BODY PROPORTIONS AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF PIGS WITH KNOWN GENOTYPES FOR STRESS SUSCEPTIBILITY FASTED FOR DIFFERENT PERIODS OF TIME PRIOR TO SLAUGHTER

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
A. C. MURRAY ◽  
A. P. SATHER ◽  
W. M. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Body Components ◽  
Stress Susceptibility ◽  
Thickness Measurements ◽  
Positive Line

A total of 233 pigs from a halothane positive line (genotype nn), from a halothane-negative line (genotype NN) and their cross (genotype Nn) were allocated to three treatments when their liveweight approximated 95 kg. Treatment 1 consisted of immediate slaughter following removal of the pigs from their pens, treatment 2 involved a period of 24 h of feed restriction prior to slaughter and treatment 3 a period of 48 h of feed restriction prior to slaughter. All carcasses were weighed on the slaughter floor and cooled at 1 °C for 24 h prior to dissection of the side into fat, lean and bone. Relative to liveweight, nn pigs had a higher proportion of carcass (41 g kg−1, P < 0.001) and a lower proportion of body organs (8 g kg−1, P < 0.001), body fat depots (7 g kg−1, P < 0.001), alimentary tract (14 g kg−1, P < 0.001) and gutfill (12 g kg−1, P < 0.001) than NN pigs. Nn pigs had values that were generally intermediate to nn and NN pigs. The proportion of carcass (22 g kg−1), body organs (5 g kg−1), alimentary tract (6 g kg−1) and gutfill (21 g kg−1) were reduced (P < 0.05) as fasting increased from 0 to 48 h relative to market weight. Linear fat thickness measurements made on the midline of the warm carcass were similar for nn and NN pigs except for the maximum loin (32.2 vs 28.6 mm for nn vs. NN). However, nn pigs had a lower proportion (P < 0.05) of fat (35 g kg−1), bone (13 g kg−1) and skin (11 g kg−1), and a higher proportion of lean (60 g kg−1) in their carcasses than those from NN pigs. Carcasses from Nn pigs had less skin (4 g kg−1) and bone (7 g kg−1), but more lean (11 g kg−1) and similar fat content to those from NN pigs. It was concluded that fasting for up to 48 h prior to slaughter had a similar effect on the three genotypes, but there were large differences among genotypes in body components and carcass composition. Key words: Stress susceptibility, fasting, carcass, organs, gutfill, composition, pigs

The significance of breed in the prediction of lamb carcass composition from fat thickness measurements

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
H. J. H. MacFie
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Multiple Regression Equation ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Thickness Measurements

ABSTRACTFat thickness and measurements of the m. longissimus (‘eye’ muscle) were taken at the last rib in 350 lambs' carcasses which were fully dissected. The lambs were from two ewe breeds, Clun and Colbred, and two ram breeds, Suffolk and Hampshire, and the carcass weight range was 15 to 21kg. Castrated males and females, and singles and twins, were evenly represented.Rib fat thickness (J) was a slightly more precise predictor of the weights of lean, subcutaneous fat and subcutaneous plus intermuscular fat, when used in a multiple regression equation along with carcass weight, than fat thickness directly above the greatest depth of the ‘eye’ muscle (C). Both of these were more precise predictors than ‘eye’ muscle width and depth. Accounting for breed, either by allowing for different intercepts or completely different regression lines, did increase the proportion of variation in tissue weights explained by carcass weight and J or C, but to a small and, it was considered, commercially unimportant extent. This was despite differences in conformation between the breeds, reflected in this work by smaller ‘eye’ muscles in the ewe than the ram breeds and also in maturity, which might have been expected to influence tissue, including fat, distribution.The results indicate that breed differences in partition and distribution within and between the carcass fat depots in sheep are smaller than those between the carcass and intra-abdominal fat depots.

Estimation of the carcass composition of different cattle breeds and crosses from fatness measurements and visual assessments

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Kempster ◽  
J. P. Chadwick ◽  
D. D. Charles
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Beef Breed ◽  
Percentage Unit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Substantial Bias ◽  
Visual Assessments ◽  
Thickness Measurements

