Variability and Determinants of Carcass Bacterial Load at a Poultry Abattoir

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 694-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHANE A. RENWICK ◽  
W. BRUCE MCNAB ◽  
H. RUFFNER LOWMAN ◽  
ROBERT C. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
Truck Load

Roaster chicken carcasses (2,928) were collected from the evisceration line of a poultry abattoir over a 5-month period and identified as to the lot (truck load) and supplier. Bacterial load was determined by mechanically rinsing each eviscerated carcass in sterile water and then using an automated hydrophobic grid membrane interpreter system to obtain the log10 most probable number of aerobic bacteria per gram of carcass. Analysis of variance demonstrated that the between-carcass, between-lots-within-supplier, and between-supplier components of variability in bacterial load represented 73.2, 14.2, and 12.6% of the total variability, respectively. There was a significant (p < 0.001) supplier and lots-within-supplier effect on bacterial load of carcasses. A regression model demonstrated that bacterial load of lots significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased with increasing hours of operation of the evisceration line. Factors in the model which were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) associated with increased bacterial load included longer crating and holding times, higher visible contamination scores, slaughter during winter months, higher outdoor temperatures, and slaughter of lots composed of only pullets. The model explained about 23% of the variability in bacterial load.

scholarly journals Comparison of High Hydrostatic Pressure, Ultrasound, and Heat Treatments on the Quality of Strawberry–Apple–Lemon Juice Blend

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoping Feng ◽  
Zhongyu Zhou ◽  
Xiaoqiong Wang ◽  
Xiufang Bi ◽  
Yuan Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
High Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Lemon Juice ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Total Phenols ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
The Us ◽  
Total Anthocyanins

Changes in the microbial, physicochemical, and sensory properties of blended strawberry–apple–lemon juice were investigated to comparatively assess the influence of three processing treatments, namely high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) (500 MPa/15 min/20 °C), ultrasound (US) (376 W/10 min/35 °C), and heat treatment (HT) (86 °C/1 min) over 12 days of storage at 4 °C. The results showed that the total aerobic bacteria (TAB) counts in the HHP-, US-, and HT-treated juice blends were less than 2 log10 CFU/mL, the yeast and mold (Y & M) counts were less than 1.3 log10 CFU/mL, and the coliforms most probable number (MPN/100 mL) was less than 3 after 10 days at 4 °C. Anthocyanins were maintained by HHP, but decreased by 16% and 12% after US and HT, respectively. Total phenols increased by 18% and 7% after HHP and US, respectively, while they were maintained by the HT. Furthermore, better maintenance of total phenols, total anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity, color, and sensory values were observed in the HHP-treated juice blend stored for 10 days at 4 °C, compared to both the US- and HT-treated samples. Therefore, HHP was proposed to be a better processing technology for juice blend.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of the Bacterial flora in a Tannery Polluted Environment

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-159
Author(s):  
Mahmuda Begum ◽  
Abu Tweb Abu Ahmed ◽  
Fauzia Hafiz ◽  
Sahana Parveen
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Polluted Environment ◽  
Probable Number

The present study was carried out to assess the total bacterial load, incidence of total coliform, faecal coliform (Escherichia coli) and Salmonella species in water and soil of a tannery polluted environment (river Buriganga) and a selected freshwater fish pond environment. Samples were analyzed for their monthly variation and made a comparative investigation between the two different environments. The highest viable bacterial count was observed in tannery polluted water (2.7 x 105 cfu/ml) in May 2005 and in soil (5.7 x 107 cfu/g) in August, 2005. The total coliform and faecal coliform counts were always very high (>2,400/100 ml) in water and soil (>240/g) of tannery polluted area as measured by the most probable number (MPN) method. Salmonella was always present in tannery polluted samples, and occasionally in fresh water pond samples. It was also observed that tannery polluted environment was heavily polluted due to presence of large number of pathogenic bacteria as a result of tannery wastes discharged into the area. This poses serious threats to aquatic organisms, especially fish, and also for human being living in the Hazaribagh area.Keywords: Bacterial flora, Tannery polluted environment, Freshwater fish pondDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v24i2.1264

scholarly journals Depuration of a Freshwater Clam (Batissa Violacea) from Rewa River in Fiji Using a Bio-Filter Set-Up in Closed and Open Water Circulatory System

