Magnitude of Cryptococcal Antigenemia among HIV Infected Patients at a Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Cryptococcosis is one of the common opportunistic fungal infections among HIV infected patients living in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. The magnitude of thedisease at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital (FHRH) in particular and in Ethiopia at large is not well explored.METHODS: A retrospective document review and analysis was done on records of 137 HIV infected patients who visited FHRH ART clinic from 1 Sep to 30 Dec 2016 and had registered data on their sex, age, CD4 count and cryptococcal antigen screening result. The cryptoccocal antigen (CrAg) detection was done by the IMMY CrAg® LFA (Cryptococcal Antigen Lateral Flow Assay) kit from patient serum as per the manufacturer’s instruction. All data were entered, cleared, and analyzed using SPSS v20. Descriptive data analysis and cross tabulation were done to assess factors associated with cryptococcal antigenemia. Statistical significance was set at p-value less than or equal to 0.05.RESULTS: More than half of the participants, 54.7% (75/137), included in the study were females. The median age of the participants was 32.0 years (ranged: 8-52 years). The mean CD4 count was 51.8 with SD of 26.3 (range 3-98). All the patients were HIV stage IV. The proportion of positive cryptococal antigen from serum test was at 11.7% (95% CI: 7.3-18.1%). The IMMYCrAg® LFA result was found statically associated with patient sex (p= 0.045). However, it was not associated with patient age group and the CD4 count (P>0.05)CONCLUSIONS: This study provided baseline data on the magnitude of cryptococcal antigenemia among HIV positive patients that is not touched before in the studied area. The results of the study showed that this opportunistic fungal infection is an important health concern among HIV patients. Further studies with sound design employing adequate sample size should be considered.

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Magnitude and determinants of Poor Self-Care Practices and associated factors among Hypertensive Patients attending at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-664091/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mekasha Getnet

Keyword(s):

Associated Factors ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Self Care ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

Health Concern ◽

Care Practice ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Debre Berhan ◽

Care Practices

Abstract Background: Hypertension is one of a non-communicable diseases that become public health concern and cause early mortality around the globe. Poor management of hypertension is a very important cause for various cardiovascular problems. Reducing the outcome of the disease through compliance to self-care practices is crucial. However, comprehensive assessment on domains of self-care was not well studied. Objective: To assess self-care practices and associated factors among hypertensive patient attending in Debre Berhan Referral Hospital. Method: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted. Initially the data were checked manually and entered in to Epi-Data version 3.1. P-value of <0.05 was used as a cut of point to affirm statistical significance. Finally, results were presented in text, tables and graphs. Result: The prevalence of poor self-care practice was had poor self-care practices with 95% CI (71.7, 80.3%). Multivariate analysis indicated that patients without comorbidities 1.5 (1.3-1.9), being aged 60 and above years 4.2 (1.7-10.3) and unavailability of blood pressure apparatus at home were more likely to have poor self-care practice as compared with their counter parts. Conclusion: - The level of self-care practice was found to be low and attention is needed for self-care practices.

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Colostrum Avoidance Practice among primigavida Mothers in Urban Northwest Ethiopia. A Cross-Sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-108002/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tilksew Ayalew ◽

Eden Asmare

Keyword(s):

Statistical Significance ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Normal Delivery ◽

Childhood Illnesses ◽

Complete Form ◽

Strength Of Association

Abstract Background: Breast milk is the ideal and complete form of nutrition for infants colostrum contains all the necessary nutrients for infants’ growth and development and antibodies that can protect from many childhood illnesses. Understanding the extent of and barriers to colostrum avoidance in Ethiopia is important for learning how to best improve optimal breastfeeding. No single study has been conducted on primigavida mothers in the country. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the rate of colostrum avoidance practice and associated factors among primigavida mothers Method: A community- based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2016 among (n=398) randomly selected primigavida mothers in Bahir Dar city, northwest Ethiopia. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version25. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to measure the strength of association. Statistical significance was declared at P-value ≤0.05.Results: Out of 398 primipara mothers, 8.8% discarded colostrum. The most common reasons for discarding colostrum were; yellow and creamy (39.2%), bad for infant (35.2%), traditional/cultural reason (17.1%) and infant unable to feed (8.5%).Married mothers (OR=4.52, p<0.05), employed mothers (OR=3.46, p<0.05), mothers underwent normal delivery (OR=5.20, p<0.05) and mothers who initiated breastfeeding within 1 hr. (OR=2.79, p=0.05) were less likely to discard colostrum.Conclusion: The current study revealed that colostrum was discarded by 8.8 % of premiparious mothers. Primipara mothers who were married, unemployed, underwent normal delivery and initiated breastfeeding within one hour were less likely to discard colostrum. These results suggest that multi-sectorial and multi-disciplinary approaches are needed to increase optimal breastfeeding among premiparious mothers.

