Application of an Automated Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter Interpreter System at a Poultry Abattoir

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 619-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. BRUCE MCNAB ◽  
CHRISTINE M. FORSBERG ◽  
ROBERT C. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Membrane Filters ◽  
Government Inspection ◽  
Data Files ◽  
Good Repeatability ◽  
Set Up

The performance of a system to measure broiler carcass hygiene was investigated in the abattoir environment. The system involved: whole carcass rinses aided by a mechanical carcass shaker; filtration of rinse solutions though hydrophobic grid membrane filters (HGMF) (ISO-GRIDR, QA Laboratories Ltd.); and use of an automated HGMF interpreter. The interpreter recorded culture results in units of most probable number (MPN) of aerobic bacteria, in electronic data files (MI-100 HGMF Interpreter System, Richard Brancker Research Ltd.). Set-up and operation of the system by government inspection staff at an abattoir ran relatively smoothly with minimal interference to normal plant operation. The system demonstrated good repeatability in measuring log10 most probable number per gram of carcass (LgMPN/g), between repeat readings of the same filters (r=0.993 p<0.001), and good repeatability between repeat filters within the same carcass rinses (r=0.970 p<0.001). Overall, the LgMPN/g ranged from 0.258 to 3.955 with a mean of 2.276 and a variance of 0.324. These corresponded to MPN/g counts in the range of 2 to 9000 and a geometric mean of 188.8 MPN/g. A regression model was developed to investigate poultry supplier and abattoir effects on the variability of counts. A significant supplier effect was observed. The addition of two more carcass showers located just after the venting machine along the evisceration line was not associated with a change in carcass hygiene.

Variability in Broiler Carcass Bacterial Load at Three Abattoirs, as Measured by a Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter Interpreter

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 700-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. BRUCE MCNAB ◽  
SHANE A. RENWICK ◽  
H. RUFFNER LOWMAN ◽  
ROBERT C. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Individual Bird ◽  
Measurement Protocol

In this observational study, the variability of broiler carcass bacterial load was investigated at three federally inspected abattoirs, using an automated hydrophobic grid membrane filter interpreter system. The measurement protocol involved: whole carcass rinses aided by a mechanical carcass shaker; filtration of rinse solutions through hydrophobic grid membrane filters (HGMF) (ISO-GRID®, QA Laboratories, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.); and use of an automated HGMF interpreter (MI-100 HGMF Interpreter System, Richard Brancker Research, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.). Carcass and lot mean bacterial loads were measured, respectively, in units of log10 most probable number (MPN) of mesophylic aerobic colony forming units per gram of carcass (LgMPN/g), and slaughter lot mean LgMPN/g (LMLgMPN/g). Whole carcass rinses were conducted on a total of 1,917 carcasses, among 96 slaughter lots from three abattoirs. Overall, the LgMPN/g ranged from 1.054 to 4.180 with a mean of 2.585 and a variance of 0.263. These corresponded to MPN/g counts from 11 to 15,135 and a geometric mean of 385 MPN/g. Statistically significant differences were observed between abattoirs and between lots within abattoirs. The intra-abattoir correlation coefficient of LgMPN/g was r = 0.180 (p < 0.001). The within abattoir intralot correlation coefficient was r = 0.259 (p < 0.001). In this data set, approximately 56, 26, and 18% of the variability in LgMPN/g were attributed to factors operating at the individual bird, lot, and abattoir levels of organization, respectively. Factors significantly associated with LMLgMPN/g included: abattoir (p < 0.001), transportation time from farm to abattoir (p < 0.001), and waiting time from arrival at the abattoir yard to actual slaughter (p = 0.002). Analysis of a series of five repeat rinses, conducted on one bird from each of the 96 study lots, demonstrated that bacterial counts in the second to fifth sequential rinses were positively associated with the bacterial count of the first rinse. Also, after adjusting for the initial count, a pattern of decreasing counts was observed in subsequent rinses.

scholarly journals A Simple Methodological Approach for Counting and Identifying Culturable Viruses Adsorbed to Cellulose Nitrate Membrane Filters

