Assessment of cytotoxicity and antiplasmodial activities of Prosopis africana leaf extracts

Malaria is a major health concern in Sub Saharan Africa and there are few effective treatment options. Nigeria has diverse flora with potent antimalarial phytochemicals and high ethnomedicinal plants uses. This study investigated the phytochemicals, Cytotoxicity and in-vitro antiplasmodial activity of ethnomedicinal plant which is Prosopis africana. Crude ethanol extract and macerated fractions from the ethnomedicinal plant were screened for major classes of antiplasmodial phytochemical compounds i.e., terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones and Steroids. The antiplasmodial assay was conducted at 5% parasitaemia for 24 and 48 hours, against P. falciparum. Artemether-Lumefantrine was used as a positive control while 0.5% DMSO in RPMI 1640 medium was used as negative control. Moreover, all plant extract and fractions of P. africana were found to be effective in vitro for antiplasmodial activity, they demonstrated remarkable bioactivities at all concentrations; Methanol fraction (Pa-05) shows the highest activity with percentage elimination of 83.9% at 625µg/ml, 87.5% at 1250µg/ml, 92.9% at 2500µg/ml and 96.4% at 5000µg/ml. However, all the extract fractions have shown a good activity against the Brine Shrimp nauplii larvae. Crude Ethanol extract (PA-01) and n-Hexane fraction displayed the highest activity (LC50 58.482µg/ml and 75.462 µg/ml) respectively. However, the results suggested that extracts of P. africana showed the most curative anti-plasmodia effect in infected blood which may be attributed to the presence of phytochemical constituents such as a alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Keywords: Ethanol extract, Fractions, Phytochemicals, Cytotoxicity and Antiplasmodial

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Extraction and Fractionation Effects on Antiplasmodial Activity and Phytochemical Composition of Palicourea hoffmannseggiana

Planta Medica International Open ◽

10.1055/a-1375-6456 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (01) ◽

pp. e34-e42

Author(s):

Leticia Hiromi Ohashi ◽

Douglas Costa Gontijo ◽

Maria Fernanda Alves do Nascimento ◽

Luciano Ferreira Margalho ◽

Geraldo Célio Brandão ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Inhibition ◽

Scale Up ◽

Indole Alkaloid ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Parasite Growth ◽

In Vitro Activity ◽

Acid Base ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Leaf Powder

AbstractThe present study on Palicourea hoffmannseggiana, which was collected at Marapanim, state of Pará, Brazil, comprises the preparation of different stem and leaf extracts and fractions. Ethanol, hydroethanol, and water extracts were prepared by several methods and evaluated for in vitro activity against resistant Plasmodium falciparum (W2 strain), disclosing a low parasite growth inhibition effect (< 50%). Dereplication by UPLC-DAD-ESI−MS of the leaf ethanol extract showed the presence of two known alkaloids, lyalosidic and strictosidinic acids, along with a sinapoyl ester of lyalosidic acid, with m/z 719.33 [M+H]+, which is possibly a new monoterpene indole alkaloid representative. Sequential liquid-liquid acid-base alkaloid separations from the leaf ethanol extract as well as directly from leaf powder afforded fractions of increased parasite growth inhibition, reaching up to 92.5±0.7%. The most bioactive fractions were shown to contain the β-carboline alkaloids harmane and 4-methyl-β-carboline, along with N-methyl-tryptamine and N-acetyl-tryptamine, while monoterpene indole alkaloids were detected in inactive fractions of these processes. The present results demonstrate that these preliminary fractionation methods can lead to significantly active fractions supporting an adequate scale-up to carrying out the isolation of anti-plasmodial compounds.

