Response Corridors for Blunt Impacts to the Back

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-138
Author(s):  
Chantal S Parenteau ◽  
David C Viano ◽  
Warren N Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Neck Extension ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Crash Testing ◽  
Blunt Impact ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Male Hybrid ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Head Neck

Corridors for the biofidelity of blunt impact to the back are important for sled and crash testing with Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs). The Hybrid III is used in rear sled tests as part of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 202a. The only corridor for biofidelity is the neck extension. Eight Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) were subjected to 20 blunt impacts with a 15.2 cm (6 in.) diameter pendulum weighing 23.4 kg. The impact was below T1 at 4.5 m/s and 6.7 m/s and below T6 at 4.5 m/s centered on the back. Head, neck, and chest responses were reported in 2001 [8]. In this study, the responses were scaled to the 50th male Hybrid III, and corridors were determined defining biofidelity for blunt impacts to the back. The scaled data gives an average peak force of 3.44 kN ± 0.74 kN at T1 and 4.5 m/s, 5.08 kN ± 1.35 kN at T1 and 6.7 ms, and 3.4 kN ± 1.2 kN at T6 and 4.5 m/s. The corresponding scaled deflection was 44.0 ± 19.7 mm, 60.2 ± 21.2 mm, and 53.1 ± 16.5 mm. The average stiffness of the back was 1.21 kN/cm at T1 and 4.5 m/s, 1.17 kN/cm at T1 and 6.7 m/s, and 1.14 kN/cm at T6 and 4.5 m/s. The corridors help to define biofidelity and can be used to assess the performance of the Hybrid III, Biofidelic Rear Impact Dummy (BioRID) II, and other ATDs.

Finite-Element-Based Transfer Equations: Post-Mortem Human Subjects versus Hybrid III Test Dummy in Blunt Impact

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raed E. El-jawahri ◽  
Tony R. Laituri ◽  
Agnes S. Kim ◽  
Stephen W. Rouhana ◽  
Para V. Weerappuli
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Blunt Impact ◽  
Transfer Equations ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Effect of Head Restraint Position and Neck Injury Criteria in Rear Impact

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
John DeRosia ◽  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
Frank A. Pintar
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Safety ◽  
Bending Moments ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Acceleration Pulse ◽  
Head Restraint ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Impact Acceleration

The objective of this study was to determine the forces and bending moments at the top of the Hybrid III dummy neck secondary to rear impact acceleration and evaluate the various proposed injury criteria. Rear impact sled tests were conducted by applying the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards FMVSS 202 acceleration pulse. Differing positions of the head restraint in terms of height (750 and 800 mm) and backset (zero, 50, and 100 mm) were used to determine the axial and shear forces, bending moments, and injury criteria (NIC, Nij, and Nkm). The time sequence of attainment of these parameters was determined along with peak values.

A Method for the Assessment of the Dynamic Performance of Neck Protection Devices

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianmarco Galmarini ◽  
Massimiliano Gobbi ◽  
Gianpiero Mastinu ◽  
Giorgio Previati
Keyword(s):  
Impact Load ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Neck Injury ◽  
Multibody Model ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Protection Devices ◽  
Male Hybrid ◽  
The Impact

In this paper a method for the evaluation of the dynamic performance of neck protection devices for motorcyclists is presented. The research project involves both experimental and numerical activities. An impulsive load is applied to the head of a 50th percentile male Hybrid III dummy while wearing a helmet by means of a pendulum of calibrated mass starting from a well-defined initial condition. The impact load and the load at the neck of the dummy are measured by means of two six axes load cells. Additionally, head linear and rotational accelerations are measured. The test procedure shows a very good repeatability and allows for the comparison of the force passing through the neck with and without neck protection devices. Since neck protection devices should work in situations in which no relevant head injuries are present, the experimental parameters (pendulum mass and speed) are chosen to cause a high probability of injuries to the neck together with a low probability of damages to the head while wearing a standard helmet. Injury indices, found in the literature, have been used to determine the neck injury level. A multibody model of the human neck, developed in Matlab™ SimMechanics™, is validated by using the data acquired during the tests. A study of real-world crashes has allowed the identification of reference impact scenarios which have been simulated by using the multibody model. The validated model is suitable to determine the chance that a motorcyclist would have significant neck injury with or without a neck protecting device.

