Testing regression models for pig feeding systems

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Dent ◽  
P. R. English ◽  
J. R. Raeburn
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Optimum Combination ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Lysine ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Diet Type ◽  
Feeding Systems

SUMMARYRegression equations have been tested relating average daily gains in pigs to average daily intake of crude protein, lysine, and TDN for each of three growth stages. The tests were based on output contour curves representing 1 lb, 1·4 lb and 1·75 lb live-weight gain per day in the three stages. On each contour, while crude protein intake was held constant, points were selected to represent the economically optimum combination of lysine and TDN intakes, a ‘high energy-low lysine’ combination and a ‘low energy-high lysine’ combination. For the latter two points, least cost mixes of feed ingredients were computed. Four feed mixes were computed at the economically optimum combination of lysine and TDN intakes. Comparisons were made between the performance of pigs given the six different mixes to assess the validity both of the slope of the output contour and its position and to examine the influence on growth performance of the ingredient specification of diets formulated to the same nutrient levels.Using the six diets formulated on each contour, 12 feeding systems were developed all of which theoretically would take the pig from 50 to 200 lb in the same number of days. Six of these systems maintained the same diet type for each period; the others involved a change of diet type at least once during the three stages of growth. Diets formulated to meet the economically optimum combination of nutrients based largely on maize and groundnut meal stimulated inferior daily gains compared with alternative formulations. Both diets with a larger percentage of their lysine supplied from synthetic sources (the economically optimum combination based on maize and groundnut meal, and a low energy-high lysine combination) led to inferior daily gains. Pig performance was generally poorer than expectation, particularly from 50 to 150 lb live weight.No differences could be attributed to differing ingredient composition in equi-nutrient diets. Similarly, no significant differences in growth rate were found between those systems which maintained a constant diet type throughout the three stages of growth. Pigs on systems which involved a change in diet type from one stage of growth to another grew in general slower than those pigs which had a fixed-diet type throughout.Pigs on both diet combinations with a high percentage of weatings (a high cost formulation and a low energy-high lysine combination) had the best carcass results.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary energy and lysine levels on cost of production and profit of meat production in “TANUVAS Namakkal gold Japanese quails”

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Shibi Thomas ◽  
R. Amutha ◽  
M. R. Purushothaman ◽  
P. N. Richard Jagatheesan ◽  
S. Ezhil Valavan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Japanese Quails ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Crude Protein Level

Two biological trials were conducted to determine the energy and lysine requirements of “TANUVAS Namakkal gold Japanese quail” for production performance. The economic impact of different levels energy and lysine during the chick (0-2 weeks) and grower (3-5 weeks) phases was assessed using seven hundred and twenty straight-run, day-old chicks randomly grouped in nine treatments with four replicates of twenty chicks each. Three levels of energy (2800, 2900 and 3000 kcal/kg) and three levels of lysine (1.2, 1.3 and 1.4%) were tested for chick and grower phase of the first experiment. The net profit per bird (Rs. 8.49) was high in group T1 (low energy and low lysine) and the net profit per kg live weight (Rs. 48.57) was high in T2 (2900 kcal/kg and 1.2%). For the second experiment an energy level of 2700, 2800 and 2900 kcal/kg was fixed for chick and grower mash, lysine level of 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4% was fixed for chick phase and 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3% for grower phase and the crude protein level was fixed as 20.3 and 19.4 per cent for chick and grower mash respectively for the second trial. The net profit per bird (Rs. 7.18) was high in group T6 and the net profit per kg live weight (Rs. 37.62) was high in T6 (2900 kcal/kg and 1.3% lysine during chick phase and 1.2% lysine during the grower phase).

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RANGE FORAGE PLANTS OF THE FESTUCA SCABRELLA ASSOCIATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Johnston ◽  
L. M. Bezeau
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Low Phosphorus ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Shrubby Species

Samples of the principal range forage plants of the Festuca scabrella association were analysed for crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, calcium, phosphorus, and carotene. Twenty grasses at five stages of growth and ten herbaceous and shrubby species at three stages of growth were studied.Percentages of crude protein and phosphorus of all species decreased with advancing maturity while crude fiber and calcium increased. Carotene content of the grasses also decreased with advancing maturity but that of forbs and shrubs did not show a regular pattern. Forbs and shrubs were higher in crude protein, phosphorus, and carotene than the grasses at all stages of growth. Seasonal declines in percentages of crude protein and phosphorus were closely paralleled by a decline in the liveweight gains of cows grazing on these ranges throughout a 6-month grazing season. Because ample feed was available it appeared that quality rather than quantity of feed was responsible. The low phosphorus content of winter herbage indicated that a phosphorus supplement should be fed to range cattle during the winter and early spring month.