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In vitro and in vivo Activities of Psidium guajava and Azadirachta indica Leaf Extracts and solvent Fractions against Salmonella Typhi

European Journal of Medicinal Plants ◽

10.9734/ejmp/2021/v32i730405 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 56-71

Author(s):

Adetutu Adewale ◽

Olaniyi Deborah Temitope ◽

Awodugba Tamilore ◽

Owoade Abiodun Olusoji ◽

Olaniyan, Lamidi Waheed B. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Male Rats ◽

Carrier Status ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Salmonella Infections ◽

Neem Leaves

Typhoidal salmonella infections remain a challenge in the health care system in sub-Saharan Africa. Carrier status and advent of multi-drug resistant S. Typhi strains have necessitated the search for new drug leads. Hence, this study aims at investigating P. guajava and A. indica leaves for anti-salmonella activities. Guava and neem leaves were extracted by maceration in methanol and fractionated by solvent partitioning. In vitro activities were assessed by agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution methods. Sixty male rats were randomized to 10 groups of 6 animals each for the in vivo experiments. Groups of rats except, normal control, were induced with 0.5McFarland of S. Typhi suspension orally. Treatment groups received 200 mg/kg body weight of extracts and fractions, and the control groups were treated with 14.29mg/kg body weight of ciprofloxacin and 1%v/v DMSO for 7 days post-infection. Biochemical parameters were determined spectrophotometrically. Hematological parameters were analyzed with automated hematology diagnostic machine. All fractions of P. guajava and three of A. indica inhibited S. Typhi growth with Zone of Inhibition (ZI) ranging from 11-15 mm. Active fractions inhibited 48.60-62.45% of S. Typhi biofilm formation at 25 mg/mL with Minimum Bactericidal Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC) of 0.39-12.5 mg/mL. All fractions improved body weight of treated rats and inhibited bacteremia at 44.75 and 95.94%. Hematological parameters improved in all fractions-treated rats. MDA was not significantly (p<0.05) altered in all groups. One fraction of P. guajava (ePg) lowered the elevated level in concentration of Nitric oxide (NO) while all fractions enhanced the lowered activity of SOD. Elevated (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin (BIL) were lowered by all fractions to various extents in treated rats. Fractions of P. guajava, and A. indica could be further considered for identification of active anti-salmonella principle(s).

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Preclinical Immuno-recognition and Neutralization of Lethality Assessment of a New Polyvalent Antivenom, VINS Snake Venom Antiserum – African IHS®, against Envenomation of Ten African Viperid and Elapid Snakes

Journal of Scientific Research and Reports ◽

10.9734/jsrr/2021/v27i1130456 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 25-43

Author(s):

Djameh, Georgina I. ◽

Nyarko, Samuel ◽

Tetteh-Tsifoanya, Mark ◽

Marfo, Frances M. ◽

Adjei, Samuel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Snake Venom ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Health Concern ◽

Major Protein ◽

Snake Species ◽

Neutralizing Capacity ◽

Preclinical Efficacy

Snakebite envenomation is a major health concern in developing countries causing significant mortality and morbidity. With over 1.2 million cases annually caused by medically important snake species belonging to the two families Viperidae (Echis spp. and Bitis spp.) and Elapidae (Naja spp. and Dendroaspis spp.). Several antivenoms are being produced and distributed to western sub-Saharan Africa for treatment of envenomation with the absence of preclinical efficacy studies. The present study evaluated the preclinical efficacy of venoms from Echis leucogaster, Echis ocellatus, Bitis arietans, Bitis gabonica, Naja haje, Naja melanoleuca, Naja nigricollis, Dendroaspis jamesoni, Dendroaspis polylepis and Dendroaspis viridis against a polyvalent Snake Venom Antiserum - African IHS (lyophilised), manufactured by VINS Bioproducts Limited (Telangana, India). Our in vitro results showed that, the SVA- AIHS contains antibodies that are capable of recognizing and binding majority of protein components representative of all eight major protein families of venoms of the snake species tested by double immunodiffusion assay and confirmed by western blot. The venom antiserum exhibited high neutralization efficacy against all the viperid and elapid snake species venoms in in vivo studies and confirmed the manufacturer’s recommended neutralization capacity. This is clear evidence that the VINS polyvalent SVA-AIHS batch tested has strong neutralizing capacity and will be useful in treating envenoming by most African viperid and some elapid snake species.