scholarly journals Numerical Low-Back Booster Analysis in a 6-Year-Old Infant during a Dolly Rollover Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Cruz-Jaramillo ◽  
C. R. Torres-San Miguel ◽  
L. Martínez-Sáez ◽  
V. Ramírez-Vela ◽  
G. M. Urriologoitia-Calderón
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Passive Safety ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Chest Injuries ◽  
Passive Safety Systems ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Safety Systems

This paper analyzes the possible head and chest injuries, produced in a Hybrid III dummy model of a six-year-old child during a rollover test, while the child uses a passive safety system low-back booster (LBB). Vehicle seats and passive safety systems were modeled with a CAD (Computer Aided Design) software; later, all elements were analyzed using the finite element method (FEM) with LS-DYNA® software. The border conditions were established for each study, in accordance with the regulations of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS), and following the FMVSS 213 standard for the mounting and fastening of the infant, the FMVSS 208 for the dolly methodology test with the vehicle rollover was performed, implementing such analysis under the same conditions for a vehicle Toyota Yaris 2010. The numerical simulations were performed during an interval of 1 second, obtaining data values for periods of 2 milliseconds. This paper examines the efficiency of the system; three case studies were carried out: Study I: vehicle seat belt (VSB); Study II: the LBB system was secured by the seat belt; Study III: the LBB system with ISOFIX anchorage. The values of decelerations for the head and thorax of the infant were obtained, as well as neck flexion and thoracic deflection. The main factor to reduce injuries during a rollover accident is the correct anchorage of the LBB, and this is achieved with the ISOFIX system, since it prevents the independent movement of the LBB, unlike when it is fastened with the seat belt of the vehicle. The results show low levels of head and chest injury when ISOFIX is used because of reduced thoracic deflection during infant retention.

ON TESTING THE SHOCK-ABSORBING SEATS FOR HELICOPTER CREW MEMBERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
Yu.B. Moiseev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Test Platform ◽  
Helicopter Pilots ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Male Hybrid ◽  
The Impact

Recommendations on improving the dynamic performance of shock-absorbing seats for helicopter pilots resulted from analysis of the Russian pilots' anthropometric data and helicopter 3-d attitude and position during emergency landing. The idea is to complement the existing list of impact tests with two more tests in which the impact vector will be perpendicular to the test-platform horizontal. One of these tests should be performed with a light anthropomorphic test device (Hybrid-III) representing a 5-percentile female and the other, heavy Hybrid-III representing a 95-percentile male. For horizontal impact testing, the 50-percentile male Hybrid-III should be replaced by the 95-percentile Hybrid-III.

Development of a Secondary Impact Protection System (SIPS) for Locomotive Crew

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Gordon ◽  
Florentina M. Gantoi ◽  
Som P. Singh ◽  
Anand Prabhakaran
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Secondary Impact ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Additional Protection ◽  
Impact Protection ◽  
Locomotive Engineer ◽  
Head Neck

In this study, a Secondary Impact Protection System (SIPS) consisting of an airbag and a deformable knee bolster for use on a modern freight locomotive was developed and tested. During rail vehicle collisions, a modern locomotive designed to current crashworthiness requirements should provide sufficient survival space to the engineer in cab. However, without additional protection against secondary impacts, a locomotive engineer could be subjected to head, neck, and femur injuries that exceed the limits specified in the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS 208). The SIPS study aimed to design a system that would control these injuries within the limiting criteria. Simulation results for the design concept showed that it would meet the FMVSS 208 criteria for the head, neck, chest, and femur, injuries and continuing to meet all existing functional requirements of the locomotive cab. A sled testing of the prototype showed that to optimize the SIPS, further airbag design modifications, characterization and testing are required.

scholarly journals Antioxidants Promote Intestinal Tumor Progression in Mice

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan V. Zou ◽  
Kristell Le Gal ◽  
Ahmed E. El Zowalaty ◽  
Lara E. Pehlivanoglu ◽  
Viktor Garellick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Intestinal Tumor ◽  
Adenomatous Polyposis ◽  
Intestinal Tumors ◽  
The Impact

Dietary antioxidants and supplements are widely used to protect against cancer, even though it is now clear that antioxidants can promote tumor progression by helping cancer cells to overcome barriers of oxidative stress. Although recent studies have, in great detail, explored the role of antioxidants in lung and skin tumors driven by RAS and RAF mutations, little is known about the impact of antioxidant supplementation on other cancers, including Wnt-driven tumors originating from the gut. Here, we show that supplementation with the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and vitamin E promotes intestinal tumor progression in the ApcMin mouse model for familial adenomatous polyposis, a hereditary form of colorectal cancer, driven by Wnt signaling. Both antioxidants increased tumor size in early neoplasias and tumor grades in more advanced lesions without any impact on tumor initiation. Importantly, NAC treatment accelerated tumor progression at plasma concentrations comparable to those obtained in human subjects after prescription doses of the drug. These results demonstrate that antioxidants play an important role in the progression of intestinal tumors, which may have implications for patients with or predisposed to colorectal cancer.

