Effectiveness of Cleaning and Disinfection Procedures on the Removal of Enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus From Infant Feeding Bottles

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
NEIL J. ROWAN ◽  
JOHN G. ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Microbial Numbers ◽  
Chemical Disinfection

Reconstituted infant milk formulas are considered a food class of high risk because of the susceptibility of the infant population to enteric bacterial pathogens, severe response to enterotoxins, and increased mortality. Twenty infant feeding bottles, contaminated with different levels of enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus, were subjected in triplicate to a variety of commonly used cleaning and disinfecting procedures. Although thorough cleaning reduced microbial numbers, it did not remove all B. cereus present. Three commercially available disinfection procedures (i.e., one chemical and two thermal) successfully eliminated this organism when the level of contamination was <105 organisms ml−1. However, the chemical disinfection method failed to eliminate enterotoxigenic B. cereus totally at potentially hazardous contamination levels (i.e., ≥105 organisms ml−1) that may be encountered under storage abuse conditions in the home.

scholarly journals Six ultraviolet minutes for cleaner operating theatres

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Bosco ◽  
S Gambelli ◽  
V Urbano ◽  
G Cevenini ◽  
G Messina
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Operating Theatres ◽  
Cleaning Procedures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Final Cleaning

Abstract Background Sanitizing the operating theatres (OT) is important to minimize risk of post-operative infections. Disinfection procedures between one operation and another is less aggressive than final cleaning procedures, at the end of the day. Aim was assessing the difference of contamination: i) between different levels of disinfection; ii) before and after the use of a UVC Device (UVC-D). Methods Between December 2019/February 2020 a cross sectional study was conducted in OT in a real clinical context. 94 Petri dishes (PD) were used in 3 OT. Three different sanitation levels (SL1-3) were compared pre- and post-use of UVC-D: i) No cleaning after surgery (SL1); ii) after in-between cleaning (SL2); iii) after terminal cleaning (SL3). UVC-D was employed for 6 minutes, 3 minutes per bed side. PD were incubated at 36 °C and colony forming unit (CFU) counted at 48h. Descriptive statistic, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were performed to assess the contamination levels in total, pre/post use of UVC-D, and between different sanitation levels, respectively. Results In total we had a mean of 3.39 CFU/PD (C.I. 2.05 - 4.74) and a median of 1 CFU/PD (Min. 0 - Max. 39), after UVC-D use we had a mean of 2.20 CFU/PD (C.I. 0.69 - 5.09) and a median of 0 CFU/PD (Min. 0 - Max. 133). The UVC-D led to a significant reduction of CFU (p < 0.001). Without UVC-D we had a significant CFU drop (p < 0.05) between SL1 and SL3. Using UVC-D, we observed significant reductions of contamination (p < 0.05) between SL3 and SL1. Comparing SL1 (median 0) post UVC-D use vs SL2 pre UVC-D use (median 0.5), and SL2 post UVC-D use (median 0) vs SL3 pre UVC-D use (median 1) we had a significant reduction of contamination (p < 0.05). Conclusions UVC-D improved environmental contamination in any of the three sanitation levels. Furthermore, the use of UVC-D alone was better than in-between and terminal cleaning. Although these encouraging results, the cleaning procedures executed by dedicated staff has to be considered. Key messages UVC are efficient to decrease contamination in operating theatres regardless of sanitation levels. The additional use of UVC technology to standard cleaning procedures significantly improves sanitation levels.

Microbial bioburden of inpatient and outpatient areas beyond patient hospital rooms

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Cadnum ◽  
Basya S. Pearlmutter ◽  
Annette L. Jencson ◽  
Hanan Haydar ◽  
Michelle T. Hecker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Outpatient Clinics ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumanii ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Fluorescent Markers ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection ◽  
Surgery Center