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Magnitude and associated factors of peripheral cytopenia among HIV-infected children attending at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0247878 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. e0247878

Author(s):

Biruk Bayleyegn ◽

Berhanu Woldu ◽

Aregawi Yalew ◽

Fikir Asrie

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Study Participant ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

Early Investigation ◽

P Value ◽

Increased Risk

Background Isolated or multi lineage cytopenia are the most common clinicopathological features and independently associated with increased risk of disease progression and death among human immunodeficiency virus infected children. In the study area, there is scarcity of data about the magnitude of various cytopenia. Objectives Aimed to determine the magnitude and associated factors of peripheral cytopenia among HIV infected children at the University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital ART clinic, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted on 255 HIV infected children from January- April 2020. None probable convenient sampling technique was used to select the study participant. Socio demographic data were collected by pre tested structured questionnaire via face-to-face interview and their medical data were obtained from their follow-up medical records. Moreover, blood specimens were collected and examined for complete blood count, viral load and blood film, whereas stool specimens were collected and examined for intestinal parasites. Bi-variable and multi-variable logistic regression models were fitted to identify associated factors of cytopenia. P-Value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Result The overall magnitude of peripheral cytopenia was 38.9%. Anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and bi-cytopenia were 21.2%, 12.2%, 11%, 1.6% and 3.9% respectively. Being in the age group of 2–10 years (AOR = 5.38, 95%CI 2.33–12.46), AZT based regimen (AOR = 5.44, 95%CI: 2.24–13.21), no eating green vegetables (AOR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.26–4.92) and having plasma viral load >1000 copies /ml (AOR = 5.38, 95%CI: 2.22–13.03) showed significant association with anemia. Conclusion Anemia was the predominant peripheral cytopenia among HIV infected children in this study. It was strongly associated with AZT based drug type, age below 10 years and high viral load. Critical stress should be given for early investigation and management of cytopenia in addition to the use of alternative drug which leads to higher viral suppression and lower risk of toxicity issue.

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Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of narrow-spectrum versus broad-spectrum antibiotics for the treatment of childhood pneumonia

SAGE Open Medicine ◽

10.1177/20503121211044379 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 205031212110443

Author(s):

Chilot Abiyu Demeke ◽

Getnet Mequanent Adinew ◽

Tamrat Befekadu Abebe ◽

Abebech Tewabe Gelaye ◽

Sisay G/Hana Gemeda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broad Spectrum ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

P Value ◽

Data Set ◽

Treatment Regimens ◽

Narrow Spectrum ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The University

Objectives: The main objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of empiric treatment with narrow-spectrum therapy versus broad-spectrum therapy for children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) at the University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional-based retrospective chart review was conducted at the University of Gondar Referral Hospital (GURH) pediatrics ward from 1 February 2016 to 30 April 2016. The collected data were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Descriptive statistics were done to present the basic features and summary of the data set. In addition, binary logistics and multivariable logistic regression analysis were conducted to test for an association between the dependent and independent variables. A P value of <0.05 was taken to declare statistical significance at a 95% confidence interval. Result: A total of 147 patients with CAP were included in the study. Seven different treatment regimens were employed for the 147 children hospitalized. About 63 (42.9%) of the study participants received a narrow-spectrum antibiotic and 84 (57.1%) received a broad-spectrum antibiotic. There was no significant difference between the broad and narrow spectrum treatment groups in main treatment outcomes. The median length of stay (LOS) for the study population was 3 days. The median LOS was shorter among those receiving narrow-spectrum therapy compared with those receiving broad-spectrum therapy. Treatment dose and duration of therapy were significantly associated with treatment outcome (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.003), respectively. Conclusion: The effectiveness of narrow-spectrum therapy is similar to that of broad-spectrum therapy for children hospitalized with CAP. Treatment regimens for children with community-acquired pneumonia should be selected based on their safety profile and their tendency for antibiotic resistance.