European Respiratory Society Statement on Sleep Apnoea, Sleepiness and Driving Risk

2020 ◽  
pp. 2001272
Author(s):  
Maria R Bonsignore ◽  
Winfried Randerath ◽  
Sofia Schiza ◽  
Johan Verbraecken ◽  
Mark W Elliott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Accident Risk ◽  
European Respiratory Society ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
The Impact

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is highly prevalent and is a recognised risk factor for motor vehicle accidents (MVA). Effective treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been associated with a normalisation of this increased accident risk. Thus, many jurisdictions have introduced regulations restricting the ability of OSA patients from driving until effectively treated. However, uncertainty prevails regarding the relative importance of OSA severity determined by the apnoea-hypopnoea frequency per hour and the degree of sleepiness in determining accident risk. Furthermore, the identification of subjects at risk for OSA and/or accident risk remains elusive. The introduction of official European regulations regarding fitness to drive prompted the European Respiratory Society to establish a Task Force to address the topic of sleep apnoea, sleepiness and driving with a view to providing an overview to clinicians involved in treating patients with the disorder. The present report evaluates the epidemiology of MVA in patients with OSA, the mechanisms involved in this association, the role of screening questionnaires, driving simulators and other techniques to evaluate sleepiness and/or impaired vigilance, the impact of treatment on MVA risk in affected drivers, and highlights the evidence gaps regarding the identification of OSA patients at risk for MVA.

scholarly journals System Dynamics Model for the Evolutionary Behaviour of Government Enterprises and Consumers in China’s New Energy Vehicle Market

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongxia Sun ◽  
Yao Wan ◽  
Huirong Lv
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Replicator Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Subsidy Policy ◽  
New Energy ◽  
New Energy Vehicle ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vehicle Market

Exhaust pollution and energy crises are worsening worldwide. China has become the largest motor vehicle producer; thus, promoting the use of new energy vehicles (NEVs) in China has important practical significance. In this paper, considering the limited rationality of governments, NEV enterprises and consumers, we study the subsidy policy of the China NEV market using the evolutionary game and system dynamics (SD) methods. First, a tripartite evolutionary game model is developed and the replicator dynamics equations and Jacobian matrix are obtained. A SD simulation of the model was conducted to further clarify the impact of the initial market proportion and three variables used in the model. The results show that the initial market proportion affects the evolution speed but does not affect the evolution result when the three group players all choose a mixed strategy. For governments, they should not hastily cancel price subsidies provided to consumers; rather, they should dynamically adjust the rate of the subsidy decrease and increase the consumers’ extra cost for purchasing fuel vehicles (FVs). NEV enterprises should appropriately increase their investments in the research and development (R&D) of NEVs.

scholarly journals Nutritional programming of gastrointestinal tract development. Is the pig a good model for man?

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Guilloteau ◽  
Romuald Zabielski ◽  
Harald M. Hammon ◽  
Cornelia C. Metges
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Nutritional Programming ◽  
The Impact

The consequences of early-life nutritional programming in man and other mammalian species have been studied chiefly at the metabolic level. Very few studies, if any, have been performed in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) as the target organ, but extensive GIT studies are needed since the GIT plays a key role in nutrient supply and has an impact on functions of the entire organism. The possible deleterious effects of nutritional programming at the metabolic level were discovered following epidemiological studies in human subjects, and confirmed in animal models. Investigating the impact of programming on GIT structure and function would need appropriate animal models due to ethical restrictions in the use of human subjects. The aim of the present review is to discuss the use of pigs as an animal model as a compromise between ethically acceptable animal studies and the requirement of data which can be interpolated to the human situation. In nutritional programming studies, rodents are the most frequently used model for man, but GIT development and digestive function in rodents are considerably different from those in man. In that aspect, the pig GIT is much closer to the human than that of rodents. The swine species is closely comparable with man in many nutritional and digestive aspects, and thus provides ample opportunity to be used in investigations on the consequences of nutritional programming for the GIT. In particular, the ‘sow–piglets’ dyad could be a useful tool to simulate the ‘human mother–infant’ dyad in studies which examine short-, middle- and long-term effects and is suggested as the reference model.

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