SUMMARYCarcass data for 1053 steers from the Meat and Livestock Commission's beef breed evaluation programme were used to examine the relative precision of alternative fatness assessments for predicting carcass lean percentage. The data were from four trials and comprised both dairy-bred and suckler-bred cattle by a wide range of sire breeds.A visual assessment of carcass subcutaneous fat content to the nearest percentage unit (SFe) was the single most precise predictor both overall (residual S.d. = 2·28) and within breed (residual S.d. = 2·05). Precision was improved by the addition in multiple regression of the percentage perinephric and retroperitoneal fat (KKCF) in carcass, a visual score of the degree of marbling in the m. longissimus and selected fat thickness measurements taken by calipers on cut surfaces (residual S.d. = 2·11 (overall) and 1·90 (within breed)).When the best overall equation was applied to the breed means, there was substantial bias (predicted – actual carcass lean percentage). Biases ranged from +2·5 (purebred Canadian Holstein and Luing) to – 1·3 (Limousin crosses).Breeds differed significantly in carcass lean content when compared at equal levels of fatness measurements. The differences depended both on the precision with which the measurements predicted carcass lean content and the observed differences in carcass composition that existed before adjustments to equal fatness were made.The robustness of prediction equations was examined by applying them to independent sets of data (a total of 334 carcasses) from four other trials involving steers, heifers, cows and young bulls. Equations were stable for cattle of the same breed, sex and similar levels of fatness but important bias was found between more extreme types of cattle.

THE EFFECT OF RIBBING SITE ON FAT THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS AND THE PREDICTION OF BEEF CARCASS COMPOSITION

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-545
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
A. K. W. TONG ◽  
A. H. MARTIN ◽  
W. M. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Thickness Measurements ◽  
Beef Carcass

Over a 2-yr period, 409 beef carcasses were used to assess the differences of ribbing site (11/12th vs. 12/13th) on fat thickness measurements and the use of these measurements to predict carcass composition. Minimum fat thickness taken at the location specified for use under Canadian beef carcass grading procedures was 1.6 mm less, averaged over all carcasses at the 13th rib, compared with the same measurement taken at the 12th rib. Prediction equations for estimating carcass lean or fat content based on coefficients of determination and residual standard deviations had similar precision using fat thickness measurements from either ribbing site. These results are discussed in reference to National carcass grading procedures. Key words: Carcass grading, fat thickness, carcass composition

A caliper for determining carcass composition in live cattle and skin-on carcass

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 825 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Johnson ◽  
CB Davis
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Wall ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Thickness Measurements ◽  
Skinfold Caliper ◽  
Made In

A Harpenden Skinfold Caliper used to predict body density in man was modified for use in cattle. It was used to measure thickness of the anal fold, caudal fold and rectal wall in 34 live steers or their skinon carcasses (hot dressed weight 139-339 kg). The value of these measurements in determining carcass fat and carcass muscle was compared with that of 10th and 12th rib fat thickness measurements made in the carcass. Hot carcass weight was the best predictor of side fat weight and side muscle weight. Side fat percentage and side muscle percentage were most accurately predicted by 12th rib and 10th rib fat thickness, followed by live then single-shackle anal fold fat thickness. The three caudal fold measurements and rectal wall thickness were poor predictors. Addition of hot carcass weight to all linear measurements markedly improved the prediction of side fat weight and side muscle weight, but nor side fat percentage and, only marginally, side muscle percentage. Single-shackle anal fold fat thickness, slightly less accurate than the live measurement, was the most useful skin-on measurement. The spring-operated caliper described can be used to determine carcass fatness and carcass lean in live steers with an accuracy closely approaching that of 12th rib fat thickness in the carcass.

The estimation of beef carcass composition from subcutaneous fat measurements taken on the intact side using different probing instruments

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Chadwick ◽  
A. J. Kempster
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Thickness Measurement ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Relative Precision ◽  
Precise Prediction ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Thickness Measurements ◽  
Single Predictor ◽  
Made In

SUMMARYFat thickness measurements, taken over the M. longissimus between the 6th and 13th ribs by the automatic-recording probes, SFK Meat-Fat probe (MF), Hennessy and Chong Fat Depth Indicator (FDI) and Ulster probe (UP), and a simple ruler probe (RP), were compared with one another and a visual fat score (VSC) in terms of the precision with which carcass lean and subcutaneous fat percentages were predicted. The comparisons were made in four separate trials with RP and VSC common to all of them. A total of 182 carcasses were involved; 130 of these were probed both hot and cold. Comparisons were made among carcasses of the same weight.VSC was the best single predictor in most circumstances. Fat thickness measurements taken on the cold carcass provided a more precise prediction than those taken on the hot carcass. There was an interaction between the relative precision of the MF and RP probes and the condition of the carcass: the former generally gave the more precise prediction on cold carcasses and the latter on hot carcasses. Measurements taken by FDI tended to be better predictors than those taken by RP on both hot and cold carcasses. The use of two fat thickness measurements gave an improvement in precision over the best individual fat thickness measurements. There was also an improvement in precision in most circumstances when a fat thickness measurement was used in addition to VSC.There was little indication that specific fat measurements were particularly precise predictors when taken by specific probes, and no fat measurement was consistently the best predictor. A measurement taken 7·5 cm from the dorsal mid line at the 6th rib occurred most commonly in pairs of measurements giving the most precise prediction.