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High burden of cryptococcal antigenemia and meningitis among patients presenting at an emergency department in Maputo, Mozambique

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0250195 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e0250195

Author(s):

Robert Deiss ◽

Carolina V. Loreti ◽

Ana G. Gutierrez ◽

Eudoxia Filipe ◽

Milton Tatia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Cryptococcal Meningitis ◽

Screening Program ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Rapid Assessment ◽

Vital Signs ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Induction Treatment ◽

Cryptococcal Antigen

Background Cryptococcal meningitis is a leading cause of HIV-related mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, however, screening for cryptococcal antigenemia has not been universally implemented. As a result, data concerning cryptococcal meningitis and antigenemia are sparse, and in Mozambique, the prevalence of both are unknown. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of routinely collected data from a point-of-care cryptococcal antigen screening program at a public hospital in Maputo, Mozambique. HIV-positive patients admitted to the emergency department underwent CD4 count testing; those with pre-defined abnormal vital signs or CD4 count ≤ 200 cells/μL received cryptococcal antigen testing and lumbar punctures if indicated. Patients with CM were admitted to the hospital and treated with liposomal amphotericin B and flucytosine; their 12-week outcomes were ascertained through review of medical records or telephone contact by program staff made in the routine course of service delivery. Results Among 1,795 patients screened for cryptococcal antigenemia between March 2018—March 2019, 134 (7.5%) were positive. Of patients with cryptococcal antigenemia, 96 (71.6%) were diagnosed with CM, representing 5.4% of all screened patients. Treatment outcomes were available for 87 CM patients: 24 patients (27.6%) died during induction treatment and 63 (72.4%) survived until discharge; of these, 38 (60.3%) remained in care, 9 (14.3%) died, and 16 (25.3%) were lost-to follow-up at 12 weeks. Conclusions We found a high prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia and meningitis among patients screened at an emergency department in Maputo, Mozambique. High mortality during and after induction therapy demonstrate missed opportunities for earlier detection of cryptococcal antigenemia, even as point-of-care screening and rapid assessment in an emergency room offer potential to improve outcomes.

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Same Day Dosing of Pegfilgrastim in Elderly Patients Receiving Fractionated Dose Chemotherapy.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v104.11.2215.2215 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 2215-2215

Author(s):

Larry Y. Watt ◽

Istvan Redei ◽

Robert D. Levin ◽

Joel Granick ◽

Rakhshanda Neelam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elderly Patients ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Stage Iv ◽

Severe Neutropenia ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Concurrent Administration ◽

Patient Demographics ◽

Stage Iv Cancer ◽

Age Range

Abstract Background: We have previously reported that same day dosing (SDD) of pegfilgrastim (PG) did not result in an increased incidence of negative outcomes as compared to filgrastim (G) administered the next day. (Watt et al. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23:406. #105). Age (≥ 65 years) is known to be a risk factor for febrile neutropenia in patients undergoing myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Purpose/Methods: This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of SDD of PG among older cancer patients for severity of neutropenia (grade 4), infection/neutropenia- related hospitalization, incidence of delayed administration (or dose reduction) of chemotherapy or any unplanned MD visits due to leukopenia (table). G administered subsequent to chemotherapy served as the control group. Patients ≥ 65 years with solid tumors who received fractionated dose chemotherapy at our institution between January 2001 and March 2004 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients who received chemotherapy initially at substandard doses were excluded. Results: Patient demographics indicated that the two groups were evenly matched, with similar mean baseline absolute neutropenic counts (ANC). Distribution of cancer diagnoses is as follows: PG: breast (7), lung (8), GI (18) and others (2); G: breast (5), lung (9), GI (7) and others (4). Twenty-six (87%) and 21 (84%) patients had stage IV cancer in the PG and G groups, respectively. The mean ANC nadirs for PG and G were 2790±2190 cells/mm³ and 1820±1930 cells/mm³, respectively (p=0.01). For the outcome endpoints, although certain trends seemed to favor SDD of PG, none of the odd ratios (OR) performed reached statistical significance. Doses of PG and G were generally well-tolerated by all patients. Conclusion: Concurrent administration of PG showed safety and efficacy at least comparable to G in elderly patients receiving fractionated dose chemotherapy. Such administration schedule has the potential to further simplify the outpatient management of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, providing the needed convenience for elderly patients as well as caregivers. However, further prospective study is warranted. PG G p-value; OR (95% CI) data were analyzed based on cycles No. patients 30 25 No. cycles 59 54 Age (range) 68.8 (65–79) 68.3 (65–72) Gender (female) 18 (60%) 15 (60%) ANC before chemo±SD(cells/mm³) 4530±1850 4790±2600 p=0.539 ANC nadir±SD (cells/mm³) 2790±2190 1820±1930 p=0.01 Severe Neutropenia (grade IV) 9 (15%) 15 (28%) OR=0.47; (0.19, 1.18) Unplanned MD visit 7 (12%) 3 (5.6%) OR=2.28; (0.56, 9.34) Chemo delayed/dose reduced 9 (15%) 11 (20%) OR=0.70; (0.27, 1.86) Hospitalization 7 (12%) 5 (9.3%) OR=1.32; (0.39, 4.44)

