Fecal Shedding of Salmonella spp. by Dairy Cows on Farm and at Cull Cow Markets

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. WELLS ◽  
P. J. FEDORKA-CRAY ◽  
D. A. DARGATZ ◽  
K. FERRIS ◽  
A. GREEN
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
National Study ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Milk Cows ◽  
Cull Cow ◽  
On Farm

As part of a national study of the U.S. dairy cow population, fecal samples were collected from representative cows on 91 dairies and 97 cull dairy cow markets in 19 states. Salmonella spp. were recovered from 5.4% of milk cows, 18.1% of milk cows expected to be culled within 7 days, and 14.9% of culled dairy cows at markets. On a premise basis, Salmonella shedding in milk cows was detected on 21.1% of dairies and 66% of cull dairy cow markets. The percentage of herds with at least one cow with detectable Salmonella fecal shedding was higher during the sampling period from May through July, in herds with at least 100 milk cows, and in herds in the South region. The most common Salmonella serogroups isolated were E (30.8% of isolates) and C1 (28.6%); the most common serotypes isolated were Salmonella Montevideo (21.5% of isolates), Salmonella Cerro (13.3%), and Salmonella Kentucky (8.5%). Fecal shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium or Salmonella Typhimurium var. copenhagen was infrequent (2.8% of isolates). Most isolates (88.9%) were susceptible to all 17 antimicrobials evaluated; multiple resistance was an infrequent occurrence. This study provides information describing the distribution of Salmonella fecal shedding from dairy cows on farm and at markets and will serve as a baseline for future studies.

A dairy cow model to assess aflatoxin transmission from feed into milk – Evaluating efficacy of the mycotoxin binder Mycosorb®

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Moran ◽  
H. Kettunen ◽  
A. Yiannikouris ◽  
S. Ojanperä ◽  
E. Pennala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Washout Period ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Sensitive Tool ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
On Farm

SummaryA dairy cow model was established to measure the transmission of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) into milk. Four Ayrshire mid-lactation dairy cows (ranging 590 – 650 kg body weight and averaging 4.5 years of age) were used in a crossover experimental design in which each cow acted as its own control and was subjected to four dietary treatments administered as six 12-day feeding periods followed by a 7-day washout period. Periods I – VI comprised a 7 d of adaptation followed by 5 d of sampling. Period VII was a 7-d washout with sampling in the final two days. From each morning's milking, yield was recorded and sampled for AFM1 analysis by HPLC. Treatments included a negative control, contamination with AFB1 (5 µg of AFB1/kg feed), AFB1 + Mycosorb®(MTB) 10 g/cow/d, and AFB1 + MTB 50 g/cow/d. In response to the negative control, AFM1 concentrations in milk remained below the limit of detection (<5 ng/kg), whereas cows fed the AFB1-contaminated feed had milk AFM1 concentrations ranging from 110 to 230 ng/kg. At the end of the washout period, AFM1 was again undetectable. The dairy cow model was also used to test the efficacy of the yeast-cell-wall-based mycotoxin binder Mycosorb®(MTB) in reducing secretion of AFM1 into milk by cows fed the same AFB1-contaminated diet. When supplemented at 50 g/head/day, MTB significantly reduced (P < 0.05) AFM1 secretion into milk with no adverse effects on milk production. The dairy cow model is a sensitive tool for measuring aflatoxin transmission to milk and mycotoxin binder efficacy at 5 µg of AFB1/kg feed. As it is common for on-farm AFB1 concentrations to exceed 5 µg/kg, more research may be warranted to determine the effectiveness of the model at higher AFB1 concentrations.

scholarly journals Factors associated with fecal-shedding of Salmonella spp by horses on US operations

2002 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.C. Losinger ◽  
J.L. Traub-Dargatz ◽  
L.P. Garber ◽  
P.J. Fedorka-Cray ◽  
S. Ladely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Fecal Specimen ◽  
National Study ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Data Collector ◽  
The Usa

In a cross-sectional national study that included 972 operations with > 3 horses on 1/1/98 in 28 states in the USA, 8,417 fecal specimens were collected from horses and cultured to test for the presence of Salmonella spp. Operations were characterized as Salmonella spp-positive if at least one fecal specimen tested positive for Salmonella spp. Percentages of Salmonella spp-positive operations were computed by management and other factors (collected from operation-level questionnaires) that were hypothesized to be related to fecal shedding of Salmonella spp. A logistic-regression model was constructed to identify factors associated with horses’ shedding Salmonella spp in feces on an operation. The odds of an operation being Salmonella spp positive increased as the number of resident horses increased. In addition, the following factors were found to be associated with increased odds of an operation being Salmonella spp positive: horses were used primarily for breeding; operation cleanliness was characterized as poor by the data collector; and new resident equids had been added to the operation without routine quarantine.