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios T. Papageorgiou ◽  
Laura Mocé-Llivina ◽  
Christina G. Christodoulou ◽  
Francisco Lucena ◽  
Dina Akkelidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Cellulose Nitrate ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Cellulose Membrane ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Membrane Filters

ABSTRACT We identified conditions under which Buffalo green monkey cells grew on the surfaces of cellulose nitrate membrane filters in such a way that they covered the entire surface of each filter and penetrated through the pores. When such conditions were used, poliovirus that had previously been adsorbed on the membranes infected the cells and replicated. A plaque assay method and a quantal method (most probable number of cytopathic units) were used to detect and count the viruses adsorbed on the membrane filters. Polioviruses in aqueous suspensions were then concentrated by adsorption to cellulose membrane filters and were subsequently counted without elution, a step which is necessary when the commonly used methods are employed. The pore size of the membrane filter, the sample contents, and the sample volume were optimized for tap water, seawater, and a 0.25 M glycine buffer solution. The numbers of viruses recovered under the optimized conditions were more than 50% greater than the numbers counted by the standard plaque assay. When ceftazidime was added to the assay medium in addition to the antibiotics which are typically used, the method could be used to study natural samples with low and intermediate levels of microbial pollution without decontamination of the samples. This methodological approach also allowed plaque hybridization either directly on cellulose nitrate membranes or on Hybond N+ membranes after the preparations were transferred.

Comparative study of membrane filtration and enrichment media for the isolation and enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from sewage, surface water, and swimming pools

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 686-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Havelaar ◽  
M. During ◽  
E. H. M. Delfgou-Van Asch
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Cellulose Ester ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Membrane Filters ◽  
Swimming Water

The recovery of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on several selective culture media was tested using raw sewage and secondary sewage effluent samples as well as spiked chlorinated imitation swimming water and samples from whirlpools. mPA-medium B gave good recovery of both vital and chlorine-injured P. aeruginosa and selectivity was greater than 90% when analysing whirlpool samples. It is therefore the medium recommended for examination of chlorinated swimming pools. When analysing sewage polluted water with the mPA-B medium, reduced selectivity was noted from low verification rates and from overgrowth by competitive flora. A modified medium (mPA-D; addition of cetrimide, omission of sulphapyridine and actidione) was more selective and sufficiently recovered noninjured cells. Chlorine-injured cells were completely inhibited, however. C-390 (9-chloro-9-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-10-phenylacridan) was confirmed to be highly selective for P. aeruginosa when used in spread plates at a concentration of 30 μg/mL; P. aeruginosa was slightly inhibited. However, the medium could not be used with conventional membrane filtration techniques, because cellulose ester filters interfered with the selective action of C-390. Selectivity could be improved by using Gelman Tuffryn (polysulphone) filters and increasing the C-390 concentration to 120 μg/mL. At this concentration, however, the medium was strongly inhibitory to P. aeruginosa; resuscitation only partially improved recovery. Two other membrane filtration media were tested. Both cetrimide – nalidixic acid agar and Drake's medium No. 19 were inhibitory to chlorine-injured cells. Several types of membrane filters were tested and there was little difference between them. In the most-probable-number technique, recovery of P. aeruginosa was shown to be excellent when using asparagine broth. Malachite green broth was strongly inhibitory to chlorine-injured P. aeruginosa.

scholarly journals Comparison of High Hydrostatic Pressure, Ultrasound, and Heat Treatments on the Quality of Strawberry–Apple–Lemon Juice Blend

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoping Feng ◽  
Zhongyu Zhou ◽  
Xiaoqiong Wang ◽  
Xiufang Bi ◽  
Yuan Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
High Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Lemon Juice ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Total Phenols ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
The Us ◽  
Total Anthocyanins