2021 ◽  
pp. e824
Author(s):  
Ashneel Ajay Singh ◽  
Ravinesh Ram ◽  
Sheemal Vandhana Kumar ◽  
Sheenal Aashna ◽  
Shipaldika Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Freshwater Bivalve ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Interior Walls

The effectiveness of the freshwater bivalve Batissa violacea depuration was tested in closed and open water circulatory system over a 48 h period. The closed circulatory system included a sand biofilter. Microbial levels were assessed every 4 h using Total Aerobic Plate Count (TPC) for heterotrophs and Most Probable Number (MPN) for coliforms. TPC and coliform loads in bivalve tissue reduced rapidly to low and undetectable levels in a closed circulatory system while open system showed a slower reduction. Both TPC and coliform loads remained above detectable levels throughout the depuration period. Closed system showed similar patterns of logarithmic reduction of TPC and coliforms in all cases with R2>0.95 and p<0.001. Similar results were observed for tank water however, reduction of TPC and coliforms were slower. Biofilm formation was observed in the interior walls of the aquarium tanks over 48 h in all cases. Physicochemical parameters did not show any significant change. The reduction in TPC and coliform load in B. violacea suggests that biofilter in a closed water circulatory system is a simple, cost-effective, water conserving and effective way to significantly reduce the spoilage and coliform bacterial load that is accumulated in the clams.

scholarly journals Sensory Evaluation of grape yogurt with added calcium and zinc

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Ivani De Carvalho ◽  
Marinês De Souza ◽  
Ornella Maria Porcu
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
High Solids ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Intent To Purchase ◽  
Hedonic Scale ◽  
Yeasts And Molds

<p>Yogurt is a product widely recommended due to its sensory, nutritional and probiotic characteristics. It is made of milk containing high solids, lactic acid culture and sugar and can also be enriched. The objectives were to develop a grape yogurt with added calcium and zinc, and evaluate its microbiological and sensory characteristics and verify the consumer&rsquo;s acceptance and intent to purchase this product. A formulation of yoghurt enriched with calcium and zinc was elaborated. The microbiological analysis (most probable number (MPN) of coliforms at 35&nbsp;&ordm;C and 45&nbsp;&ordm;C (thermotolerant) Total count of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, <em>Staphylococcus</em> spp., yeasts and molds) indicated that the product was in agreement with existing national legislation for the identity and quality standards. The overall acceptance was conducted with 100 untrained panelists using a 9-point Hedonic Scale (1 - dislike extremely, 9 - like extremely), averaging more than 70.00 % to the questions of taste, flavor, color, sweetness, consistency and overall assessment. As to purchase intention, it was found that 77.00 % of consumers would buy grape yogurt with added calcium and zinc indicating that the formulation is feasible and acceptable for human consumption.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v1i2.28</p>

Effect of Frozen Storage and Vacuum-Packaging on Survival of Vibrio Vulnificus in Gulf Coast Oysters (Crassostrea virginica)

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 604-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROGER W. PARKER ◽  
ELLEN M. MAURER ◽  
A. BILL CHILDERS ◽  
DONALD H. LEWISI
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Alkaline Peptone Water ◽  
Peptone Water

Vibrio vulnificus contamination of raw oysters is a serious public health hazard, therefore, it is necessary to investigate the persistence of V. vulnificus in harvested and stored oysters. For this study, triplicate oyster samples were split into four treatment groups: control, normal-packaged; control, vacuum-packaged; inoculated, normal-packaged; and inoculated, vacuum-packaged. Oysters in the inoculated groups were individually injected with V. vulnificus to a level of approximately 1 × 106 CFU/g. Control oysters were already naturally contaminated to a level of approximately 1 × 104 CFU/g. Oysters were then packaged, frozen and stored at −20°C. On day 0 and days 7, 14, 30 and 70 post-freezing, concentrations of total aerobic bacteria and V. vulnificus were determined using a 3-tube most probable number (MPN) estimation from enrichment Alkaline Peptone Water tubes with subsequent presumptive V. vulnificus growth on modified Cellobiose-Polymyxin B-Colistin agar. Length of frozen storage had a significant effect on decreasing total aerobic bacteria (from approximately 106 CFU/g to approximately 102.5 CFU/g) and V. vulnificus (from approximately 105 CFU/g to approximately 101 CFU/g). Also, vacuum-packaged samples showed significantly lower concentrations of V. vulnificus over the length of the study than did the normal-sealed samples.