EVALUATION OF FOUR ON-FARM PROGESTERONE TEST KITS AS AN AID TO REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT IN DAIRY COWS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. RAJAMAHENDRAN ◽  
B. WONG ◽  
J. ROBINSON ◽  
J. A. SHELFORD
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Reproductive Management ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
On Farm

Four on-farm progesterone kits were evaluated for ease of use, color development and accuracy. No difference (P > 0.05) was found between kits in their ability to predict progesterone status but the accuracy of all kits varied with progesterone concentration. Tests were highly effective at low or high progesterone levels, but were of little predictive value for values between these extremes. Data suggest that on-farm progesterone tests are potentially useful management aids to confirm estrus, nonpregnancy and cyclicity. Key words: Progesterone, test kit, dairy cow

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI Salmonella spp. PADA FESES SAPI PERAH DI DUSUN JUDEG DESA BABADAN, KEDIRI

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mastuti Widianingsih ◽  
Erly Novita Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Biochemical Reaction ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Gram Staining

ABSTRAKSelain menghasilkan daging dan susu, sapi perah juga mengekskresikan kotoran padat (feses) dan kotoran cair (urine). Feses dapat menjadi agen penyebaran Salmonella spp. yang mengakibatkan salmonellosis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi Salmonella spp. pada feses sapi perah di Dusun Judeg, Desa Babadan, Kediri. Penelitian menggunakan 25 sampel feses sapi perah. Sampel diinokulasikan pada Selenite Broth, kemudian diinokulasi pada Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA) , dilanjutkan pewarnaan Gram untuk mendeteksi jenis bakteri. Uji biokimia reaksi dilakukan pada hari ke-3 untuk membedakan golongan Enterobacter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 52% feses sapi perah di Dusun Judeg, Desa Babadan, Kecamatan Ngancar, Kediri positif terkontaminasi Salmonella spp. Kata kunci : Sapi, Feses, Salmonella spp. ABSTRACT In addition to producing meat and milk, dairy cows also excret of solid waste (feces) and liquid (urine). Feces can be a spreading agent of Salmonella spp. That caused of salmonellosis. The purpose of this research was identification Salmonella spp. on feces of dairy cow in Judeg Hamlet, Babadan Village, Ngancar District, Kediri. The research design used 25 samples. The samples were inoculated on Selenite Broth, then the inoculation to Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA), and next the Gram staining to detect the type of bacteria. The test of biochemical reaction was performed on day 3 to differentiate the Enterobacter class. The results showed that 52% feces of dairy cow in Judeg Hamlet, Babadan Village, Ngancar District, Kediri positive contaminated of Salmonella spp. Keyword: Cow, feces, Salmonella spp.

Effects of Retinoic Acid and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on IFN-gamma Secretion by Mononuclear Leukocytes from Nulliparous and Postparturient Dairy Cattle

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burim Ametaj ◽  
Brian Nonnecke ◽  
Ronald Horst ◽  
Donald Beitz
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Pokeweed Mitogen ◽  
Mononuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D

Individual and combined effects of several isomers of retinoic acid (RA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) on interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion by blood mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) from nulliparous and postparturient Holstein cattle were evaluated in vitro. In the first experiment, effects on incubation period (24 to 72 hours) and time of supplementation (0 to 32 hours) with all-trans, 9-cis, 13-cis-, and 9,13-dicis-RAs (0 to 100 nM) on IFN-gamma secretion by pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated (0 and 10 mug/ml) MNL from nulliparous cattle were evaluated. In the second experiment, MNL from postparturient cows (bled at 0, 2, 4, and 16 days postpartum) were stimulated with PWM (0 and 10 mug/ml) in the presence of RA isomers (9-cis- or 9,13-dicis-RA; 0 to 100 nM), 1,25-(OH)2D3 (0 to 100 nM), or with combinations of these metabolites. The results show that individual isomers of RA had no effect on IFN-gamma secretion by PWM-stimulated MNL from nulliparous or postparturient cows. Furthermore 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibited IFN-gamma secretion by MNL from nulliparous and postparturient dairy cows; however, the degree of inhibition was greater when 9-cis- and 9,13-dicis-RA were also present in the cultures. Finally mononuclear leukocytes from postparturient dairy cows produced substantially less IFN-gamma than did MNL from nulliparous cattle. It is concluded that retinoic acids individually did not affect the capacity of leukocytes from dairy cattle to secrete IFN-gamma. This result is in marked contrast to studies in monogastric species indicating that RAs inhibit IFN-gamma secretion by peripheral blood T cells. Inhibition of IFN-gamma secretion by 1,25-(OH)2D3 was potentiated by 9-cis- and 9,13-di-cis-retinoics acids, suggesting that an excess of dietary vitamins A and D may compromise further the naturally immunosuppressed postparturient dairy cow. Additional research is necessary to determine if the combined effects of these metabolites on IFN-gamma secretion represent an increased susceptibility of the dairy cow to infectious diseases during the periparturient period. Lower secretion of IFN-gamma by MNL from postpartutient dairy cows, relative to nulliparous cattle, suggests that recently-calved cows are naturally immunosuppressed.