Breed and sex differences in equally mature sheep and goats 2. Body components at slaughter

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Thonney ◽  
St C. S. Taylor ◽  
J. I. Murray ◽  
T. H. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Gut Content ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Mesenteric Fat ◽  
Body Components ◽  
Perirenal Fat

ABSTRACTAnimals from Soay, Welsh Mountain, Southdown, Finnish Landrace, Jacob, Wiltshire Horn and Oxford Down sheep breeds and a breed of feral goats were slaughtered when 0·40, 0·52, 0·64 or 0·76 of mature body weight. The effects of stage of maturity, breed and sex were examined in the following traits: gut content as a proportion of slaughter weight; blood, omental plus mesenteric fat, perirenal fat, alimentary tract, ‘remainder’ of non-carcass parts and hot carcass, each as a proportion of fleece-free empty body weight; also shoulder, rib, loin and gigot joints and their commercially higher-valued (prime) and lower-valued cuts, each as a proportion of carcass weight.As a proportion, gut content declined as animals matured, as also did blood, alimentary tract, ‘remainder’, prime shoulder, shank and prime gigot. Increasing proportions were internal fat depots, the hot carcass, rib, loin and gigot flank. Males accumulated significantly less internal fat and more shoulder than females.When equally mature in live weight, males had proportions that were significantly lower for perirenal fat, rib and gigot and higher for shoulder and pelt plus head, feet and organs.There were significant inter-breed regressions on mature body weight. The proportion of blood, alimentary tract, pelt plus head, feet and organs, and prime gigot declined with breed size, while hot carcass, brisket, rib and loin proportions increased. These regressions were attributed to a non-random sample of breeds. The small Soay breed had proportions of internal fat and hot carcass which were well below average, and higher proportions of blood, alimentary tract and ‘remainder’. Soay sheep also had a higher proportion of commercially higher-valued cuts in the carcass. In contrast, the large Oxford Down breed had low proportions of non-carcass components (except alimentary tract) and high proportions of lower-priced cuts and prime rib. Feral goats had a greater, and Southdown sheep a smaller, proportion of gut content than other breeds.

Effects of progressive feed restriction on the growth and carcass composition of pigs: comparative responses of gilts and castrates

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Fuller ◽  
R. M. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fat Thickness

SUMMARYA barley-based diet, containing 16% protein, was given at average daily rates of 1·2–2·5 kg (16–32 MJ, metabolizable energy (ME)) to 32 female and 32 castrated male pigs during their growth from 25 to 90 kg. At high intakes there was no difference in growth rate between the sexes, but with progressive feed restriction the growth of males was more severely retarded than that of the females. Both sexes achieved their minimum feed conversion ratios at approximately 25 MJ. The reductions of fat thickness with progressive feed restriction were greater by approximately 20% in the females than in the males. The two sexes had the same mean back fat thickness when the gilts had 4·7 MJ more ME per day than the castrates. It was inferred that the energy requirement for maintenance was 15% greater in the males than in the females.

Comparison of the prediction of carcass components using fat thickness measurements in heifers and steers

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Thickness Measurement ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Accuracy Of Prediction ◽  
Thickness Measurements ◽  
Simple Regression

Predictions of carcass composition based on anal fold and 12th rib fat thickness measurements were compared in 12 Hereford heifers and 12 Hereford steers. For carcass proportions, simple regression equations indicated that heifers had less muscle (2-3%), more fat (2.5-4%), and more bone (0.9%, 12th rib only). Empty liveweight did not improve the accuracy of prediction of any carcass component when added to anal fold fat thickness. Chilled carcass weight and 12th rib fat thickness slightly improved the accuracy of prediction of muscle and fat proportions compared with prediction using each measurement alone. Multiple regression indicated that the heifers had 2.5-3% less muscle and 34% more fat. For predictions of the weights of carcass components at a given fat thickness measurement, simple regression indicated that heifers had less muscle than steers (by about 6 kg), but for bone and fat the intercepts did not differ significantly between sexes. In multiple regression, empty liveweight contributed strongly to the predictions of weights of all 3 carcass components. In all regressions in which the weight of each of the 3 carcass components was regressed on a weight and a fat thickness measurement together, except for muscle and fat regressed on chilled carcass weight and 12th rib fat thickness, the fat thickness measurement failed to contribute significantly to prediction. Although chilled carcass weight and 12th rib fat thickness together contributed (P<0.01) to the prediction of muscle weight and fat weight, chilled carcass weight was the stronger contributor. Regression indicated that heifers had about 3 kg less muscle and 3.5 kg more fat than steers. Multiple regression analysis showed that heifers and steers had about the same weight of bone.