scholarly journals The nutritive value of dried red clover as a supplement for perennial ryegrass hay

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Mosley
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ryegrass Hay ◽  
Groundnut Meal

1. A low-digestibility ryegrass hay was fed to sheep and the effect of supplementation with dried red clover on animal production and digestion was examined. Comparisons were made using other supplements containing (a) barley (isoenergetic with clover supplement), (b) barley and decorticated groundnut meal (isoenergetic and isonitrogenous with clover supplement), (c) barley, groundnut meal and mineral salts (containing an equivalent level of digestible energy, apparently digestible crude protein and minerals to those of the clover supplement).2. Dry matter intake, digestibility of organic matter and live-weight gain were higher with clover supplemented hay than with hay alone, and the live-weight gain response to clover supplementation was comparable with the concentrate diet (supplement c), which supplied an equivalent level of digestible energy, crude protein and minerals.3. The utilization of digestible energy for live-weight gain was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for clover than for hay, hay plus barley, and hay plus barley and groundnut meal. The utilization of the clover – hay mixture was similar to that of the hay plus concentrates and minerals and tended to be higher than that of the concentrate diet without minerals, although the difference was not significant (P < 0.05).4. There was no significant difference between hay and clover diets in the proportions of volatile fatty acids found in the rumen, although there was a shift from acetate to butyrate production with the two diets containing groundnut meal.5. The apparent digestibility of nitrogen for both hay and clover was low, but intake and retention was markedly increased with clover.6. The intake and retention for all the minerals studied was better for the clover-supplemented hay and all-clover diets than for the hay diet, and the availability of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus was higher. The availability and retention of Na, K and Mg with the clover-supplemented hay diet were slightly lower than the mineral-supplemented diet, while those of Ca and P were higher.

Nutrient interactions in pig nutrition I. Factors affecting the response to vitamin B12 in growing pigs

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Carpenter ◽  
J. Duckworth ◽  
I. A. M. Lucas ◽  
D. H. Shrimpton ◽  
D. M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
By Products

1. Growth and feed conversion efficiency of pigs between weaning and 100 lb. live weight were improved by adding a vitamin B12 a supplement to simplified all-plant rations containing, principally, barley and groundnut meal. This response was obtained with less than one-third of the U.S. recommended allowance of vitamin B12 in the rations of growing pigs.2. No such response was obtained when a vitamin B12 supplement was added to rations containing milling by-products and grass meal.3. When pigs were fed to a scale based on live weight, those that received an all-plant ration (containing milling by-products and grass meal, and relying on groundnut meal as the main source of supplementary protein to give a total content of 18·4 to 18·8% crude protein) gave 90–93% as good growth as pigs that were fed rations of similar total digestible nutrient content containing 14·5–15·5% crude protein and 3·6 or 7·0% white fish meal. Calculations suggest that such groundnut meal rations may be slightly deficient in lysine, but probably not deficient in tryptophan or ‘cystine + methionine’.4. When pigs were fed to appetite, those that received rations containing 3·6% white fish meal and no milling by-products or grass meal, ate significantly more than those that had either ‘milling by-products + grass meal’ or no fish meal in their rations; they grew proportionately faster, with no improvement in the efficiency of feed conversion.5. The carcasses of pigs that had received all-plant rations from weaning to bacon weight were of good quality, and their measurements did not differ from those of pigs that had received fish meal to 100 lb. live weight.

