/day).All supplements decreased plasma urea concentrations and urinary N excretion and increased the efficiency of N utilization from 0·19 to 0·36–0·38 g N retained per g apparently digested N intake. The provision of grain (13% DM intake) increased ammonia and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in rumen fluid, and both grain and sodium propionate increased the proportion of propionic acid in ruminal VFA. Grain supplementation and glucose infusions significantly (P<0·05) increased glucose entry rates (g/day and g/kg0·75 per day) without affecting plasma glucose concentrations or glucose pool size and space. Sodium propionate supplements increased plasma insulin concentrations to a lesser extent than grain supplements and glucose infusion. Increased glucose availability in the present studies was associated with an improved utilization of dietary protein and, in some cases, with improved LWG.

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