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ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF LIME LEAVES (Citrus hystrix DC) ETHANOL EXTRACT ON Enterococcus faecalis BACTERIA

Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG) ◽

10.46862/interdental.v17i2.2400 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 89-96

Author(s):

Ratih Widyasari ◽

◽

Willy Hadinata Halim ◽

Atia Nurul Sidiqa ◽

Dewa Made Wedagama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Negative Control ◽

Endodontic Treatment ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Herbal Products ◽

Inhibition Zone Diameter ◽

Zone Diameter ◽

The Difference

Introduction: Endodontic treatment failure can be caused by the bacterium E. faecalis, which has a prevalence of up to 90%. E. faecalis is difficult to eradicate because it forms a biofilm to defend itself against antibacterial agents. Lime leaves are one of the many herbal products available in Indonesia (Citrus hystrix DC). Lime leaf extracts include antibacterial components such as essential oils, phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of lime leaf extract against E. faecalis bacterium. Material and Methods:The agar diffusion technique was used for four experimental groups, using lime leaf extract at 4% (group 1), 8% (group 2), and 16% (group 3) as the negative control. Each group was repeated six times on Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) medium with a paper disc, and the diameter of the inhibitory zone was measured with a caliper. Results and Discussions: The results revealed that a 4 % concentration of lime leaf extract had an average inhibition zone diameter of 7.31 mm, an 8 % concentration had an average inhibition zone diameter of 8.59 mm, and a 16 % concentration had an average inhibition zone diameter of 11.41 mm. The difference in the inhibition zone was statistically significant (p= 0,000) evaluated using the one-way ANOVA. Conclusion: It can be concluded that lime leaf extract is antibacterial potential against E. faecalis bacteria in the endodontic treatment.

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Antiobesity Effects of Extract from Spergularia marina Griseb in Adipocytes and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12020336 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 336 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yong-Hyun Park ◽

Jae-Joon Lee ◽

Hee-Kyoung Son ◽

Bok-Hee Kim ◽

Jaemin Byun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethanol Extract ◽

Health Concern ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

High Fat ◽

Proliferation And Differentiation ◽

Obese Rats ◽

Spergularia Marina ◽

Natural Herb

Obesity has recently risen and become a serious health concern in Korea according to the westernized diet and altered lifestyle. Hence, there is a growing interest in the supplementation of phytochemicals to find a safe and effective functional ingredient to treat obesity. Spergularia marina Griseb (SM) has traditionally been used as a natural herb against chronic diseases in Korea. In this study, we investigated the antiobesity effects of SM in vitro and in vivo. SM ethanol extract (SME) inhibited proliferation and differentiation in murine adipocytes and primary porcine pre-adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In the in vivo study, supplementation of SM powder (SMP) remarkably attenuated fat accumulation in HFD-induced obese rats. In addition, SMP supplementation improved lipid profiles in the serum and tissues of high-fat induced obese rats. Collectively, these data indicated that SME exhibited antiobesity effects by modulating adipogenesis and lipolysis. Furthermore, SMP could be developed as an obesity-induced metabolic syndrome treatment.

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In Vitro Assessment of Antiplasmodial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Polyalthia longifolia Leaf Extracts on Plasmodium falciparum Strain NF54

Malaria Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2019/6976298 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bethel Kwansa-Bentum ◽

Kojo Agyeman ◽

Jeffrey Larbi-Akor ◽

Claudia Anyigba ◽

Regina Appiah-Opong

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Antimalarial Drugs ◽

Antiplasmodial Activity ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Polyalthia Longifolia