The effect of variation of protein quality and protein level in diets on the performance of young pigs

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Jones ◽  
W. R. Hepburn ◽  
A. Cadenhead ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Groundnut Meal

1. A feeding trial was conducted on 64 individually-fed pigs given diets varying in crude protein content, and containing as a protein supplement either white-fish meal or groundnut meal alone, or groundnut meal with L-lysine monohydrochloride or DL-methionine or both.2. Daily live-weight gain and feed conversion ratio of pigs given diets containing fish meal were best when the diet provided 18% crude protein on an air-dry basis (15·7% white-fish meal).3. Additions of L-lysine monohydrochloride to a diet providing 18% crude protein and containing 21% groundnut meal as the main source of protein produced highly significant (P<0·001) improvements in daily gain and feed conversion ratio and these measures were not significantly different from those of pigs given the control (fish meal) diet which provided similar total lysine and crude protein levels. The white-fish meal diet containing 18% crude protein produced pigs whose half carcasses were of higher specific gravity (P<0·05) and rib cuts with more protein and less fat (each P<0·05) than did the groundnut meal diet at the same protein level.4. DL-methionine did not significantly affect live-weight gain, feed conversion, fat or protein content of the rib cut or the specific gravity of the half carcass.5. Pigs on a 12% crude protein diet containing groundnut meal supplemented with lysine grew at the same rate as pigs on an 18% crude protein diet in which no lysine supplement was added to the groundnut meal. Their rib cuts contained more protein and less fat.

scholarly journals Live and internal organ weights of male growing pigs fed low protein and low energy diets supplemented with multi-enzyme

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
R. A. Amaefule ◽  
D. N. Onunkwo ◽  
O. C. Ilouno ◽  
T. C. Iwuji ◽  
I. P. Ogbuewu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
White Male ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Large White

Organ characteristics of male growing male pigs fed low crude protein and low energy diets supplemented with multi-enzyme were determined using 36 hybrid (Landrace x Large white) male pigs of 8-10 weeks old. Two metabolizable energy (3000 and 2600 Kcal ME/kg) and three crude protein levels (14, 16 and 18 % CP) were used to formulate six dietary treatments; T1: control (3000 Kcal ME/kg; 18 % CP), T2 (3000 Kcal ME/Kg; 16 % CP), T3 (3000 Kcal ME/kg; 14 % CP), T4 (2600 Kcal ME/kg; 18 % CP), T5 (2600 Kcal ME/kg; 16 % CP) and T6 (2600 Kcal ME/kg; 14 % CP). The enzyme was added to all the treatments at 1g/kg diet except the control. The treatments were replicated three times with two pigs per replicate. The experiment was a 2 x 3 factorial. The pigs were starved for 12 hours but allowed access to drinking water, stunned and bled completely. It was cut open though the thorax region along the underline to the abdomen, exposing the entire internal organs and GIT contents. The heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen and other internal organs were examined, carefully removed and weighed with a sensitive electronic kitchen scale, model SF-400. Higher (P <0.05) live weight (33500.00g), with lower (P <0.05) mean values for heart and viscera were recorded in male growing pigs fed T4. Male growing pigs fed with T3 and T6 had lower (P<0.05) live weight (12200.00g and 11500.00g), and higher (P<0.05) relative internal organs. Male growing pigs fed 14 % CP diets (T3 and T6) with their corresponding metabolizable energy levels (3000kcal and 2600kcal) recorded higher (P<0.05) heart and viscera's values. Keeping growing (male) pigs on low crude protein diets (14 %) supplemented with multi-enzyme, irrespective of the energy levels, did not improve live weight but increased relative organ weight.   Les caractéristiques des organes de porcs mâles en croissance nourris à faible en protéines brutes et en énergie mais plutôt supplémentée en multi-enzymes ont été déterminées en utilisant 36 porcs mâles hybrides (Landrace x Large white) âgés de 8 à 10 semaines. Deux énergies métabolisables (3000 et 2600 Kcal ME / kg) et trois niveaux de protéines brutes (14, 16 et 18% CP) ont été utilisés pour formuler six traitements diététiques ; T1 : contrôle (3000 Kcal ME / kg ; 18% CP), T2 (3000 Kcal ME / Kg ; 16% CP), T3 (3000 Kcal ME / kg ; 14% CP), T4 (2600 Kcal ME / kg ; 18 % CP), T5 (2600 Kcal ME / kg ; 16% CP) et T6 (2600 Kcal ME / kg ; 14% CP). L'enzyme a été ajoutée à tous les traitements à raison de 1 g / kg de régime sauf le témoin. Les traitements ont été répliqués trois fois avec deux porcs par réplica. L'expérience était une factorielle 2 x 3. Les porcs ont été affamés pendant 12 heures mais ont eu accès à l'eau potable, étourdis et saignaient complètement. Il a été ouvert à travers la région du thorax le long du trait de soulignement jusqu'à l'abdomen, exposant l'ensemble des organes internes et le contenu du 'GIT'. Le cœur, les poumons, le foie, les reins, la rate et d'autres organes internes ont été examinés, soigneusement prélevés et pesés avec une balance de cuisine électronique sensible, modèle SF-400. Un poids vif plus élevé (P <0,05) (33500,00 g), avec des valeurs moyennes plus faibles (P <0,05) pour le cœur et les viscères ont été enregistrés chez des porcs en croissance mâles nourris au T4. Les porcs mâles en croissance nourris avec T3 et T6 avaient des organes internes relatifs inférieurs (P <0,05) (12 200,00 g et 11500,00 g) et supérieurs (P <0,05). Les porcs mâles en croissance nourris avec 14% de régimes 'CP' (T3 et T6) avec leurs niveaux d'énergie métabolisables correspondants (3000 kcal et 2600 kcal) ont enregistré des valeurs cardiaques et viscérales plus élevées (P <0,05). Le fait de garder les porcs en croissance (mâles) avec des régimes pauvres en protéines brutes (14%) supplémentés en multi-enzymes, quels que soient les niveaux d'énergie, n'a pas amélioré le poids vif mais augmenté le poids relatif des organes