Variability in Broiler Carcass Bacterial Load at Three Abattoirs, as Measured by a Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter Interpreter

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 700-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. BRUCE MCNAB ◽  
SHANE A. RENWICK ◽  
H. RUFFNER LOWMAN ◽  
ROBERT C. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Individual Bird ◽  
Measurement Protocol

In this observational study, the variability of broiler carcass bacterial load was investigated at three federally inspected abattoirs, using an automated hydrophobic grid membrane filter interpreter system. The measurement protocol involved: whole carcass rinses aided by a mechanical carcass shaker; filtration of rinse solutions through hydrophobic grid membrane filters (HGMF) (ISO-GRID®, QA Laboratories, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.); and use of an automated HGMF interpreter (MI-100 HGMF Interpreter System, Richard Brancker Research, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.). Carcass and lot mean bacterial loads were measured, respectively, in units of log10 most probable number (MPN) of mesophylic aerobic colony forming units per gram of carcass (LgMPN/g), and slaughter lot mean LgMPN/g (LMLgMPN/g). Whole carcass rinses were conducted on a total of 1,917 carcasses, among 96 slaughter lots from three abattoirs. Overall, the LgMPN/g ranged from 1.054 to 4.180 with a mean of 2.585 and a variance of 0.263. These corresponded to MPN/g counts from 11 to 15,135 and a geometric mean of 385 MPN/g. Statistically significant differences were observed between abattoirs and between lots within abattoirs. The intra-abattoir correlation coefficient of LgMPN/g was r = 0.180 (p &lt; 0.001). The within abattoir intralot correlation coefficient was r = 0.259 (p &lt; 0.001). In this data set, approximately 56, 26, and 18% of the variability in LgMPN/g were attributed to factors operating at the individual bird, lot, and abattoir levels of organization, respectively. Factors significantly associated with LMLgMPN/g included: abattoir (p &lt; 0.001), transportation time from farm to abattoir (p &lt; 0.001), and waiting time from arrival at the abattoir yard to actual slaughter (p = 0.002). Analysis of a series of five repeat rinses, conducted on one bird from each of the 96 study lots, demonstrated that bacterial counts in the second to fifth sequential rinses were positively associated with the bacterial count of the first rinse. Also, after adjusting for the initial count, a pattern of decreasing counts was observed in subsequent rinses.

Application of an Automated Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter Interpreter System at a Poultry Abattoir

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 619-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. BRUCE MCNAB ◽  
CHRISTINE M. FORSBERG ◽  
ROBERT C. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Membrane Filters ◽  
Government Inspection ◽  
Data Files ◽  
Good Repeatability ◽  
Set Up

The performance of a system to measure broiler carcass hygiene was investigated in the abattoir environment. The system involved: whole carcass rinses aided by a mechanical carcass shaker; filtration of rinse solutions though hydrophobic grid membrane filters (HGMF) (ISO-GRIDR, QA Laboratories Ltd.); and use of an automated HGMF interpreter. The interpreter recorded culture results in units of most probable number (MPN) of aerobic bacteria, in electronic data files (MI-100 HGMF Interpreter System, Richard Brancker Research Ltd.). Set-up and operation of the system by government inspection staff at an abattoir ran relatively smoothly with minimal interference to normal plant operation. The system demonstrated good repeatability in measuring log10 most probable number per gram of carcass (LgMPN/g), between repeat readings of the same filters (r=0.993 p&lt;0.001), and good repeatability between repeat filters within the same carcass rinses (r=0.970 p&lt;0.001). Overall, the LgMPN/g ranged from 0.258 to 3.955 with a mean of 2.276 and a variance of 0.324. These corresponded to MPN/g counts in the range of 2 to 9000 and a geometric mean of 188.8 MPN/g. A regression model was developed to investigate poultry supplier and abattoir effects on the variability of counts. A significant supplier effect was observed. The addition of two more carcass showers located just after the venting machine along the evisceration line was not associated with a change in carcass hygiene.