Background. Malaria is one of the most important life-threatening infectious diseases in the tropics. In spite of the effectiveness of artemisinin-based combination therapy, reports on reduced sensitivity of the parasite to artemisinin in Cambodia and Thailand warrants screening for new potential antimalarial drugs for future use. Ghanaian herbalists claim that Polyalthia longifolia has antimalarial activity. Therefore, antiplasmodial activity, cytotoxic effects, and antioxidant and phytochemical properties of P. longifolia leaf extract were investigated in this study. Methodology/Principal Findings. Aqueous, 70% hydroethanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts were prepared using standard procedures. Antiplasmodial activity was assessed in vitro by using chloroquine-sensitive malaria parasite strain NF54. The SYBR® Green and tetrazolium-based calorimetric assays were used to measure parasite growth inhibition and cytotoxicity, respectively, after extract treatment. Total antioxidant activity was evaluated using a free radical scavenging assay. Results obtained showed that extracts protected red blood cells against Plasmodium falciparum mediated damage. Fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were 24.0±1.08 μg/ml, 22.5±0.12 μg/ml, and 9.5±0.69 μg/ml for aqueous, hydroethanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. Flavonoids, tannins, and saponins were present in the hydroethanolic extract, whereas only the latter was observed in the aqueous extract. Aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts showed stronger antioxidant activities compared to the ethyl acetate extract. Conclusions/Significance. The extracts of P. longifolia have antiplasmodial properties and low toxicities to human red blood cells. The extracts could be developed as useful alternatives to antimalarial drugs. These results support claims of the herbalists that decoctions of P. longifolia are useful antimalarial agents.

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Antiplasmodial Activity of Gnetum gnemon Leaves and Compounds Isolated from them

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1801301007 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1934578X1801301

Author(s):

Partha P Dutta ◽

Manobjyoti Bordoloi ◽

Sonali Roy ◽

Bardwi Narzary ◽

Kabita Gogoi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethanol Extract ◽

Antiplasmodial Activity ◽

Future Studies ◽

North East India ◽

North East ◽

Gnetum Gnemon ◽

Preliminary Study ◽

Low Cytotoxicity ◽

First Time

Gnetum gnemon L. (Gnetaceae) is used traditionally for treating malaria related fever by indigenous people of North East India. In our preliminary study, the ethanol extract of G. gnemon leaves showed promising antiplamodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine sensitive (3D7) strain in vitro with an IC50 value of 29.4 μg/mL. Therefore, it was further investigated, and by following a bioassay guided approach, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl icosanoate (1), oleic acid (2) and ursolic acid (3) were isolated for the first time from this plant. Compound 3 showed highest antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 4.0 and 6.0 μg/mL against chloroquine sensitive (3D7) and resistant (Dd2) strains of P. falciparum, respectively. The antiplasmodial activity of 1 (IC50 9.5 and 11.4 μg/mL) and 2 (IC50 17.6 and 21.1 μg/mL) was moderate. The isolated constituents showed low cytotoxicity against rat skeletal muscle (L6) and human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. This is the first report on the antimalarial potential of G. gnemon and the isolated compounds may be responsible for its activity. The findings of the study are in line with the ethnopharmacological claim and can be possible leads for future studies.

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Burdock (Arctium lappa) Leaf Extracts Increase the In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy of Common Antibiotics on Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria

Open Chemistry ◽

10.1515/chem-2017-0012 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 92-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lucia Pirvu ◽

Isabela Nicorescu ◽

Cristina Hlevca ◽

Bujor Albu ◽

Valentin Nicorescu

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Polyphenol Compounds ◽

Arctium Lappa ◽

Gram Negative ◽

E Coli ◽

Polar Extracts

AbstractThis work aimed to study the potential effects of four Arctii folium extracts, 5 mg gallic [GAE] acid equivalents per 1 mL sample, on six antibiotics (Ampicillin/AM, Tetracycline/TE, Ciprofloxacin/CIP, Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim/SXT, Chloramphenicol/C and Gentamicin/CN) tested on four Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228) and five Gram-negative (Proteus mirabilis ATCC 29245, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, E. coli ATCC 11229, E. coli ATCC 8739, and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778) bacteria. Arctii folium extracts were the whole ethanol extract/W and subsequent ethyl acetate/EA, aqueous/AQ, and chloroform/CHL fractions. Chemical qualitative analysis (HPTLC method) emphasized five main polyphenol compounds in Arctii folium polar extracts: chlorogenic acid (Rf≈0.52/0.55) and its isomer, 1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (Rf≈0.90/0.92), plus cynarin (Rf≈0.77), hyperoside (Rf≈0.68/0.64) and isoquercitrin (Rf≈0.69/0.71). Microbiological screening indicated Arctii folium polar extracts (AQ and W) efficacy on S. epidermidis ATCC 12228; the MIC values were in the range of common antibiotics, being 32 and 128 μg GAE per mL sample respectively. The unpredictable effects (stimulatory or inhibitory) of Arctii folium extracts in combination with typical antibiotics as well as a potential use of the whole ethanol extract/W for restoring the antimicrobial potency of susceptible antibiotics have also been evidenced.