scholarly journals Protein fractions of intercropped pea and oat for ruminant nutrition

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-249
Author(s):  
Jordan Markovic ◽  
Milomer Blagojevic ◽  
Ivica Kostic ◽  
Tanja Vasic ◽  
Snezana Andjelkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
High Level ◽  
Forage Management

The quantification of the main crude protein (CP) fractions during the growing period of pea and oat mixtures may be used to optimize the forage management. The determination of protein fraction could improve balancing rations for ruminants. The first factor (A) is ratio of germinated seed in mixtures. The pea and oat were tested at two different mixture rates: A1 ? 50% pea + 50% oat and A2 ? 75% pea + 25% oat. The second factor (B) is a cutting time in three stages of growth: B1 ? a cutting of biomass at the start of flowering pea (10% of flowering), B2 ? a cutting of biomass at forming the first pods on 2/3 plants of pea, and B3 ? cutting of biomass at forming green seeds in 2/3 pods. Stage of growth and pea-oat ratio in mixtures are significantly related to the change in the quality and chemical composition of biomass. The highest level of crude protein was obtained in pea at flowering stage (184.85 g kg-1 dry matter (DM)). The high level of easily soluble protein and non-protein nitrogen compounds (over 50%) represent specific characteristics of the mixture. Unavailable fraction PC increased with plant maturation from 75.65 to 95.05 g kg-1 of CP.

Effect of naturally occurring and synthetic androgens on growth, body composition and muscle glucocorticoid receptors in wether lambs

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gallbraith ◽  
A. D. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Nandrolone Phenylpropionate

AbstractTwenty-five Border Leicester ♂ × Blackface ♀ wether lambs aged about 4 months and weighing on average 28·5 kg were allocated to be treated with the naturally occurring steroid testosterone or trenbolone acetate or nandrolone phenylpropionate which are steroids synthetically produced. Treatment groups were as follows: untreated controls (C); 50 mg testosterone (T); 50 mg trenbolone acetate (TA); 50 mg testosterone + 50 mg trenbolone acetate (TTA) or 50 mg nandrolone phenylpropionate (N). Implants were given at 100 and again at 63 days before slaughter. The lambs were offered to appetite a good quality diet containing, per kg dry matter, an estimated 11·0 MJ metabolizable energy and 185 g crude protein. Comparisons were made for the main effects of T and TA and also interactions between T and TA. Effects due to N were assessed statistically against untreated controls. Treatment with T, on average, increased live-weight gain (LWG), empty body weight (EBW) and reduced backfat thickness and the weight (g/kg EBW) of perirenal and retroperitoneal fat. Main effects due to TA were increases in killing-out ratio and depth of the gigot joint and reductions in backfat thickness. Treatment with N increased the empty body weight and (g/kg) carcass ash. Non-significant (P > 0·05) trends were suggested for increases in carcass crude protein due to T and TA treatments. T and TA but not N treatments exhibited marked androgenic activity in increasing the weight (mg/kg EBW) of the accessary vesicular gland. TA and N, but not T, reduced the weight (g/kg EBW) of the thymus gland.The maximum binding capacity of post-morte m skeletal muscle (m. gluteus) for (3H)-dexamethasone was reduced by TA but increased by T and N. These results suggest differences in the binding capacity of corticosteroid receptors which may be related to differences in the effects of T and TA on protein metabolism in skeletal muscle.