Cytosolic replication in epithelial cells fuels intestinal expansion and chronic fecal shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Chong ◽  
Kendal G. Cooper ◽  
Laszlo Kari ◽  
Olof R. Nilsson ◽  
Chad Hillman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Fecal Shedding

scholarly journals On-farm examination of sainfoin supplementation effects in dairy cows in a roughage-based feeding system: indicators of protein utilisation

2021 ◽  
pp. 104509
Author(s):  
Alexandra N. Kapp-Bitter ◽  
Uta Dickhoefer ◽  
Gerdine Kaptijn ◽  
Vasilisa Pedan ◽  
Erika Perler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Protein Utilisation ◽  
On Farm

scholarly journals Changes in Dairy Cow Behavior with and without Assistance at Calving

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 722
Author(s):  
Bethan Cavendish ◽  
John McDonagh ◽  
Georgios Tzimiropoulos ◽  
Kimberley R. Slinger ◽  
Zoë J. Huggett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Video Surveillance ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Time Periods

The aim of this study was to characterize calving behavior of dairy cows and to compare the duration and frequency of behaviors for assisted and unassisted dairy cows at calving. Behavioral data from nine hours prior to calving were collected for 35 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Cows were continuously monitored under 24 h video surveillance. The behaviors of standing, lying, walking, shuffle, eating, drinking and contractions were recorded for each cow until birth. A generalized linear mixed model was used to assess differences in the duration and frequency of behaviors prior to calving for assisted and unassisted cows. The nine hours prior to calving was assessed in three-hour time periods. The study found that the cows spent a large proportion of their time either lying (0.49) or standing (0.35), with a higher frequency of standing (0.36) and shuffle (0.26) bouts than other behaviors during the study. There were no differences in behavior between assisted and unassisted cows. During the three-hours prior to calving, the duration and bouts of lying, including contractions, were higher than during other time periods. While changes in behavior failed to identify an association with calving assistance, the monitoring of behavioral patterns could be used as an alert to the progress of parturition.

scholarly journals Recent Possibilities for the Diagnosis of Early Pregnancy and Embryonic Mortality in Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1666
Author(s):  
Ottó Szenci
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Fetal Mortality ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Interferon Tau ◽  
Early Pregnancy Factor ◽  
Pelvic Inlet ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Protein Assays

One of the most recent techniques for the on-farm diagnosis of early pregnancy (EP) in cattle is B-mode ultrasonography. Under field conditions, acceptable results may be achieved with ultrasonography from Days 25 to 30 post-AI. The reliability of the test greatly depends on the frequency of the transducer used, the skill of the examiner, the criterion used for a positive pregnancy diagnosis (PD), and the position of the uterus in the pelvic inlet. Non-pregnant animals can be selected accurately by evaluating blood flow in the corpus luteum around Day 20 after AI, meaning we can substantially improve the reproductive efficiency of our herd. Pregnancy protein assays (PSPB, PAG-1, and PSP60 RIA, commercial ELISA or rapid visual ELISA tests) may provide an alternative method to ultrasonography for determining early pregnancy or late embryonic/early fetal mortality (LEM/EFM) in dairy cows. Although the early pregnancy factor is the earliest specific indicator of fertilization, at present, its detection is entirely dependent on the use of the rosette inhibition test; therefore, its use in the field needs further developments. Recently found biomarkers like interferon-tau stimulated genes or microRNAs may help us diagnose early pregnancy in dairy cows; however, these tests need further developments before their general use in the farms becomes possible.

Plasma leptin in transition dairy cows. Effects of body fatness, ambient temperature and dietary factors

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 92-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kokkonen ◽  
J. Taponen ◽  
S. Alasuutari ◽  
M. Nousiainen ◽  
T. Anttila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
Increase Energy Expenditure ◽  
Transition Dairy Cows ◽  
Cow Performance ◽  
Plasma Leptin

In ruminants plasma leptin is increased with increasing body fatness. Leptin acts on hypothalamus to decrease food intake and increase energy expenditure. It is possible that leptin has a key role in transition from pregnancy to lactation of dairy cows. The objective of the present work was to investigate the pattern of plasma leptin concentration, as well as its relationship with other hormones and metabolites and dairy cow performance.

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