scholarly journals Nasal epithelium: new insights and differences of the cytokine profile between normal subjects and subjects with allergic rhinitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-232
Author(s):  
S. Stamataki ◽  
N.G. Papadopoulos ◽  
J. Lakoumentas ◽  
A. Georgountzou ◽  
P. Maggina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Nasal Epithelium ◽  
Spontaneous Release ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nasal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines

Background: The role of the nasal epithelium in the induction of a proper cytokine response in normal subjects and subjects with allergic rhinitis is still not completely elucidated. Methodology: We aimed to compare nasal epithelial immune responses in allergic rhinitis patients of different ages compared to healthy volunteers. Primary nasal epithelial cells from 47 subjects (33 normal and 17 with allergic rhinitis) were collected and cultured. Their unstimulated supernatants were analysed for 21 cytokines and chemokines. Statistical analysis was performed with the R statistical software and the RStudio interface. Results: Differences of the spontaneous release of epithelial cytokines and chemokines were noticed between the two study groups. The levels of GMCSF, MIP1A, MIP1B, IL28A, TNFA, CCL5 were significantly lower in the allergic rhinitis group compared to healthy volunteers’ group, independent of age. Most differences were noticed in the younger allergic rhinitis group (0-12 years old). Conclusions: Despite the cross-sectional nature of the study and the limited number of subjects, allergic rhinitis appears to be associated with dysfunction of cytokine and chemokine spontaneous release from nasal epithelial cells which may represent an abnormal innate immunity maturation pattern.

scholarly journals Berberine and Obatoclax Inhibit SARS-Cov-2 Replication in Primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cells In Vitro

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Finny S. Varghese ◽  
Esther van Woudenbergh ◽  
Gijs J. Overheul ◽  
Marc J. Eleveld ◽  
Lisa Kurver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Nasal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Human Nasal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Apoptotic Protein ◽  
Air Liquid Interface

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as a new human pathogen in late 2019 and it has infected over 100 million people in less than a year. There is a clear need for effective antiviral drugs to complement current preventive measures, including vaccines. In this study, we demonstrate that berberine and obatoclax, two broad-spectrum antiviral compounds, are effective against multiple isolates of SARS-CoV-2. Berberine, a plant-derived alkaloid, inhibited SARS-CoV-2 at low micromolar concentrations and obatoclax, which was originally developed as an anti-apoptotic protein antagonist, was effective at sub-micromolar concentrations. Time-of-addition studies indicated that berberine acts on the late stage of the viral life cycle. In agreement, berberine mildly affected viral RNA synthesis, but it strongly reduced infectious viral titers, leading to an increase in the particle-to-pfu ratio. In contrast, obatoclax acted at the early stage of the infection, which is in line with its activity to neutralize the acidic environment in endosomes. We assessed infection of primary human nasal epithelial cells that were cultured on an air-liquid interface and found that SARS-CoV-2 infection induced and repressed expression of specific sets of cytokines and chemokines. Moreover, both obatoclax and berberine inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in these primary target cells. We propose berberine and obatoclax as potential antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 that could be considered for further efficacy testing.

scholarly journals Targeting of the Nasal Mucosa by Japanese Encephalitis Virus for Non-Vector-Borne Transmission

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Obdulio García-Nicolás ◽  
Roman O. Braun ◽  
Panagiota Milona ◽  
Marta Lewandowska ◽  
Ronald Dijkman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Nasal Epithelium ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Nasal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Vector Borne

ABSTRACTThe mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes severe central nervous system diseases and cycles betweenCulexmosquitoes and different vertebrates. For JEV and some other flaviviruses, oronasal transmission is described, but the mode of infection is unknown. Using nasal mucosal tissue explants and primary porcine nasal epithelial cells (NEC) at the air-liquid interface (ALI) and macrophages asex vivoandin vitromodels, we determined that the nasal epithelium could represent the route of entry and exit for JEV in pigs. Porcine NEC at the ALI exposed to with JEV resulted in apical and basolateral virus shedding and release of monocyte recruiting chemokines, indicating infection and replication in macrophages. Moreover, macrophages stimulated by alarmins, including interleukin-25, interleukin-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, were more permissive to the JEV infection. Altogether, our data are important to understand the mechanism of non-vector-borne direct transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus in pigs.IMPORTANCEJEV, a main cause of severe viral encephalitis in humans, has a complex ecology composed of a mosquito-waterbird cycle and a cycle involving pigs, which amplifies virus transmission to mosquitoes, leading to increased human cases. JEV can be transmitted between pigs by contact in the absence of arthropod vectors. Moreover, virus or viral RNA is found in oronasal secretions and the nasal epithelium. Using nasal mucosa tissue explants and three-dimensional porcine nasal epithelial cells cultures and macrophages asex vivoandin vitromodels, we determined that the nasal epithelium could be a route of entry as well as exit for the virus. Infection of nasal epithelial cells resulted in apical and basolateral virus shedding and release of monocyte recruiting chemokines and therefore infection and replication in macrophages, which is favored by epithelial-cell-derived cytokines. The results are relevant to understand the mechanism of non-vector-borne direct transmission of JEV.

scholarly journals EPITHELIAL CELLS EXPRESSING TLR-2 LEVEL AND NOSE MUCOSA BIOCENOSIS IN ALLERGIC RHINITIS PATIENTS

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Yu A Tyurin ◽  
A A Sharifullina ◽  
I G Mustafin ◽  
R S Fassakhov
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Nasal Lavage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Local Immunity

Background. Determination of local epithelial cells expressing TLR2 as an indicator of local immunity in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients with opportunistic species of staphylococci nasal mucosa colonization. Methods. Washed epithelium samples obtained from patients with seasonal AR (n=8) aged 19—42 years, and perennial AR (n=15) aged 19 —45 years, as well as a control group (20 patients) aged 19—45 years without allergic diseases were investigated. Epithelial cells expressing TLR2 receptors were determined by flow cytometry. Results. The level of epithelial cells expressing TLR2 receptor in patients with seasonal AR was almost in 1,9 times, in perennial AR group — in 1,7 times lower then in healthy individuals. In patients with perennial AR S. aureus was obtained in 96,0% (CI: 79,5—99,2), in association with Str. pyogenes in 29% (CI: 14,9—49,2), Neisseria spp. — in 63,0% (CI: 42,7—78,8). Seasonal allergic rhinitis was characterized by association of S. aureus and S. hemolyticus (70,0%, 44,4—85,8). Conclusion. Ratio of epithelial cells positive for TLR2 in nasal lavage from patients with AR was lower than in healthy volunteers. Indicators proportion of epithelial cells expressing TLR2 in nasal lavage in patients with seasonal AR during an exacerbation period was significantly reduced (1,7—1,9 times), in comparison with healthy volunteers. In AR patients with increased density of staphylococci strains in nasal mucosa increased local epithelial cells expressing TLR2 in nasal lavage was established.

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