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NUTRITION EDUCATION AND COUNSELING AT HOSPITAL DETERMINES DIETARY ADHERENCE OF DIABETES PATIENTS

10.21203/rs.2.11382/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

mulat tirfie bayih ◽

Sebsbie Tadesse ◽

Haile Woldie ◽

Teshager Woldegiorgis Abate ◽

Minyichil Birhanu Belete

Keyword(s):

Nutrition Education ◽

Feeding Habits ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

P Value ◽

Dietary Adherence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Practice ◽

Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital ◽

Diabetes Patients

Abstract ABSTRACT Background: Adherence to healthy meal plan can delay and prevent complications from diabetes. However, feeding habits of the patients is not well known in many developing countries including Ethiopia. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the dietary adherence and associated factors among diabetes patient at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahirdar City Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among systematically selected 385 diabetes patients from March to April, 2017 at Felege-Hiwot Referral hospital, Bahir Dar Northwest Ethiopia. Quantitative data were collected by using a pre-tested and structured questionnaire. To supplement their experiences, views and perception, participants were selected purposely for in-depth interviews. Logistic regression was used to identify associations between dependent and explanatory variables. Statically significant was considered at p value < 0.05 with 95% CI. The qualitative data were analyzed in content line by line with quantitative findings. Results: The overall proportion of poor dietary adherence among diabetes patients was 46.8% (95% CI: 41.1- 52.0). Living in rural (AOR=3. 75;95% CI: 2.12-6.63), duration of diabetes less than 5 years (AOR=2. 81; 95% CI: 1.22-6.50), didn’t get nutrition education (AOR=5. 88; 95% CI: 3.30-10.48), poor social support (AOR=3. 84; 95% CI: 1.74-8.46) and didn’t make choices on food when they ate out (AOR=3. 49; 95% CI: 2.09-5.81) were significantly associated with poor dietary practice. Conclusion: Considerable numbers of diabetes patients in this study were non-adhered to the recommended diet and to improve their dietary practice; attention should be given to nutrition education. Keywords: Nutrition education , Diabetes, Diet, Ethiopia.

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Chronic Kidney Disease and associated factors among HIV/AIDS Patients on HAART at University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-20477/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Gizachew Ayele Manaye ◽

Dejene Derseh Abateneh ◽

Wondwossen Niguse Asmare

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Viral Load ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Urine Specimen ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽

Hiv Patients ◽

Study Participants

Abstract Background In developing countries, both opportunistic infections and chronic diseases account a high HIV associated mortality and morbidity. Chronic kidney diseases (CKD) associated with HIV infection has got increased attention in sub-Saharan Africa as a result of the high HIV prevalence and due to the late diagnosis and initiation of HAART. Thus, this study was conducted to assess CKD and associated factors among HIV patients on HARRT in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study with a secondary data review was conducted from February 01 to April 30, 2017, at the University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. The study participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire by trained nurses. Venous blood and urine specimen was collected for serum creatinine and urine protein determination respectively. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated using the CKD–EPI estimator. Data were entered into SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was employed and p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 336 HIV patients on HARRT participated in the study. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 39.7 ( + 9.7) years. The study participants were on HAART with an average of 7.5 ( + 3) years. Before ART initiation, the majority of patients had WHO clinical stage II and III, 251 (74.7%), CD4+T cell count < 200 cells/mm 3 , 221 (65.8%).The overall prevalence of CKD was 16.1%. About 27 (8.0%), 16 (4.8%), 11 (3.3%) of the participants had stage 1 and stage 2 CKD and chronic renal failure (stage 3a-5) respectively. With multivariate logistic regression analysis being male (AOR=2.05 (1.03-4.09), p=0.04, occupation merchant (AOR=2.91(1.00-8.48),p=0.049)and viral load > 1000 copies/mm 3 (AOR=3.1 (1.38-7.00), P<0.01) were significantly associated with CKD. Conclusions The prevalence of CKD among HIV patients on HARRT is high. Being male, merchant and viral load > 1000 copies/mm 3 were associated factors of CKD. Patients should be regularly monitored and screened for early diagnosis and management of CKD. Those patients with high viral load and male patients should be closely followed.