Abstract Objective: To investigate the frequency of environmental contamination in hospital areas outside patient rooms and in outpatient healthcare facilities. Design: Culture survey. Setting: This study was conducted across 4 hospitals, 4 outpatient clinics, and 1 surgery center. Methods: We conducted 3 point-prevalence culture surveys for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Clostridioides difficile, Candida spp, and gram-negative bacilli including Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in each facility. In hospitals, high-touch surfaces were sampled from radiology, physical therapy, and mobile equipment and in emergency departments, waiting rooms, clinics, and endoscopy facilities. In outpatient facilities, surfaces were sampled in exam rooms including patient and provider areas, patient bathrooms, and waiting rooms and from portable equipment. Fluorescent markers were placed on high-touch surfaces and removal was assessed 1 day later. Results: In the hospitals, 110 (9.4%) of 1,195 sites were positive for 1 or more bacterial pathogens (range, 5.3%–13.7% for the 4 hospitals) and 70 (5.9%) were positive for Candida spp (range, 3.7%–5.9%). In outpatient facilities, 31 of 485 (6.4%) sites were positive for 1 or more bacterial pathogens (range, 2% to 14.4% for the 5 outpatient facilities) and 50 (10.3%) were positive for Candida spp (range, 3.9%–23.3%). Fluorescent markers had been removed from 33% of sites in hospitals (range, 28.4%–39.7%) and 46.3% of sites in outpatient clinics (range, 7.4%–82.8%). Conclusions: Surfaces in hospitals outside patient rooms and in outpatient facilities are frequently contaminated with healthcare-associated pathogens. Improvements in cleaning and disinfection practices are needed to reduce contamination.

scholarly journals A foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by Norovirus and Bacillus cereus at a university in the Shunyi District of Beijing, China 2018: a retrospective cohort study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongwan Chen ◽  
Yongjin Li ◽  
Jinchang Lv ◽  
Xiufeng Liu ◽  
Peng Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
School Canteen ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Rectal Swabs ◽  
Beijing China

Abstract Background On September 4, 2018, a boarding school in the Shunyi District of Beijing, China reported an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. At least 209 suspected students caused of diarrhea and vomiting. The case was investigated, and control measures were taken to prevent further spread. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted among the school students and staff in order to test hypothesis that high risk of food served at the school canteen. We collected information on demographics, refectory records, person to person transmission by uniform epidemiological questionnaire. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Stool specimens of cases and canteen employees, retained food, water, and environmental swabs were investigated by laboratory analysis. Results We identified 209 cases (including 28 laboratory-confirmed cases) which occurred from August 29 to September 10. All cases were students, and the average age was 20, 52% were male. The outbreak lasted for 13 days, and peaked on September 5. Consumption of Drinks stall and Rice flour stall on September 1 (RR:3.4, 95%CI:1.5–7.8, and RR:7.6, 95%CI:2.8–20.2), Rice flour stall and Fish meal stall on September 2 (RR:4.0, 95%CI:1.2–13.6, and RR:4.6, 95%CI:1.7–12.5), muslim meal stall on September 4 (RR:2.7, 95%CI:1.3–5.4), Barbeque stall on September 5 (RR:3.0, 95%CI:1.2–7.0) were independently associated with increased risk of disease within the following 2 days. Among 35 specimens of rectal swabs or feces from students, 28 specimens were positive. Norovirus GI.6 alone was detected in 23 specimens, Bacillus cereus alone in 3 specimens and both norovirus GI.6 and Bacillus cereus in 2 specimens. Ten specimens of rectal swabs from canteen employees were positive for norovirus GI, and 2 specimens were positive for Bacillus cereus. Four retained food specimens were positive for Bacillus cereus, and environmental samples were negative for any viruses or bacteria. Conclusion Our investigation indicated that canteen employees were infected by two pathogens (norovirus and Bacillus cereus) and transmission may have been possible due to unhygienic practices. Student consumption of food or drink at high-risk stalls was determined as the probable cause of the outbreak.

scholarly journals The 4-Level Approach: Prevention of Suicidal Behaviour Through Community-Based Intervention

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Hegerl ◽  
Ines Heinz ◽  
Ainslie O'Connor ◽  
Hannah Reich
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Suicidal Behaviour ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Community Based Interventions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
The Many ◽  
Different Levels