Changes in the microbial, physicochemical, and sensory properties of blended strawberry–apple–lemon juice were investigated to comparatively assess the influence of three processing treatments, namely high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) (500 MPa/15 min/20 °C), ultrasound (US) (376 W/10 min/35 °C), and heat treatment (HT) (86 °C/1 min) over 12 days of storage at 4 °C. The results showed that the total aerobic bacteria (TAB) counts in the HHP-, US-, and HT-treated juice blends were less than 2 log10 CFU/mL, the yeast and mold (Y & M) counts were less than 1.3 log10 CFU/mL, and the coliforms most probable number (MPN/100 mL) was less than 3 after 10 days at 4 °C. Anthocyanins were maintained by HHP, but decreased by 16% and 12% after US and HT, respectively. Total phenols increased by 18% and 7% after HHP and US, respectively, while they were maintained by the HT. Furthermore, better maintenance of total phenols, total anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity, color, and sensory values were observed in the HHP-treated juice blend stored for 10 days at 4 °C, compared to both the US- and HT-treated samples. Therefore, HHP was proposed to be a better processing technology for juice blend.

Acceptability of Individual Water Supplies as Judged by a Single Test for Total Coliform Bacteria

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 563-563
Author(s):  
E. P. MERRILL
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Filter Method ◽  
Single Test ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Membrane Filter Method

Of 658 individual water supplies tested over an 8-year period, 69% of drilled wells, 62% of driven wells, 27% of dug wells and 32% of springs were judged acceptable on the basis of a single test for total coliforms. The acceptability standard consisted of 0 to 1 coliforms/100 ml of sample by the membrane filter method or a Most Probable Number index of less than 2.2 (presumptive and confirmed tests).

24-Hour Presumptive Enumeration of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Foods by Using the ISO-GRID® Method with SD-39 Agar

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 883-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHYLLIS ENTIS ◽  
IRINA LERNER
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Direct Filtration ◽  
The Comparative Study

Two 24-hour presumptive enumeration methods for Escherichia coli O157:H7 organisms based on the hydrophobic grid membrane filter (ISO-GRID) and using SD-39 agar, a new selective and differential culture medium, were developed and compared to a 3-tube MPN (most probable number) method using modified tryptone soy broth enrichment. The comparative study comprised 22 combinations of storage conditions and food products, including a variety of raw and cooked meats and several dairy products. The ISO-GRID direct filtration method produced counts which were equivalent to or significantly higher than the 3-tube MPN method for all food-storage combinations except for frozen pasteurized whole egg. The ISO-GRID resuscitation method produced counts equivalent to the 3-tube MPN method for the frozen egg.

Microbiological Quality of Cocoa Powder, Dry Instant Chocolate Drink Mix, Dry Nondairy Coffee Creamer and Frozen Nondairy Topping Obtained at Retail Markets

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 733-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. PAYNE ◽  
A. P. DURAN ◽  
J. M. LANIER ◽  
A. H. SCHWAB ◽  
R. B. READ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Cocoa Powder ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
Coffee Creamer

A national survey was conducted of the microbiological quality of three dry ingredients used in beverages and one frozen non-dairy topping obtained at retail markets. Geometric mean aerobic plate counts (APCs) of units examined at 35°C were as follows: 1,313 units of cocoa powder, 6,600 CFU/g; 1,552 units of dry instant chocolate drink mix, 290 CFU/g; 1,559 units of dry non-dairy coffee creamer, 37 CFU/g; and 1,532 units of frozen non-dairy topping, 34 CFU/g. At 30°C, the geometric mean APC was 34 CFU/g for frozen nondairy topping. Geometric means for most probable number determinations of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli were <3/g for the four products. Geometric mean values for Staphylococcus aureus in three of the products were <10/g; no S. aureus was found in cocoa powder. Geometric mean values for yeasts and molds in dry instant chocolate drink mix and dry nondairy coffee creamer were 8 and 6 CFU/g, respectively.