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Extraction, isolation, characterization, semi-synthesis and antiplasmodial activity of Justicia adathoda leaves

Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology ◽

10.3329/bjp.v11i4.28569 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 878 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sivaperumal Gopalan ◽

Kannnan Kulanthai ◽

Gnanavel Sadashivam ◽

Perumal Pachiappan ◽

Sowmiya Rajamani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Video Clip ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Antiplasmodial Activity ◽

The Novel ◽

Lead Compound ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Synthetic Compounds ◽

Justicia Adhatoda ◽

First Time

There is a need to investigate the new sources of antimalarial drugs which are more effective against Plasmodium falciparum. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of vasicinone, vasicine and 9-oxo-1, 2, 3, 9-tetrahydropyrrolo [2,1-b]quinazolin-3-yl acetate (VA-1). Vasicinone and vasicine were extracted from the leaves of Justicia adhatoda. The novel compound VA-1 was synthesized from alkaloid the alkaloid vasicine, which was isolated from the ethanol extract of J. adhatoda leaves. Vasicine (IC50 = 89.8 µg/mL) and vasicinone (IC50 = 38.9 µg/mL) showed moderate antiplasmodial activity whereas the compound VA-1 ( IC50 = 06.0 µg/mL) showed excellent antiplasmodial activity when compared with standard drug chloroquine (IC50 = 12.6 µg/mL). The results achieved suggest that both isolated and semi-synthetic compounds may serve as a lead compound to antiplasmodial activity. Further, the compound VA-1 is for the first time reported for antiplasmodial activity with IC50 value.Video Clip:<a href="https://youtube.com/v/dcQUBU6PuVw">Antiplasmodia activity procedure</a>: 7 min 13 sec

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Preparation of the Branch Bark Ethanol Extract in MulberryMorus alba, Its Antioxidation, and Antihyperglycemic ActivityIn Vivo

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2014/569652 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shu Wang ◽

Meng Fang ◽

Yong-Lei Ma ◽

Yu-Qing Zhang

Keyword(s):

Competitive Inhibition ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Negative Control ◽

Postprandial Hyperglycemia ◽

Intragastric Administration ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

The biological activities of the branch bark ethanol extract (BBEE) in the mulberryMorus albaL. were investigated. The determination of active component showed that the flavonoids, phenols, and saccharides are the major components of the ethanol extract. The BBEE had a good scavenging activity of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical with around 100 μg/mL of IC50value.In vitroassay revealed that the BBEE strongly inhibited bothα-glucosidase and sucrase activities whose IC50values were 8.0 and 0.24 μg/mL, respectively. The kinetic analysis showed that the BBEE as a kind ofα-glucosidase inhibitor characterized a competitive inhibition activity. Furthermore, the carbohydrate tolerance of the normal mice was obviously enhanced at 0.5 h(P<0.05)and 1.0 h(P<0.05)after the BBEE intragastric administration as compared to negative control. At 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 h after the intragastric administration with starch, the postprandial hyperglycemia of the type 2 diabetic mice can be significantly decreased(P<0.01)by supplying various concentrations of the BBEE (10–40 mg/kg body weight). Therefore, the BBEE could effectively inhibit the postprandial hyperglycemia as a novelα-glucosidase activity inhibitor for the diabetic therapy.

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