Due to the many different factors contributing to diagnostic and therapeutic deficits concerning depression and the risk of suicidal behaviour, community-based interventions combining different measures are considered the most efficient way to address these important areas of public health. The network of the European Alliance Against Depression has implemented in more than 120 regions within and outside of Europe community-based 4-level-interventions that combine activities at four levels: (i) primary care, (ii) general public, (iii) community facilitators and gatekeepers (e.g., police, journalists, caregivers, pharmacists, and teachers), and (iv) patients, individuals at high risk and their relatives. This review will discuss lessons learned from these broad implementation activities. These include targeting depression and suicidal behaviour within one approach; being simultaneously active on the four different levels; promoting bottom-up initiatives; and avoiding any cooperation with the pharmaceutical industry for reasons of credibility.

scholarly journals Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb. (Convolvulaceae): nuevo xenófito invasor en la provincia de Cádiz (Sur de España)

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Juan García-de-Lomas ◽  
Elías D. Dana ◽  
Íñigo Sánchez-García ◽  
Jesús Sánchez ◽  
Javier Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
High Risk ◽  
North America ◽  
Community Interest ◽  
Different Levels

Español.  Se documentan los primeros registros de Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb. (Convolvulaceae) en la provincia de Cádiz. Esta especie rizomatosa y rastrera es nativa de Norteamérica y se ha encontrado formando poblaciones naturalizadas incipientes (entre 300 - 750 m2 ) en playas de los municipios de Barbate y Algeciras. Ipomoea imperati coloniza en ambos casos dunas móviles con diferente grado de desarrollo. El origen de la introducción es incierto. La evaluación del riesgo sugiere un riesgo alto de invasión, pudiendo extenderse la invasión sobre hábitats de interés comunitario. English. The first records of Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb (Convolvulaceae) in the province of Cádiz are documented. This rhizomatous and creeping species is native to North America. I. imperati was found as incipient naturalized populations (between 300-750 m2) on beaches from Barbate and Algeciras municipalities. In both cases, I. imperati colonizes shifting (yellow) dunes with different levels of development. The origin of the introduction is uncertain. The risk assessment resulted in a high risk of invasion of habitats of Community interest

scholarly journals Residual Viral and Bacterial Contamination of Surfaces after Cleaning and Disinfection

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (21) ◽  
pp. 7769-7775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Era Tuladhar ◽  
Wilma C. Hazeleger ◽  
Marion Koopmans ◽  
Marcel H. Zwietering ◽  
Rijkelt R. Beumer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Target Level ◽  
Liquid Soap ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Indirect Transmission ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

ABSTRACTEnvironmental surfaces contaminated with pathogens can be sources of indirect transmission, and cleaning and disinfection are common interventions focused on reducing contamination levels. We determined the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection procedures for reducing contamination by noroviruses, rotavirus, poliovirus, parechovirus, adenovirus, influenza virus,Staphylococcus aureus, andSalmonella entericafrom artificially contaminated stainless steel surfaces. After a single wipe with water, liquid soap, or 250-ppm free chlorine solution, the numbers of infective viruses and bacteria were reduced by 1 log10for poliovirus and close to 4 log10for influenza virus. There was no significant difference in residual contamination levels after wiping with water, liquid soap, or 250-ppm chlorine solution. When a single wipe with liquid soap was followed by a second wipe using 250- or 1,000-ppm chlorine, an extra 1- to 3-log10reduction was achieved, and except for rotavirus and norovirus genogroup I, no significant additional effect of 1,000 ppm compared to 250 ppm was found. A reduced correlation between reduction in PCR units (PCRU) and reduction in infectious particles suggests that at least part of the reduction achieved in the second step is due to inactivation instead of removal alone. We used data on infectious doses and transfer efficiencies to estimate a target level to which the residual contamination should be reduced and found that a single wipe with liquid soap followed by a wipe with 250-ppm free chlorine solution was sufficient to reduce the residual contamination to below the target level for most of the pathogens tested.

scholarly journals BACTERIA LOADS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN THE TAMALE METROPOLIS, GHANA

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-386
Author(s):  
M. Abdulai ◽  
Z. I. Abubabakari ◽  
S. J. Cobinna ◽  
D. Oduro
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tamale Metropolis ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