The use of non-carcass parts in the prediction of beef carcass composition on the slaughter floor

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Thickness Measurement ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Appraisal System ◽  
Genetic Progress ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Thickness Measurements

Ninety-five steers were used to develop a method of estimating the weights or percentages of the four carcass tissues—muscle, bone, fat and connective tissue—while the carcasses were still on the slaughter floor. From an investigation of a number of non-carcass parts it was found that three measurements could be used to estimate all four carcass components. The measurements were (a) short-cut tongue weight; (b) foreshanks weight; (c) hot side weight. Simple and multiple regression equations were developed to estimate the weights of muscle, bone and connective tissue in the chilled side, and the accuracy of the estimates was compared with that of recorded prediction methods. The most useful equations employed short-cut tongue weight and hot side weight to estimate total side muscle weight, and foreshanks weight to estimate both total side bone weight and total side connective tissue weight. Fat weight was estimated from hot side weight and the estimates of the weights of the other three carcass components. This technique was more accurate than the Australian Beef Carcase Appraisal System and Butterfield's equation, both of which use fat thickness measurement at the 10th rib. When fat thickness measurement was included in regression equations, the estimates of muscle weight and fat weight were slightly improved. Advantages of using the 'non-carcass parts' technique are as follows. All four major carcass components are predicted; the carcass components can be recorded as absolute weights or percentages of chilled side weight; chilled side components are predicted whilst the hot side is still on the slaughter floor; no commercial loss occurs in carcass, offals or by-products; all measurements used in prediction are weights; and fat thickness measurements may be included in the prediction. The additional information enables producers to make a more critical assessment of the nutritive performance and genetic progress of their herds.

THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF RAM AND EWE LAMBS FED ON PASTURE OR IN CONFINEMENT AND SLAUGHTERED AT SIMILAR FATNESS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
T. D. BURGESS ◽  
K. DUPCHAK ◽  
E. POLLOCK
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
A Minor

Forty-nine crossbred ram lambs and 62 crossbred ewe lambs were allotted at weaning (average weight 30.6 kg) to pasture (P) or concentrate (C) feeding. The number of lambs per treatment was as follows: rams, 24 P fed and 25 C fed; ewes, 31 P fed and 31 C fed. The lambs were slaughtered after 56, 72, 100 and 121 days on feed. Offal components were weighed, and the alimentary tract was emptied of digesta. One side of each carcass was broken into four cuts (leg, loin, rib, shoulder) which were further separated into fat, muscle and bone. C-fed lambs were 4.0% heavier live than P-fed lambs (P < 0.05) and ram lambs were 9.0% heavier live than ewe lambs (P < 0.05) when evaluated at a constant depth of subcutaneous fat (4.5 mm). However, P-fed lambs required an extra 21 days (P < 0.05) to reach the same fat depth as C-fed lambs. C-fed lambs had greater rib eye areas than P-fed lambs, but carcasses from all treatments had similar proportions of dissected muscle, bone and fat when evaluated at a constant proportion of subcutaneous fat. P-fed lambs had a greater proportion of their empty bodies as head and reticulo-rumen, and a lower proportion as liver and large intestine than C-fed lambs. Ram lambs had a greater proportion of their empty bodies as head, and a lower proportion as caul fat, mesenteric fat, omasum and small intestine than ewe lambs. Distribution of muscle and bone among each of the four meat cuts which were evaluated was similar for all carcasses. Sex and feeding system had only a minor effect on the distribution of the fat depots. In this study, lambs fed on pasture required 21 days longer on feed to reach the same external fatness as concentrate-fed lambs, but produced carcasses of similar composition at slightly lighter liveweights (45.3 vs. 47.1 kg). Ram and ewe lambs spent a similar time on feed to reach a similar finish, but rams were heavier live than ewes (48.2 vs. 44.2 kg). Key words: Lambs, carcass composition, offal, constant fatness

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