The effect on the reproductive performance of sows of dietary protein concentration and pattern of feeding in pregnancy

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Pike ◽  
T. G. Boaz
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Large White ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Lower Capacity ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARYIn a factorial experiment the effect of two protein intakes and three patterns of feeding in the second pregnancy of 48 Large White x Wessex Saddleback sows was examined. The high protein (HP) diet (19·5% crude protein) contained 15% white fish meal. The low protein (LP) diet (10·5% crude protein) contained cereal protein only. Nutrient components of the diets differed in protein only. The pattern treatments involved allowances of 1·8 kg (L), 2·7 kg (C) and 3·6 kg (H) per day, the three pregnancy patterns being HL, C and LH with the changeovers made from the 49th to the 63rd day post coitum (p.c). Sows on the three pattern treatments received the same total amount of feed from 0–112 days p.c. and were treated alike at farrowing and during lactation.Fertility and parturition results were similar for all treatments, but the number of piglets alive after birth (when weighed) was least for LP sows on the HL pattern. At 3 weeks of age the size and weight of litters on HP sows were significantly greater than those on LP sows (P < 0·05 and < 0·001 respectively). More piglets were weaned by HP sows than LP sows (P < 0·05). HP sows gained more weight in pregnancy (P < 0·001) which was slightly longer, and lost more weight in lactation (P < 0·05) than LP sows.The HL pattern of feeding was associated with smaller live weight gains in pregnancy than the LH pattern (P < 0·001) and the total birth weight of HL litters was lighter than LH (P < 0·05), mean piglet weights being similar. Lactation performance was unaffected by pattern treatment.The main conclusion is that a low intake, particularly during the latter half of pregnancy, of protein which is of vegetable origin, is associated with decreased viability of the piglets at birth and in early suckling life, and with lower capacity of the sows for milk production.

The utilization of maize silage for intensive beef production: I. The effect of level and source of supplementary nitrogen on the utilization of maize silage by cattle of different ages

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
J. M. Wilkinson ◽  
J. C. Tayler
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Urea Addition

SUMMARYFifty-four British Friesian castrated male calves, initially 3, 6 or 9 months of age (107, 180 and 249 kg initial live weight, respectively), were individually fed for 83 days on maize silage (27·9% dry matter (D.M.), 10·7% crude protein in D.M.), offeredad libitum. Silage was offered either alone or supplemented with cobs of dried lucerne (21% of total D.M. intake). Three levels of urea (0, 1 and 2% of silage D.M.) were added to the silage before feeding.Total D.M. intakes averaged 23·0, 23·4 and 21·6 g/kg live weight (LW) for the 3-, 6- and 9-month-old animals, respectively. Addition of urea increased silage intake by 11% in the 6-month-old group but there was little effect in the 3- and 9-month-old groups. Lucerne supplementation reduced silage D.M. intake from 22·0 to 18·4 g/kg LW (P< 0·001) and increased total D.M. intake by 1·4 g/kg LW (P< 0·001).Live-weight gain (LWG) of the cattle fed on silage alone increased (P< 0·001) with increasing age of animal. The main effect of urea was to elevate (P< 0·001) LWG from an average of 0·79 (no urea) to 0·94 kg/head/day (2% urea). However, it appeared that most of this effect was confined to the 6-month-old group. The effect of lucerne on LWG decreased with increasing age of animal (P< 0·001). Inclusion of lucerne in the diet significantly reduced the response to urea (P< 0·05).Feed conversion efficiency (LWG/100 Mcal DE intake) decreased (P< 0·01) with increasing age of animal but increased with urea addition from an average of 4·7 (no urea) to 5·3 kg LWG/100 Meal DE intake (2% urea). The response to lucerne supplementation in terms of efficiency was greatest in the 3-month-old group and thereafter declined markedly with increasing age of animal.The results of this experiment indicated that cattle older than 6 months of age (180 kg LW) could achieve a rate of growth of 1·0 kg/head/day on maize silage supplemented solely with urea, but that younger animals required supplementary lucerne to support a high rate of live-weight gain.

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