Investigations for pathogenic microbes on surfaces of objects have been attaining significant consideration from public health researchers for some time now. This is especially because of the risk of the spread of diseases of public health concern. Consequently, this study was conducted to provide information on bacterial contamination levels in taxis and motorised tricycles operating from the Tamale Main Taxi Rank. Forty samples from taxis and tricycle seats were collected and analysed. All samples contained Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, and Shigella spp. Taxis contained significantly (p < 0.006) more bacteria than tricycles (mean bacterial loads of 20.35×106 CFU/ml and 2.80×10 6 CFU/ml respectively). Also, considering the materials with which the vehicle seats were made vinyl contained more bacteria (14.06×106 CFU/ml) than cloth (10.98×106 CFU/ml) and polythene (1.12×106 CFU/ml). Using the Kruskal-Wallis test for analysing bacteria loads across material types, it was found that there was a significant difference (p < 0.026) between bacteria numbers and material types. The bacteria isolates showed resistance to the antibiotics, ampicillin (10 μg), Ceftazidime (30 μg), Cefotaxime (30 μg), and Ciprofloxacin (5 μg). Taxis and tricycles in some parts of the Metropolis operate under poor hygienic conditions. It is recommended that routine cleaning and disinfection of vehicles as well as the practice of personal hygiene be highly encouraged to keep a safer and healthier urban population and environment. Keywords: Escherichia coli, Pathogenic, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp

scholarly journals Structural damages observed in state buildings after Simav/Turkey earthquake occurred on 19 May 2011

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2709-2718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. S. Tama
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Educational Facilities ◽  
Rapid Assessment Method ◽  
Site Survey ◽  
Detailed Evaluation ◽  
A Site ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract. Different levels of damages occurred in state buildings, especially in educational facilities, during the Simav earthquake (ML=5.7) on 19 May 2011. A site survey was carried out in the area after the earthquake, where six state buildings were examined in detail. The results of the survey showed that main reasons for the formation of damages in these buildings are the use of low strength concrete, insufficient reinforcement, inappropriate detailing, and low-quality workmanship. The investigated buildings were also evaluated by P25-rapid assessment method. The method demonstrates that two of the buildings in question are in "high risk band"; the other two fall into "detailed evaluation band", and the rest are in the "low risk band". This figure also matches with the damages observed in the site survey.

The Relation of the Viral Structure of SARS-CoV2, High-Risk Condition, and Plasma Levels of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-15 in COVID-19 Patients compared to SARS and MERS Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Mousavizadeh ◽  
Ramin Soltani ◽  
Kosar Abedini ◽  
Sorayya Ghasemi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Immune System ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Nonstructural Proteins ◽  
Virus Structure ◽  
Viral Structure ◽  
Risk Condition ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Coronavirus Infections

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has high mortality due to the widespread infection and the strong immune system reaction. Interleukins (ILs) are among the main immune factors contributing to the deterioration of the immune response and the formation of cytokine storms in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections. Introduction: This review article investigated the relationship between virus structure, risk factors, and patient plasma interleukin levels in infections caused by the coronavirus family. Method: The keywords "interleukin," "coronavirus structure," "plasma," and "risk factors" were the main words searched to find a relationship among different interleukins, coronavirus structures, and risk factors in ISI, PUBMED, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar databases. Results: Patients with high-risk conditions with independent panels of immune system markers are more susceptible to death caused by SARS-CoV2. IL-4, IL-10, and IL-15 are probably secreted at different levels in patients with coronavirus infections despite the similarity of inflammatory markers during coronavirus infections. SARS-CoV2 and SARS-CoV increase the secretion of IL-4 in the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, while it remains unchanged in MERS-CoV infection. MERS-CoV infection demonstrates increased IL-10 levels. However, IL-10 levels increase during SARS-CoV infection, and different levels are recorded in SARS-CoV2. MERS-CoV increases IL-15 secretion while its levels remain unchanged in SARS-CoV2. Conclusion: In conclusion, the different structures of SARS-CoV2, such as length of spike or nonstructural proteins (NSPs), and susceptibility of patients based on their risk factors may lead to differences in immune marker secretion and pathogenicity. Therefore, identifying and controlling interleukin levels can play a significant role in controlling the symptoms and the development of individual-specific treatments.

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