Visual Demerit and Microbiological Evaluation of Beef Carcasses: Methodology

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
KLAUS W. F. JERICHO ◽  
JOHN A. BRADLEY ◽  
VICTOR P. J. GANNON ◽  
GERALD C. KOZUB
Keyword(s):  
Variance Component ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Inspection System ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Weak Association ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Good Repeatability ◽  
Variance Component Estimates

A repeatable, automated method was developed for estimating aerobic bacterial populations on surfaces of groups of beef carcasses. Ten sample cluster sites (CS) were identified by localizing visual demerits (Canadian Streamlined Inspection System) on 200 carcasses at one plant. Most probable number growth units per cm2 (MPNGU/cm2) on hydrophobic grid membrane filters (HGMF) were assessed by an automated HGMF interpreter for excision samples from the centers of these CS. Between-sample variation of more than 90% of the total log10 MPNGU/cm2 variance indicated good repeatability between HGMF of the same sample and interpretations of the same HGMF. Variance component estimates indicated that there was considerable variation in MPNGU/cm2 between carcasses and between paired adjacent samples for a CS. A statistically significant but weak association was found between the demerit scores of a CS and MPNGU at its center. The variance component estimates will be used to estimate the sample size required for future group-carcass evaluations.

Variability and Determinants of Carcass Bacterial Load at a Poultry Abattoir

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 694-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHANE A. RENWICK ◽  
W. BRUCE MCNAB ◽  
H. RUFFNER LOWMAN ◽  
ROBERT C. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
Truck Load

Roaster chicken carcasses (2,928) were collected from the evisceration line of a poultry abattoir over a 5-month period and identified as to the lot (truck load) and supplier. Bacterial load was determined by mechanically rinsing each eviscerated carcass in sterile water and then using an automated hydrophobic grid membrane interpreter system to obtain the log10 most probable number of aerobic bacteria per gram of carcass. Analysis of variance demonstrated that the between-carcass, between-lots-within-supplier, and between-supplier components of variability in bacterial load represented 73.2, 14.2, and 12.6% of the total variability, respectively. There was a significant (p < 0.001) supplier and lots-within-supplier effect on bacterial load of carcasses. A regression model demonstrated that bacterial load of lots significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased with increasing hours of operation of the evisceration line. Factors in the model which were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) associated with increased bacterial load included longer crating and holding times, higher visible contamination scores, slaughter during winter months, higher outdoor temperatures, and slaughter of lots composed of only pullets. The model explained about 23% of the variability in bacterial load.

Prevalence, Concentration, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Isolated from Florida Poultry Litter

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 2179-2186
Author(s):  
ALAN GUTIERREZ ◽  
JAYSANKAR DE ◽  
KEITH R. SCHNEIDER
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number

ABSTRACT For over a decade, Salmonella contamination has increasingly led to outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with fresh produce. The use of untreated animal manures, or biological soil amendments of animal origin, to amend agricultural soils holds a risk of contamination from foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, concentration, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella in poultry litter from Florida farms. Litter pH, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus (P2O5), total potassium (K2O), moisture content, total solids, total ash, organic matter, and aerobic plate count (APC) were also measured. Litter samples (n = 54) were collected from 18 broiler farms across three seasons (spring, summer, and winter). Salmonella concentrations were enumerated using a most-probable-number (MPN) method, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. The prevalence of Salmonella in litter samples was 61.1%, with a geometric mean of 0.21 ± 20.7 MPN/g. Across all seasons, Salmonella concentrations were not influenced by the chemical, physical, or microbial properties measured. Recovered Salmonella isolates (n = 290) were grouped into serogroups O:4 (43.1%), O:7 (26.9%), O:8 (11.0%), O:1,3,10,19 (7.9%), and O:9,46 (7.2%). Serotyping Salmonella isolates (n = 47) resulted in 12 serotypes, with the most common being Typhimurium (27.7%), Kentucky (17.0%), Enteritidis (14.9%), and Mbandaka (14.9%). Antimicrobial resistance to tetracycline (29.8%), sulfisoxazole (23.4%), and streptomycin (14.9%) was observed. No isolates were resistant to more than two antimicrobial agents. This study provides valuable information for future risk assessments for the use of poultry litter as an untreated biological soil amendment of animal origin. HIGHLIGHTS

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