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Clinical Outcome of Meningitis and Its Risk Factors Among Children Admitted in Debre Markos Referral Hospital Pediatric Ward, Northwest Ethiopia,2019

10.21203/rs.3.rs-36044/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hailemariam Abiy ◽

Zelalem Shiferaw ◽

Yilkal Tafere

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Health Care Team ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Debre Markos ◽

Hospital Pediatric

Abstract Background:Meningitis remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients in many countries of the world including Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess clinical outcomes and associated risk factors of meningitis among children who were admitted to Debre Markos Referral Hospital from January 2017 to December 2018.A backward stepwise multivariable logistic regression was applied with 95% confidence interval of odds ratio (OR) andstatistical significance less than 0.05 p-value were taken as cut off value.Methods:A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. The study includesAll pediatric meningitis 211 cases from the age of one month to fourteen who were admitted due to meningitis in Debre Markos Referral Hospitalfrom January 2017 to December 2018.Data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS for Windows, version 20.Results:The study showed that 18.9% of children with meningitis developed bad outcomes. In this study, children who were a worse clinical condition at admission 6 times more likely to develop bad outcomes [AOR= 6.321(2.121, 18.837)] and having a seizure at admission almost 19 times more likely to develop bad outcomes [AOR=18.953(6.677, 53.799)]. Conclusions:About one in five children with meningitis developed bad outcomes. The health care team should due attention to improving care for patients with severe conditions at admission and seizures were the alarming signs for poor outcomes in children.

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ADHERENCE TO ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG HIV POSITIVE ADULTS ATTENDING TREATMENT AT NEKEMTE REFERRAL HOSPITAL, WEST ETHIOPIA, 2019

10.21203/rs.2.12737/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Muktar Abadiga

Keyword(s):

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

P Value ◽

Aids Patients ◽

Strict Adherence ◽

Adherence To Medication ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

Hiv Aids

Abstract BACK GROUND Antiretroviral therapy has a remarkable clinical effect in decreasing the viral replication, reducing the progress of AIDS and deaths related to AIDS. The clinical outcome of ART depends on the strict adherence to antiretroviral medication. However; only a few studies have been done on the adherence status of ART and its determinant factors in Ethiopia and this study could provide an opportunity to identify obstacles to taking medication. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess adherence status and associated factors among HIV infected patients on ART attending Nekemte referral hospital, West Ethiopia. METHODS Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted on 311 HIV/AIDS patients, from March 01 to March 30, 2019. The study participants were selected by simple random sampling method and were interviewed using structured questionnaires. The data were coded, checked, cleaned and entered into Epi data version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS window version 20.0 for analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to find the independent variables which best predict adherence. Association and statistical significance were measured using odds ratio at 95% confidence interval and p-value less than 0.05. RESULTS A total of 305 HIV/AIDS patients were included in this study. Out of this,73.1% were adhered to their medication. Respondent’s knowledge about HIV and its treatment (AOR=8.13, 95% CI: 3.06, 21.61), family/social support (AOR=7.36, 95% CI: 2.07, 26.10), adverse effects of ARV medications (AOR=5.62, 95% CI: 2.11, 14.93), co-morbidity of other chronic illness (AOR=5.46, 95% CI: 1.86, 16.02), and family disclosure status (AOR= 5.27, 95% CI: 2.20, 12.62) were significantly associated with adherence to medication among HIV/AIDS patients. CONCLUSION In this study, the level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy was found low compared to the WHO standard. The clinician should emphasize adverse drug reaction, early detect and treat co-morbidities, improve knowledge through health education, and encourage HIV/AIDS patient to disclose their HIV status.

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