Modification of an Approved Medium for Fecal Coliform Detection in Seawater: A-1 Medium Minus Salicin

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-121
Author(s):  
JOHN KAROLUS ◽  
MERCURIA CUMBO ◽  
SUSAN BOEHLER ◽  
LAURA SAVINA
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
T Test ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Official Method ◽  
F Test ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Aoac Official ◽  
Seawater Samples ◽  
Aoac Official Method

Four hundred fifteen shellfish seawater samples from approved, conditionally approved, and restricted areas along the coastlines of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Maine were tested in duplicate to compare results obtained with A-1 medium (AOAC official method no. 978.23) and those obtained with A-1 medium without salicin. Four laboratories used five sets of most probable number procedures to perform the analyses. No statistically significant differences between the two media were found with the t test, the F test, or the analysis of variance.

Aspects of the Microbiological Quality and Safety of Ready-to-Eat Foods in Sharjah Supermarkets in the United Arab Emirates

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 1328-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAJLA A. ALMUALLA ◽  
LOUIS C. LALEYE ◽  
AISHA A. ABUSHELAIBI ◽  
RASHA A. AL-QASSEMI ◽  
ABDULKADAR A. WASESA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Total Bacteria

Over the last few years, ready-to-eat (RTE) foods have become popular in grocery stores all over the world. This study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological safety and shelf life of some RTE salads sold in supermarkets in Sharjah Emirate, United Arab Emirates. Samples of four RTE salads, tabbouleh, hummus, Greek salad, and coleslaw, were obtained from supermarkets and examined for aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes. The results indicated significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for the aerobic bacteria count among the RTE salad types. In tabbouleh, hummus, Greek salad, and coleslaw, E. coli counts of 0.9, 0.50, 0.27, and 0.25 log most probable number (MPN)/g and total aerobic bacterial plate counts of 3.57, 2.71, 2.76, and 2.52 log CFU/g, respectively, were found after preparation (day 0). At day 0, all RTE salads tested except tabbouleh contained an acceptable count of total bacteria, but the aerobic bacteria count for all the RTE salads increased rapidly during storage from day 2 to day 6, regardless of the storage temperature (5, 25, and 40°C). Twenty percent of all samples contained E. coli, although the numbers were as low as 1 log MPN/g. No S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, or Salmonella serotypes were detected in any of the RTE salads tested in this study.

scholarly journals Seasonal Fluctuation of Peanut Rhizobia in Coastal Plain Soils1

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Mahler ◽  
A. G. Wollum
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Production History ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Clover Pasture

Abstract This study was undertaken to observe the influence of seasonal fluctuation on native peanut rhizobia populations in Coastal Plain soils in cultivated fields with or without a peanut history, in pasture, and in forest environments. Soil samples were collected from Ap horizons every 30 days during a 16-month period and rhizobia populations were enumerated using a most probable number (MPN) technique with the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as the host for plant infectivity tests. Cultivated fields with a peanut production history had higher peanut rhizobia populations than cultivated fields without a peanut history, pastures, or forest environments. Seasonal fluctuation was evident in cultivated fields with a peanut history; peanut rhizobia populations were greatest in July whether peanuts or another crop was being grown that year and very low from September to May. Peak peanut rhizobia population reached 10,000 per gram of soil in peanut fields in July. Populations were generally less than 30 per gram of soil in cotton, corn, soybean, clover pasture, and alfalfa hay fields, and less than 10 per gram of soil in orchard and forest environments. Peanut rhizobia always constituted less than 0.01% of the total aerobic bacteria in all fields sampled.

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